1ST GRADING PERIOD

JPMALLRI
1ST
Quarter
MUSIC
INTRODUCTION

The first three periods of Western Music History are classified as Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque. Each period has
its distinctive characteristics, historical and cultural background.

A type of music from the Medieval Era is Gregorian Chant, which was mainly used in the early Christian church.

Music during the Renaissance Period became an important leisure activity. Members of the upper class were expected to
have received musical training. Imitative polyphony is the distinctive characteristic of Renaissance music.

The Baroque Period is characterized by grand and elaborate ornamentation of sculptures, theaters, arts and music. The
music genres which flourished during the Baroque Period were the Concerto, the Fugue, the Oratorio and the Chorale.

Music evolved alongside with man’s constant quest for growth and development.

Music of the Medieval Period (700 – 1400)

The Medieval period is also known as the Middle Ages or ―Dark Ages‖ that started with the fall of the Roman Empire.
During this time, the Christian Church influenced Europe’s culture and political affairs.

Monophonic plainchant was named after Pope Gregory I, who made this the approved music of the Catholic Church.
Pope Gregory’s action made monophonic plainchants popular. Although it was originally transmitted orally, scholars
agreed to put it in notation to assist dissemination of chants across Europe.

Characteristics of the Gregorian Chants:

monophonic Free meter Modal Usually based on Latin liturgy Use of Neume notation.

During the latter part of the Medieval Period, secular music which was not bound by Catholic traditions emerged. Most of
these songs were performed across Europe by groups of musicians called Troubadours. Troubadour Music: Usually
monophonic Sometimes with improvised accompaniment Tells of chivalry and courtly love Originated in France
Written in the French language

Famous Composer of the Medieval Period:

Adam de la Halle France, 1237 – 1288

Adam de la Halle was also known as Adam le Bossu (Adam the Hunchback). He was the son of a well – known citizen of
Arras, Henri de la Halle. He received his education at the Cistercian Abbey of Vaucelles, near Cambral. Adam was
destined for the church but he eventually married. His patrons were Robert II, Count of Artois, and Charles of Anjou,
brother of Louis IX.

Adam was one of the oldest secular composers whose literary and musical works include chansons and poetic debates.
He was a French-born trouvére, poet and musician, whose literary and musical works include chansons and jeux-partis
(poetic debates) in the style of the trouveres, polyphonic rondel and motets in the style of early liturgical polyphony. His
musical play, ―Jeu de Robin et Marion‖ was considered the earliest surviving secular French play with music.

His works include: 1. Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion 2. La Chanson du roi de Sicile

Music of the Renaissance Period (1400 – 1600)

The term ―Renaissance‖ comes from the word ―renaitre‖ which means “rebirth‖, ―revival‖, and ―rediscovery‖. The
Renaissance Period is a period of of ―looking back‖ to the Golden Age of Greece and Rome. The invention of printing in
the 1400’s paved the way for a wide distribution of renaissance compositions. With the emergence of the bourgeois class,
renaissance music became popular as entertainment and activity for amateurs and the educated. Lute was the prominent
instrument of the renaissance era. The influence of the Roman Catholic Church started to decline as the new music genre
arose. Though sacred music was still of great importance, secular music became more prominent in the renaissance
period. This era was also known as the ―golden age‖ of a capella choral music. Other historical facts during this era is
the discovery of the actual position of earth in the solar system by Copernicus, the invention of compass creating a wider
navigation not only of the lands but also of the oceans, and Martin Luther’s Protestant reformation.

Characteristics of Renaissance Music:

Mostly polyphonic Imitation among the voices is common Use of word painting in texts and music Melodic lines
move in a flowing manner Melodies are easier to perform because these move along a scale with a few large leaps

Vocal Music of the Renaissance Period

1. Mass – is a form of sacred musical composition that sets texts of the Eucharistic liturgy into music.
Characteristics of the Mass:

Polyphonic May be sung a cappella or with orchestral accompaniment Text may be syllabic (one note set to each
syllable), neumatic (a few notes set to one syllable), or melismatic (many notes to one syllable)

Five Main Sections of Mass: 1. Kyrie (Lord Have Mercy) 2. Gloria (Glory to God in the Highest) 3. Credo (I Believe in
One God) 4. Sanctus and Benedictus (Holy, holy and Blessed Is He) 5. Agnus Dei (Lamb of God)

2. Madrigal

- A secular vocal polyphonic music composition which originated from Italy. It is written and expressed in a poetic text and
sung during courtly social gatherings. It is the most important secular form during the Renaissance period.

Characteristics of the Madrigal:

Polyphonic Sung a cappella Through–composed Frequently in 3 to 6 voices

Famous Composers of the Renaissance Period

1. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina Rome 1525 - February 2, 1594

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina is said to be the greatest master of Roman Catholic Church music during the
Renaissance period. Majority of his compositions are sacred music. He was committed to sacred music and has a keen
interest in satisfying the desires of church leaders in the sixteenth century. Palestrina’s Pope Marcellus Mass is held up as
the perfect example of counter - reformation style. Kyrie is part of the first two sections of the Pope Marcellus Mass.

His career reflects his commitment to the music of the church. He received his early training and spent the majority of his
career in various churches in Rome, including the pope’s chapel. He was as an organist and choir master at both the
Sistine Chapel and at St. Peter's which may have

influenced his distinctively pure and restrained style in musical compositions. Palestrina also served as an organist in St.
Agapito. His first book Masses became popular and was greatly appreciated by Pope Julius III.

Palestrina has two sons but lost them both during the plague epidemic that struck Rome in 1570’s. He had planned to
become a priest but eventually changed his mind and married a wealthy widow. This improved his wealth and enabled
him to pursue a musical career for the rest of his life.

2. Thomas Morley 1557 – 1602

Morley was born in Norwich, East England, the son of a brewer. He was a singer in the local cathedral from his boyhood,
and he became master of choristers there in 1583.Thomas Morley was the most famous composer of secular music in
his time. He was a singer in the local cathedral during his childhood and was believed to have studied music with William
Byrd, an Elizabethan composer of sacred music. He received his Bachelor’s degree in Oxford and became an organist at
St. Paul’s in London. He tried imitating Byrd in his early works but veered towards composing madrigals that show a
variety of color, form and technique. Most of his madrigals are light and easy to sing with some aspects of Italian style. His
Musica Transalpina, a collection of Italian madrigals fitted with English text, was published in 1588 by Nicholas Yonge.
Shortly after, he began publishing his own collections of madrigals and made significant contribution to the history of
music.

His works include: Fire, Fire, My Heart Sing and Chant It Fantasie April Is In My Mistress‟ Face It Was A
Lover and His Lass

Music of the Baroque Period (1685 – 1750)

The word Baroque is derived from the Portuguese word ―barroco” which means ―pearl of irregular shape‖. Some of the
great composers of this time were George Friedrich Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach, Claudio Monteverdi, and Antonio
Vivaldi.

During this time, the arts highlighted grandiose and elaborate ornamentation. These were clearly seen in the musical
compositions created by Baroque composers.

New instrumental techniques and changes in musical notation were developed. Major and minor tonality was also
created in this period. A lot of the musical terms and concepts that evolved in this era are still used today.

Characteristics of Baroque Music:

Melodies sound elaborate and ornamental Melodies are not easy to sing or remember Primarily contrapuntal
textures with some homophony Dynamic contrast – alternation between loud and soft Music genres—operas,
oratorios, suites, tocatas, concertó grosso, fugue Orchestra consists of strings and continuo Harpsichord and organ
are the keyboard instruments that are commonly used

New forms: 1. binary – AB 2. ternary – ABC 3. ground bass 4. Fugue

Music Genres of Baroque Music

1. Concerto – A form of orchestral music that employs a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra. 2. Concerto
Grosso - A form of orchestral music during the Baroque Period wherein the music is between a small group of solo
instruments called concertino and the whole orchestra called tutti.

3. Fugue

A contrapuntal piece, developed mainly by imitative counterpoint

It is usually written in 3 or 4 parts, with a main theme called ―subjec
The entire piece grows mainly from a single brief tune of strong musical character

4. Oratorio – a large scale musical composition for orchestra and voices that incorporates narratives on religious themes.
Unlike usual theatrical works, this is usually performed without the use of costumes, scenery, or action. It is usually written
in the native language for the intended audience.

Examples: a. Handel's ―Messiah,‖ ―Samson,‖ ―Israel,‖ and ―Egypt‖ b. Bach’s ―Christmas Oratorio‖ c. Haydn’s
―The Creation‖

5. Chorale – musical compositions that resemble a harmonized version of hymnal tunes of the Protestant Church during
the Baroque era.

Famous Composers of the Baroque Period

1. Johann Sebastian Bach

Germany March 21, 1685 to July 28, 1750

J.S. Bach came from a family of musicians. He was taught to play violin by his father who was then the town musician in
Eisanach. He entered school at age 7 where he was taught religion and other subjects. He became orphaned at age ten.
His brother, a church organist provided for him. Bach’s beautiful soprano singing voice helped him to be accepted at a
school in

Luӥeberg. A few years later, his voice changed and Bach focused his attention to playing the violin and harpsichord.

Bach was a religious man. His personal and deep faith is shown in his sacred music. He was known for his compositions
for organ, orchestra, and oratorio. His most important and long – term position was as ―cantor” at St. Thomas Church.

His works include:

Concerto Grosso e.g. Brandenburg Concertos (concerto grosso) Masses e.g. Mass in B minor Cantatas e.g.
Cantata 208 and 211 Fugues e.g. Fugue in G minor

Toccata and Fugue in D minor Works for clavichord and harpsichord e.g. Well-Tempered Clavier (one of his more
well known ketboard improvisations)

2. Antonio Vivaldi Venice, March 4, 1678 to Vienna, July 28, 1741

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi Antonio Lucio Vivaldi , nicknamed il Prete

Rosso ("The Red Priest") because of his red hair, was an Italian Baroque composer, Catholic priest and a virtuoso
violinist. Recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers, his influence during his lifetime was widespread over
Europe. Vivaldi is known mainly for composing instrumental concertos, especially for the violin, as well as sacred choral
works and over forty operas. He entered the priesthood and was ordained in 1703. Vivaldi is well known for giving the
strings a major role in his compositions.

His most famous piece is The Four Seasons. This composition is a series of four violin concerti depicting each of the
seasons, ―Spring,‖ ―Summer,‖ ―Autumn,‖ and ―Winter.‖

3. George Friedrich Händel Germany, February 23, 1685 London, April 14, 1759

George Händel was the second son from the second marriage of a pastor. Despite his father’s opposition, George
secretly taught himself to play the harpsichord. At age 7, he gained access to a church organ and started to play. A Duke
heard him play and insisted on giving him a formal music education. Under Zachau, organist of Halle cathedral, he studied
counterpoint, canon and fugue.

Händel is remembered for his operas and oratorios. Handel became England’s favorite composer. He had given English
audiences music that in variety and interest rivalled anything they could remember. Handel lost both of his eyesight in
1753. When he conducted his oratorio, ―Samson,” a few in the audience were unaware that he had lost his eyesight. The
Messiah is Hӓ ndel’s most famous creation and the very well known ―Hallelujah‖ chorus is part of Hӓndel’s Messiah. The
Messiah was written in the space of twenty – four days in London but it was in Dublin when The Messiah was first
performed and became an instant success
 ARTS
WESTERN CLASSICAL ART
PREHISTORIC ERA
Pre-historic includes all human existence before the emergence of writing. Their art is of interest not only to the art
historians but also to archeologist and anthropologist, for whom the art is only one clue- along with fossils, pollens and
other finds to an understanding of early human life and culture.

Paintings from the Pre-historic Era

Their paintings were found inside the caves which may have been their way of communicating with each other. It may
also be for religious or ceremonial purposes. These paintings may be more an artifact of the archeological evidence than
a true picture of humans’ first created art. Prehistoric drawings of animals were usually correct in proportion.

Cave of
Lascaux,
Stone Age

PAINTINGS FROM ANCIENT EGYPT

The purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make the deceased afterlife place pleasant. With this in mind, themes
include journey to the underworld introducing the deceased to the gods of the underworld by their protective deities. It
emphasizes the importance of life after death and the preservation of the knowledge of the past.Most paintings were
highly stylize, symbolic, and shows profile view of an animal or a person.The main colors used were red, black, blue , gold
and green taken derived from mineral pigments that can withstand strong sunlight without fading. The paintings of the
walls on the tomb shows events of the life of the king while he was still on earth and the scenes he expects to encounter
in the underworld after his death

Painting form Sarcophagus of

Tutankhamen XVIII Dynasty

PAINTINGS FROM CLASSICAL GREEK ERA

Paintings during the classical era were most commonly found in vases, panels and tomb. It depicts natural figures with
dynamic compositions. Most of the subjects were battle scenes, mythological figures, and everyday scenesIt reveals a
grasp of linear perspective and naturalist representation.
Most common methods of Greek painting:
1. Fresco- method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied plaster usually on a wall surfaces. Colors are
made with grind powder pigments in pure water, dry and set with a plaster to become a permanent part of the wall. Ideal
for murals, durable and has a matte style.
2. Encaustic– developed to use by Greek ship builders, who used the hot wax to fill the cracks of the ship. Soon
pigments (colors) was added and used to paint a wax hull.
Vase painting

Kerch Style also referred to as Kerch Vases are red-figured pottery named after the place where it was found.

Shapes commonly found are:

1. pelike (wine container) 2. lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a low broad foot) 3. lebes gamikos (with
high handles and lid use to carry bridal bath) 4. krater (bowl use for mixing wine and water)

Most common motifs were mostly scenes from the life of women (often exaggerately idyllic), mythological beingsthat were
popular among the people of the black sea, or a scene form mythical story or event.It used a techniquecalled polycromy,
combination of different colors specially the brilliant one in an artistic manner.

Panel Painting There are paintings on flat panels of wood. It can be either a small, single piece or several panels joined
together. Most of the panel paintings no longer exist because of its organic composition.

The earliest known panel painting is the:

Pitsa Panel (Archaic

Period between 540
and 530 B.C.E.
Tomb / Wall Painting

Tomb or wall painting was very popular during the classical period. It uses the method frescos either tempera (water-
base) or encaustic (wax). It has a sharp, flatly outlined style of painting and because it uses water-based materials, very
few samples survived.


TOMB OF THE
 DIVER



Paintings from the Roman Era
HEAD OF Most of the paintings in this era were copied or imitated from
ALEXANDER Hellenic Greek painting.
Fresco technique was used in brightly colored backgrounds;
division of the wall into a multiple rectangular ares( Tic-Tac-toe
design) and multi point perspective.
Roman paintings have a wide variety of subjects, animals,
everyday life, still life, mythological subjects, portraits and
landscapes.
MOSAIC- It is an art process where image is created using an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stones or
other material.This technique is used for decorative art or interior decorations.
BYZANTINE PAINTING
The lively styles of paintings which had been invented in Greek and Rome lived on in Byzantium but this time for Christian
subjects. By the 11th century, the Greek and Oriental styles seem to blend together in magnificent, imposing images which
adorned the churches in large and small forms.

THE COURT OF EMPRESS THEODORA, MOSAIC

Fresco from the Villa of Mysteries-
Theodora was an Asian Queen with dark eyes and hair with fierce expression

ROMANESQUE PAINTING
These are largely placed mosaics/paintings on the walls of the churches that follows a strict frontal pose.

It has a remarkable variety of artistic traditions such as modeling and treatment of faces and draperies that follow
Byzantine convention while the refreshingly decorative feeling comes from southern French styles. It also shows traces of
Mozarabic influence (Arabize influence) through elongated oval faces, large staring eyes and long noses, figures against
flat colored bands and heavy outlining.

CHRIST IN MAJESTY
Painting from the church of Saint Clemente, tahull, Lerida
Spain
Paintings from the Gothic Era

Paintings have been confined in the illumination of

manuscript pages and the painting of frescoes on the
walls of churches in cosmopolitan style, elegant,
mannered and sophisticated. Subjects usually depict
popular legends and love stories.

Lady and the Unicorn tapestry

Stained glass windows were created to transform the vast

stone interiors with warm and glowing color and at the
same time to instruct Christians in their faith.

Rose window from the North Transept

SCULPTURE FROM THE EARLY AGE

Pre- Historic Sculptures

Materials used in sculptures vary according to region and locality.

Archeologists believed that their sculpture is a result of natural erosion and not of Human Artistry.Frequently carving
may have mythological or religious significance.

VENUS OF WILLENDORF -It is curved from a limestone with excessively

heavy breast and abdomen used as charm to ensure fertility

Venus of Brassempouy 25,000 years old.A sculpture of a lady with the hood. It is a
fragmentary ivory figugrine from the upper Paleolithic era that realistically represents
the human face and hairstyle

SCULPTURES FROM THE EGYPTIAN ERA

Symbolic elements such as forms, heiroglyphics, relative size, location, materials,
color, actions and gestures were widely used. Their tombs required the most extensive
use of sculpture.The most common materials used for sculptures are wood, ivory and
stones

.
QUEEN NEFERTITI 18TH DYNASTY, 1375-1357 BC- Realistic with heavy lided eyes, slender neck,
determined chin and pure profile under her heavy crown.Queen refers to the great wife of the
Egyptian Pharaoh.
SCULPTURES FROM THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
GREEK SCULPTURES
Early greek sculptures were tense and stiff, their bodies were hidden within enfolding robes.After 3 centuries of
experiments, greek sculptures had finally evolved and showed all the points of human anatomy and proportion.
HELENISTIC STYLE
Manifests a preference in sculpture for more elaborate patterns, mannered arrangement of figures and groups. And an
emphasis on the representation of movement for dramatic effects.

MYRON; THE DISCOBULUS- Shows an attitude of maximum tension, full of

compressed energy and about to explode an action

ROMAN SCULPTURE
Made of monumental terra-cotta.They produced relief n the great roman triumphal columns with continuous relief around
them.

THE PORTONACIO SARCHOPHAGUS

Used for the burial of roman general involved in the campaign of marcus aurellius.The best
known and most elaborate of all “sarcophagus” (it is a box liked funeral receptacle for a dead
body).Comes from a greek word “sarx” meaning flesh and “phagein” meaning “to eat” .Depicts
battle scenes between romans and germans.Carved in marbles.

BYZANTINE SCULPTURE
Religious, everyday life scenes and motifs from nature.=Animals were used
as a symbols, while some had acrostic signs that contained a great
theological significance.

THE BARBERINI
- An early example of byzantine ivory work

ROMANESQUE SCULPTURES

Some of famous sculptural pieces are reliquaries, altar frontals,

crucifixes, and devotional images.

SARCOPHAGU, FROM CERVERTIRI-

Made of terra cottaA husband and wife are shown reclining
comfortably, as i they were on couch.

GOTHIC SCULPTURES
Had great freedom of styles.Figures were given their own particular attitudes instead of being set into particular patterns
and were more lively and realistic.

LAST JUDGEMENT

Tymapnum of the west portal, cathedrl of saint-lazare, autun burgundy france

Resurrection of the Virgin

CLASSICAL ARCHITECHTURE
ARCHITECTURE FORM THE EARLY AGE
Man had developed fom of architecture based on megaltihs from the Greek word lithos (stone) and megas (big). Was
made of huge stone blocks which were probably intended for burial
THREE MAIN TYPES OF MEGALITH STONES
MENHIR A huge stone standing vertically on the ground, usually standing in the middle of the field or arranged in rows.
DOLMENS Originated from the expression taol maen, which means stone table. These structure are in the form of tables
consisting of two huge standing stones supporting a horizontal
CROMLECH A Brythonic word where crom means “bent” or “curved” and llech which means “slab” or “flag
Stones”.Literally it is a circle of standing stones

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
The pyramids of Giza are the most substantial ancient structures in the world. The 3
pyramids are the funerary structures of the 3 Kings of the fourth dynasty namely:
KHUFU whom the Great pyramid was attributed to KHAFA whom the pyramid next to
the Great Pyramid is attributed and the smallest is attributed to MENKAURA. These
pyramids were made highly confusing and with many tunnels to create confusion for
grave robbers.

MASTABA
It is a type of Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat- roofed, rectangular structure with
outward sloping sides.It was made of mud-bricks or stones.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Temples consisted of a central shrine or room in an aisle
surrounded by rows of columns. This buildings were
designed in one of the three architectural style or orders:

The Parthenon
The Greatest classical temple, ingeniously engineered to correct an optical
illusion. The columns were slightly contorted, swollen at the center and
leaning inward to correct what would otherwise have been an impression of
deadness and top heaviness.

A temple of Athena built on the acropolis at Athens in the fifth century.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
THE COLOSSEUM
They built sturdy stone structures both for use and to perpetuate
thier glory.The emperors erectedhuge halls and arenas for public games, baths and
procession.They built them of gigantic arches of stone, bricks and concrete or with barrel
vaults.

Byzantine architecture
It has a lot in common with the early Christian architecture. Mosaic decoration was perfected by the Byzantines as was
the use of clerestory to bring light in from high windows. They develop new style in global architecture Hagia SOPHIA
means Holy wisdom
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
The doorway of romanesque’s churches churches are often grand sculptured portals. Wood or metal doors are
surrounded by elaborate stone sculptures arranged in zones to fit architectural elements.

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
This design included two new devices: pointed arch which enabled builders to construct ,much higher ceiling and stone.

CATHEDRAL OF CHARTRES (NOTRE DAME)

Has rich architectural design.Splendid stained glass windows. Thousands of sculptured
figures

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1ST GRADING PERIOD

Readings: BASIC FIRST AID

First aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-
help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.

Objectives of first aid:

● To alleviate suffering ● To prevent added/further injury or danger ● To prolong life

Common Injury Encountered by Officiating Officials and Athletes

Sprains vs. Strains

A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament, the band of connective tissues that joins the end of one bone with another.
Sprains are caused by trauma such as a fall or a blow to the body that knocks a joint out of position and, in the worst
case, ruptures the supporting ligaments.

Sprains can range from first degree (minor) to third degree (the worst). Areas of the body most vulnerable to sprains are
ankles, knees and wrists. Signs of a sprain include varying degrees of tenderness or pain, bruising, inflammation,
swelling, inability to move a limb or joint or joint looseness, laxity or instability.

A strain is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or tendon - a cord of tissue connecting muscle to bone. It is an acute, non-
contact injury that results from overstretching or over-contraction. Symptoms of a strain include pain, muscle spasm and
loss of strength. While it’s hard to tell the difference between mild and moderate strains, severe strains not treated
professionally can cause damage and loss of function.

Knee Injuries

Because of its complex structure and weight-bearing capacity, the knee is the most commonly injured joint. Each year,
more than 5.5 million people visit orthopaedic surgeons for knee problems. Knee injuries can range from mild to severe.
Less severe would be tendinitis, patella femoral compression syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome and bursitis, to name a
few. More severe injuries include bone bruises or damage to the cartilage or ligaments. Major injuries are common to the
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Meniscus injuries, Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
and the Lateral collateral ligament (LCL).

Knee injuries can result from a blow or twist to the knee, from improper landing after a jump or from running too hard, too
much or without proper warm up.

Other common sports injuries suffered by athletes are shin splints, Achilles tendon injuries, patella dislocation and
hamstring, quadriceps and calf injuries.

Fractures

A fracture is a break in the bone that can occur from either a quick, one-time injury to the bone (acute fracture) or from
repeated stress to the bone over time (stress fracture).

The most common symptom of a stress fracture is pain at the site that worsens with weight bearing activities. Tenderness
and swelling often accompany the pain. This is very important for the coaches to recognize and refer the athlete to the
trainers or the team physicians.

Dislocations

When the two bones that come together to form a joint become separated, the joint is described as being dislocated.
Contact sports such as football, basketball and lacrosse, as well as high impact sports that can result in excessive
stretching or falling, cause the majority of dislocations. A dislocated joint is an emergency situation that requires medical
treatments.
R.I.C.E method

✓ Rest the injured part, especially for the first 24 to 48 hours after the injury – this is the most critical time of
treatment. Avoid any activity that causes pain or makes it worse. Use crutches if the leg, foot or ankle is injured.
Support an injured wrist, arm or shoulder with a sling. Tape an injured toe or finger to its healthy neighbour.
✓ Ice is an excellent anti-inflammatory and reduces swelling and pain. Apply an ice pack or cold compress for 10 to
15 minutes as soon as possible after an injury. Repeat each hour for the first 3 or 4 hours, then 4 times a day for
the next 2 to 3 days. Protect your skin with a thin cloth. If ice packs are not available, a packet of frozen
vegetables in a cloth will do.
✓ Compression also reduces swelling. Use elastic bandages for at least 2 days. Check that the bandage is snug,
but not too tight. Take the bandage off at night.
✓ Elevation drains fluids from injured tissues. Elevate the injured area whenever you are sitting or lying down. Try
to keep the injured area at or above the level of the heart.

Readings:

Nutrition and Weight

When you consume basically the same number of calories as you expend, your body weight remains relatively stable. If
you want to gain weight, you must manipulate this balance between calories consumed and calories expended.

Gaining Weight

Some people have difficulty in gaining weight. This can be a result of a higher-than-normal basal metabolic rate or higher
physical activity level. When weight gain is a goal, the focus is on gaining muscle and not fat weight. To do this in a
healthy way, you should consume more frequent meals with healthy snacks. For example, in addition to three main
meals, consume three snacks per day. Consuming about 300 to 500 calories per day more would result in about a 1
pound (0.45 kg) per week weight gain. Healthy snacks include yogurt, peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, cereal with
milk, fruit smoothies and turkey sandwiches. It is also important to continue to exercise to ensure that the weight gain is
mostly muscle. In particular, resistance training will be an important factor for building muscle. Although it will take some
time, the slower the weight gain, the more likely it will be to be muscle gain not fat or water gain.

Losing weight

Weight loss is a more common goal than weight gain. Losing weight involves a negative energy balance. This can be
achieved by increasing exercise and decreasing caloric intake.

Determining Calorie Needs

Total energy expenditure (TEE) is the total number of calories your body needs on a daily basis and is determined by
the following:

Your basal metabolic rate (BMR) The thermic effect of food (also known as dietary-induced thermogenesis) The
thermic effect of your physical activity

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Basal Metabolic Rate is defined as the energy required to maintain your body at rest (e. g. breathing, circulation). To
precisely determine your BMR, you would need to fast from 8 to 12 hours and then undergo a laboratory test in which you
sit quietly for about 30 minutes while the air you exhale is analyzed. This determines how many calories you are burning
at rest. Basal metabolic rate is 60% to 75% of the total energy expenditure. Typically, the larger and more muscular the
person is, the higher the BMR is.

The Thermic Effect of Food

The thermic effect of food is the energy required to digest and absorb food. The thermic effect is measured in a similar
way as BMR, although the measurement time is usually about four hours after you consumed a meal. The thermic effect
of food is 10% to 15% of your total energy expenditure.

The Thermic Effect of Physical Activity

The thermic effect of activity is the amount of energy required for physical activity. It can be measured in a laboratory
when you are exercising on a stationary bike or treadmill. The thermic effect of activity is the most variable of the three
major components of total energy expenditure because it can be as low as 15% for sedentary people and as high as 80%
for athletes who train six to eight hours per day.

One other component of total energy expenditure that plays a role is non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), which
is energy expended in unplanned physical activity. This can include taking the stairs instead of the elevator, sitting on a
balance ball at your desk, parking farther from your destination in a parking lot, fidgeting, and other calorie-burning
activities.

Maximizing Food Consumption

 Consuming an appropriate number of calories and foods from various categories results in optimal nutrition. The table
below shows an age-specific daily calorie and serving size recommendation for grains, fruits, vegetables, and milk and
dairy items for boys and girls. Note that the calorie recommendations in said table are on an inactive child; about 200
calories would need to be added for a moderately active child and 200 to 400 calories per day for a very physically active
child.

What is a Calorie?
A calorie is defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celcius. Because this is
relatively small amount, scientists use larger unit Calories (uppercase C), also called a kilocalorie (abbreviated kcal.). The
Calorie or kilocalorie, is 1,000 calories.

Managing You Weight

Establishing or maintaining a healthy body weight requires an understanding of how the body uses food to provide
energy. In addition, when weight loss is desired, a plan of action is needed for long-term success.

Energy Balance

Understanding the concept of energy balance (EB) is critical if you want to understand how body weight is regulated in
human beings. EB in its simplest form simply compares the amount of energy consumed as food with the amount of
energy expended through the combination of resting metabolism, activities of daily living, and voluntary physical exercise.
The three possible states of EB are positive, negative and neutral. Positive EB occurs when you consume more energy
(calories) than you expend, resulting in weight gain. Negative EB occurs when you expend more calories than you
consume, resulting in weight loss. Neutral EB occurs when the amount of calories you consume equals the amount that
you expend.

OFFICIATING BASKETBALL

Qualities of an Officiating Official:

The role of an official is very crucial in a sporting endeavor. He defines the success or failure of a certain physical
activity. It is therefore necessary for an aspiring officiating official to possess a number of qualities for him to meet the
goal of having a satisfying, complain-free, impartial, and successful game. The following are some of the qualities to be
considered:

Physical Qualities Emotional Qualities Mental Qualities Social Qualities

Physical Qualities

These qualities refer to the physical attributes of an officiating official. Since an officiating official needs to catch up with
every detail of what the athletes or players do oncourt, he needs to have a high level of fitness to be able to perform his
job. To determine his level of fitness he or she has to consider the following:

Physical Fitness

As has been defined in preceding modules in Physical Education, physical fitness is the capacity of an individual to
perform his or her daily tasks without undue fatigue and still has extra energy for recreation and emergencies. Physical
fitness is not achieved overnight. One must work on with elevating his own level of fitness if he or she has to perform
better in his chosen field of endeavor. Several ways to determine one’s fitness which are basis in improving it include:

o Body Mass Index

o PMHR and THR (Personal Maximal Heart Rate and Training Heart Rate)
o Fitness or Exercise Program
o Nutrition and weight management

Emotional Qualities

These qualities refer to the emotional readiness of an officiating official to perform his or her role in a game. He or she
might have mastered all the rules and possesses a high level of fitness but if the emotional attributes don’t warrant him or
her to perform the duties and responsibilities of an officiating official, failure is expected. Emotional attributes that an
officiating official should possess include confidence. It is having belief in oneself. Confidence can be situation-specific,
but practicing it through actual game immersions and observations of game officiating activities can help improve it.

Mental Qualities Just as physical and emotional qualities are essential, mental characteristics are also equally
necessary. Mental toughness is the term used to refer to all of the qualities pertaining to one’s mental preparations in
officiating a game. To be mentally tough requires one to stay focused, regulate one’s performance, ability to handle
pressure, awareness and control of thoughts and feelings and one’s command and control of the environment. This can
be achieved by having a thorough knowledge on the rules of the game, alertness, vigilance which result to timely,
decisive, honest and impartial judgment. Decisiveness results to integrity of the result of the game leading to a satisfying
result and acceptance of success and failure for both competiting teams or players.

Social Qualities
 Social qualities refer to the ability to deal with others at any given situation. Complaints are inevitable in a game. It is the
ability of an officiating official to settle disputes without sacrificing the integrity of a game and the officiating team. To
develop such qualities requires practice just as the emotional qualities do. Surrounding oneself with people who make
wise decisions especially in officiating endeavors might help one improve his or her decision-making skills.

A. Basketball:
Hand signals

A. Be a Benefit and Cause No Harm

A primary value of officiating is to

provide a benefit to those with whom
one interacts in the competition area
(athletes, coaches, spectators,
volunteers, and other officials). A related
value is to do no harm.

Officials will….
1. Conduct the event according to the rules with the welfare of the athlete in mind.
2. Strive to benefit each athlete in events he/she officiates. This includes helping very young athletes to understand
relevant rules (e.g., correct starting stance in sprints), helping with equipment (e.g., starting blocks, throwing implements)
and helping athletes at all ages achieve their best possible results.
3. Warn and strive to educate athletes in a polite manner if he/she witnesses athletes engaged in illegal or dangerous
activity (e.g., unsafe throwing style or illegal starting position) during warm-ups for an event.
4. Extend the benefit of their experience to the less experienced officials and volunteers whenever the opportunity arises.
This includes gently advising them about rules or about ways to perform their duties more efficiently and accurately.
5. Without hindering their own duties or the welfare of athletes, help spectators enjoy the event through suggestion of the
best and safest observation areas, explain rules when asked, and otherwise act to enhance the entertainment value of
the event.

Officials will not……

1. Intentionally disadvantage an athlete because of previous bad experiences with the athlete, his/her coach or parent. 2.
Disqualify an athlete from an event without serious consideration of alternatives (e.g., warnings).
3. Needlessly distract, or otherwise interfere with athletes during their competition.
4. Unduly restrict the activities of coaches or spectators unless such activities constitute a rules violation or would harm
the welfare of athletes.

B. Be Accurate and Responsible

These values mean that officials should strive for accuracy and consistency in their officiating actions, as well being
dependable and trustworthy in their work as officials. The latter implies that officials should accept the responsibility for
their errors that may affect competitions, and work to increase or sustain others’ (athletes, coaches, spectators, other
officials) trust.

Officials will….
1. Arrive in good time for the competition and report immediately to the official in charge.
2. Be fully prepared to do the job assigned to them.
3. Be ready at appropriate start times for individual events they are to officiate.
4. Draw all the necessary equipment for the running of the event and ensure that it is returned upon completion of the
competition.
5. Maintain up to date knowledge of measurement (e.g., timing systems) devices and procedures necessary in their
specialty.
6. Correct their errors (e.g., measurement errors, mistaken calls) promptly and consult appropriately with other officials or
supervising officials in the event of errors.
7. Educate themselves on a regular basis about rule changes that may affect their specialty (e.g., false start rules).

Officials will not……

1. Purposely evade responsibility for officiating errors.
2. Alter competition records to reflect inaccurate results.
3. Negligently destroy or lose competition equipment.
4. Needlessly delay competitions.

C. Be supportive of other participants and loyal to our Sport Organizations.

Officials should exhibit loyalty and politeness towards BC Athletics, Athletics Canada, and other organizations to which
the official belongs or is representing in the context of a competition. They should extend such loyalty and politeness to
individuals involved in athletics at all levels.
Officials will……
1. Speak to and about athletes, other officials, volunteers, coaches and representatives of sport organizations with
customary politeness.

Officials will not……

1. Publically disparage athletic organizations (e.g., clubs, schools, BC Athletics, Athletics Canada) or other participants.

D. Act with Integrity

Integrity refers to firm adherence to an ethical code as well as to the absence of impairment or disability. This implies that
officials will (a) not allow their judgment to be adversely influenced by personal loyalties or personal gain, (b)adhere
whenever possible to the specifics of this ethical code, and (c) avoid officiating when their mental or physical competence
may be impaired (e.g., through physical illness, emotional distress, or some other personal limitation).

Officials will….
1. Recognize when he/she has a conflict of interest in an event he/she is officiating and will take reasonable steps to
eliminate such conflicts (e.g., have a different official start a race in which his/her own family member or athlete is
performing).
2. Will recognize when his/her personal weaknesses (e.g., personal or family stress, proneness to irritability) may
interfere with officiating and will take steps to prevent such interference.

Officials will not……

1. Act to the advantage of athletes or clubs to which he/she has a personal connection.
2. Purposefully act against any of the values listed in this code of conduct.
3. Knowingly officiate in an event when he/she is intoxicated on any substance.

E. Act with Fairness

Fairness refers to performing one’s duties in an unbiased manner. This implies that officials will act in a manner that does
not create advantage or disadvantage to any athlete or club.

Officials will….
1. Perform evaluations for other officials, when requested, in an objective way and without friendships or personal
differences in mind.
2. Provide the same quality of advice or benefit of the doubt when dealing with athletes, independent of any friendships or
other personal relationships.
3. Bear in mind their own possible biases when a potential conflict of interest presents itself (e.g., one’s own athlete is
competing in an event one is officiating).
4. When feasible, turn over their duties to another similarly qualified official when a conflict of interest presents itself and
the stakes appear high.

Officials will not……

1. Knowingly, and with available alternatives, make critical decisions in an event in which they have a personal stake
(e.g., an athlete for whom the official is a coach or family member). This recognizes that at times there will be no other
alternative – i.e., only one chief judge or starter available for an event in which one’s own athlete is competing.

F. Show Respect for Participants’ Rights and Dignity

Officials have the duty to respect individual athletes or other parties at competitions, independent of cultural, ethnic,
gender, age, or other characteristics of the individual that may set the other person apart from the official’s own
background and sense of familiarity. Although this is usually meant to prevent discrimination on the basis of gender,
ethnicity, or disability (all areas of human diversity that are associated with human rights legislation), it also applies to
areas of diversity such as age or experience in the athletic event or officiating task. Thus, it applies to treating very young
(and thus immature) athletes and less experienced (and thus less competent) officials or volunteers in a dignified and
respectful manner.

Officials will….
1. Respect the dignity of athletes, other officials and volunteers, coaches, and spectators.
2. Work in a spirit of cooperation with other officials and not interfere in any way with their responsibilities.
3. Criticize in a constructive manner, and at an appropriate time, directly to the official concerned.
4. Understand that some athletes, officials, or volunteers, by reason of their youth, possible disabilities, or inexperience
may require enhanced instruction or guidance, within the limits of the no assistance in the competition area rule.
5. In such cases of youth, inexperience, or disability, provide instruction in a polite and considerate manner.
6. Treat athletes with equal respect and dignity independent of their ethnicity, gender, age, religion, nationality, or other
personal characteristics unrelated to the athletic event.
7. Uphold the BC Athletics Harassment Policy.

Officials will not……

1. Harass others (officials, athletes, coaches, etc.). Harassment involves engaging in any improper behaviour toward
another person that one knows or ought to know would be unwelcome. Harassing behaviours can include written or verbal
abuse or threats, unwelcome jokes, remarks or taunts.
2. Use the occasion of a rules infraction as an opportunity to publically embarrass or chastise an athlete.
3. Use the occasion of an officiating error as an opportunity to publically embarrass or chastise an official.
G. Exhibit Professionalism

Professionalism means exhibiting a courteous, conscientious, and generally business-like manner in the workplace
(including volunteer workplace). Applied to athletics officials, it means that officials, as part of their volunteer duties, will
conform to reasonable technical standards of their area of practice (e.g., starter, track umpire, throws judge) as well as to
any ethical standards that govern them.

Officials will….
1. Conform to reasonable technical standards of their area of practice (e.g., starter, track umpire,throws judge) as well as
to any ethical standards that govern them.
2. Be conscientious and business-like (as opposed to cavalier) in carrying out their duties.
3. Conduct the event that they are officiating in an efficient and non-abrasive manner.
4. Be courteous (not irritable, not dismissive or insulting) to athletes, coaches, spectators, as well as other officials and
volunteers.
5. Wear the accepted uniform as outlined by the National Officials Committee or by the organizing committee for the
individual competition.
6. Treat complaints, questions, concerns, or appeals raised by others (e.g., athletes, coaches, spectators, other officials)
with consideration and politeness.
7. Act in a manner that will bring credit to the Athletics community and themselves, both within and outside the
competition area and/or arena.

Officials will not……

1. Use profane, insulting, harassing or otherwise offensive language in the conduct of their duties.
2. Dismiss appeals, questions, or complaints from athletes, coaches or spectators in a dismissive or cavalier manner. 3.
Target any other official, athlete, volunteer, coach, or spectator as an object of ridicule, harassment, or malicious gossip.

H. Model Appropriate Health Habits

This value presumes that athleticism is part of a generally healthy lifestyle, and that BC Athletics and Athletics Canada
encourage not only athletic competition, but enhanced health in their members and in the general public.

Officials will….
1. Exhibit a polite and relaxed manner when conducting their duties.
2. When stressed or distracted by personal issues, seek help from other officials to ensure the event proceeds smoothly
and their own distress does not disrupt the athletic event.
3. Seek appropriate professional help if their personal or emotional difficulties begin to routinely interfere with their
officiating performance.

Officials will not……

1. Allow their own emotional distress (e.g., irritability, feelings of time pressure, personal problems outside the athletic
arena) to impact on their officiating behaviour.
2. Use tobacco products within the competition arena and/or competition area.
3. Enter the competition area and/or arena under the influence of alcohol or other mind-altering drugs.

I. Adhere to Legal Standards

This means obeying the law (e.g., criminal code of Canada, human rights codes, and IAAF or other rules of competition).
Officials will….
1. Willingly and promptly consent to a criminal records search as required by the sport organization.
2. Report criminal acts to a legal authority

Officials will not……

1. Provide underage athletes with alcohol
2. Provide an athlete with illegal substances. 3. Advocate or condone the use of drugs or other banned performance
enhancing substances, classes, or methods.

J. Protect Vulnerable Persons

In our society, we now recognize that some individuals (e.g., persons with disabilities) are more vulnerable to poor
treatment because of their relative youth, mental or physical disability, or other characteristics that place them at a
disadvantage. This code of conduct recognizes that such individuals may require special attention.

Officials will….
1. Use methods that maximize the understanding of rules and competition procedures of persons of diminished capacity.
This may include repetition of instructions at the beginning of an event, including the guardian or coach of a vulnerable
athlete in the instructions, within the limits of competition rules.
2. Be particularly cautious in establishing the understanding of rules and procedures with persons of diminished capacity.

Officials will not……

1. Discriminate against vulnerable persons (e.g., Special Olympics athletes) either verbally or through their actions in a
competition area.
2. Disparage or patronize vulnerable persons in any way.
 HEALTH

COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

According to the World Health Organization, Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
just the absence of disease or infirmity. It lead to the ability to lead a socially and economically productive life.”

Community is defined as a sociological group in a large place sharing one environment. It therefore includes the
individual and the family.

Community Health is defined as the art and science of maintaining, protecting and improving the health of all the
members of the community through organized and sustained community efforts. that are determined by physical,
chemical, biological, social and

Environmental Health comprises those aspects of human ‘]health psychosocial factors in the surrounding environment.

According to the World Health Organization (2002), the characteristics of a healthy community include:
1. A clean and safe physical environment

2. An environment that meets everyone’s basic needs

3.An environment that promotes social harmony and actively involves everyone

4. An understanding of local health and environment issues

5. A community that participates in identifying local solutions to local problems

6. A community whose members have access to varied experiences, means of interaction and
communication

7. Accessible and appropriate health services and facilities

8. The promotion and celebration of historical and cultural heritage

9. A diverse and innovative economy

10. A sustainable use of available resources for all

PERENNIAL COMMUNITY HEALTH PROBLEMS

 Different perennial problems happen to the different regions of the culture and social context.
They vary according to factors like: economy, politics, geography,
health problems like:
1. water-borne and communicable diseases 2. armed conflicts 3. natural disasters
4. overpopulated areas 5. highly urbanized zones

Refuse are the dump, food waste or discarded materials.

Refuse Materials by kind, composition and sources

KIND COMPOSITION SOURCES
Garbage Waste from preparation, cooking Households, restaurants,
and serving of food, market institutions, stores,
wastes, wastes from handling, markets
storage and sale of produce
rubbish Combustible: paper, cartons, Same as garbage
boxes, barrels, wood, excelsior,
tree branches, yard trimmings,
wood
furniture, bedding,
dunnage

Non-combustible: metals, tin

cans, metal furniture, dirt, glass,
crockery, minerals
Ashes Residue from fires used for Same as garbage
cooking and heating and from on-
site incineration
Street Refuse Sweepings, dirt, leaves, catch- Streets, sidewalks, alleys,
basin dirt, contents of litter vacant lots
receptacles
Dead Animals Cats, dogs, horses, refuse
Same as street
Abandoned Vehicles Unwanted cars and trucks left on Same as street refuse
public property
Industrial wastes Food-processing wastes, boiler Factories, power plants
house cinders, lumber scraps,
metal scraps, shavings
Demolition wastes Lumber, pipes, bricks, masonry, Demolition sites to be used for
and other construction materials new buildings, renewal
from razed buildings and other projects, expressways
structures
Construction Wastes Scrap lumber, pipes, other New construction, remodeling
construction materials
Special Wastes Hazardous solids and liquids: Household, hotels, hospitals,
explosives, pathological wastes, institutions, stores, industry
radioactive materials, batteries
Sewage treatment residue Solids from coarse screening and Sewage treatment plants, septic
from grit chambers; septic-tank tanks
sludge
 Here’s more for your memory bank!

➢ Garbage refers to leftover vegetables, animal, fish and other food materials from the kitchen and
establishments.
➢ Rubbish are waste materials such as bottles, broken glass, tin cans, waste papers, discarded
porcelain wares, pieces of metal and other wrapping materials.
➢ Dead animals are lifeless dogs, cats, rats, pigs, chicken and other animals which die from diseases
or accidents.
➢ Stable Manure includes animal wastes from barns, stables or the like.
➢ Street Night soil consists of human waste, normally wrapped and thrown into sidewalks and streets.
It also includes human waste from the pail system
Yard Cuttings are those leaves, branches, grass, and other similar

Waste Disposal is the proper disposal of a discarded or in accordance with guidelines or laws.

Solid Waste Management refers to the discipline associated with the:

control of generation
➢ storage collection
➢ transfer and transport
➢ processing
➢ disposal of solid waste

The preceding definition of solid waste states in accordance with the best principles of:
❖ public health
❖ economics
❖ engineering Be aware
❖ conservation
❖ aesthetics
❖ public attitude 4
Source
http://www.denr.g
v

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 FLASH FLOOD- Is a sudden flood of a great volume usually caused by heavy rain
 ILLEGAL MINING- Defined as the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from
an ore body, lode, veins, seam, or reef, which form the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner in
the absence of land title, mining license, exploration or mineral transportation permit or of other document that could
legitimate the on-going operation
 SOIL EROSION- Happens when soil and rock are moved from one place to another by wind, water and gravity
 CORAL REEF DEGRAGATION- Is a significant problem throughout the world.
CORAL REEFS- are diverse underwater ecosystems built from calcium carbonate secreted by corals

 OIL SPILL- Oil from wrecked ships, or factories etc.

Suffocation of marine mammals
Death of trees from oil in roots
 DEFORESTATION- The act or result of cutting down or burning all the trees in an area.

POLLUTION means any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of water, air
and/or land resources

AIR POLLUTION means any alteration of the physical, chemical and

properties of the atmospheric air

WATER POLLUTION means any alteration of the physical, chemical, biological, or radiological
properties of a body of water resulting in the impairment of its purity or quality.

NOISE POLLUTION is the excessive sound that causes hearing loss, stress, fatigue,
irritability, tension, headaches, and high blood pressure.

SOIL POLLUTION is chiefly caused by chemicals in pesticides, such as poisons that are
used to kill agricultural pests like insects and herbicides that are used to get rid of weeds.
Soil pollution results from:
 •Unhealthy methods of soil management.

“Environmental Law: Pollution Control” is all about combating pollution in the Philippine
setting.

The following are pertinent laws adhering to environmental safety and health protection:

P.D. 389 (P.D. 705) – The Forestry Reform Code

- codifies, updates and raises forestry laws in the country. It emphasizes the sustainable utilization
of forest resources.
P.D. 704 – Preservation of optimum productivity of fishery resources through conservation and
protection.
P.D. 1219 – Providing for the protection of coral ecosystems.
P.D. 1067 – Water Code of the Philippines
- adopts adequate measures to conserve and regulate the use of water in commercial, industrial
and residential areas. It also provides other policy guidelines on water quality and management of water
resources. P.D. 463 – Amended the Mining Act of 1936. Requires all mining leaseholders to comply with
Pollution Control Laws and regulations and provide for penalties for noncompliance.
P.D. 1251 – Imposes fines on tailings and mine wastes and the fund generated is used to pay for the
damages to land, agricultural crops, forests products, aquatic resources and infrastructures caused by
pollution for mining operations.
P.D. 984 – The Pollution Control Law
P.D. 825 – Prohibits the improper disposal of garbage
P.D. 856 – Sanitation Code places the responsibility on the local government units for he solid waste
management in their area of production.
R.A. 8749 – Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999- provides for a comprehensive air pollution control policy.