Solar Power Generation

Bibek Bandyopadhyay Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 25th April, 2008

Total installed power generation capacity In India (2007) : 141000 MW

3% 8% 25% 64%

Thermal Hydro Nuclear Renewables

Wind : 7850 MW Small hydro : 2045 MW Biomass : 1380 MW Solar : 2 MW

Total: 11277 MW

33 % including large hydro

DECENTRALIZED ENERGY SYSTEMS

1 million PV systems 4 million biogas plants 2.15 m sqm thermal collector area A LONG AND UNIQUE EXPERIENCE.

WorldWorld Power Generating Capacity Electric Installed Capacity Ren. Hydro 3% 20%

Nuclear 10%
Renewable electricity:23% including large hydro

Fossil 67%

Annual energy consumption share of India is around 4.6% (Global: 460 EJ)

Share of India is around 3.5 % of the global total with a population share of around 17%.

Renewable Power
Eleventh Plan (2007-12) Target
Overall power generation target: 70,000 MW Renewable Power: 14500 MW ( ~ 20%) - Grid interactive: 13500 MW - Distributed renewable power: 1000 MW By the end of Eleventh Plan: Renewable power: : >10 % of total installed power capacity : > 5 % share in the electricity mix Old target in 2003
(10% of additional installed power capacity of 100,000 MW by 2012)

Tenth Plan: 2800 MW Eleventh Plan: 7200 MW

(7500 MW already achieved during the Tenth Plan)

Nearly 97% of the investment from private sector

Renewable Power Potential in India Source Potential Resource Assessment

Wind Small Hydro Biomass
Gasification, Cogeneration, Combustion, waste

45,000 MW

Survey data at 50m height. Grid penetration to improve. Data base with information on head and discharge available for ~ 5000 sites Agricultural and agroindustrial waste. Potential high with energy plantation Handbooks available. Revised handbook being published.

15,000 MW 25,000 MW

Solar

Barriers
Inherent nature leading to low CUF CUF ranges from 17 to 70% depending on resource and location - bulk on the lower side of the range High capital investments compared to conventional power projects

Mainstreaming in terms of - reliability - quality - cost

Energy Policy
Energy conservation act 2001 Electricity act 2003 National electricity policy 2005 National tariff policy 2006 Rural electrification policy 2006 Integrated energy policy report 2006

Available energy flux vs. energy consumption

Solar Photovoltaics
-The Art of Converting Solar Energy Directly to Electricity

Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants

Stand-alone (Off-grid) power plants
- electricity is used to charge a battery bank . This power is converted to AC for powering loads.

Grid-connected centralized systems Grid-connected distributed systems

- Delivers electricity directly to the grid through inverter during sunshine hours. - Provide power to grid-connected customers or directly to the electricity network.

Stand-alone (Off-grid) power plants

26 kW PV power plant at Sagar Island

Mousuni Island
Feb 2001: 55 kW Stand-alone SPV Power Plant June 2003: 105 kW Stand-alone SPV power plant For 700 houses of Mousuni Island drinking water supply village-based cottage industries telecommunication thrust to tourism Consumers are provided with prepaid Energy meters and smart cards

55 kW PV POWER PLANT AT MAUSHUMI ISLAND

Auroville Universal Township

36.3 kW stand-alone SPV plant (commissioned in September 1997) provides lighting for the inside of Matrimandir as well as for the surrounding gardens

Grid Interactive SPV Power Plants

DC electricity produced is fed to PCU that converts DC to AC power. The PCU also makes necessary adjustments in voltage, current and frequency to synchronize with the grid
Improves Power factor of the grid.

Acts as a peak load shaving system. Shares the peak load with the grid during the day time when the load is maximum. Acts as voltage support system at tail end of the grid. Improves the quality of grid power.

Grid interactive PV power plants

Technology Landscape
SOLAR THERMAL POWER

Parabolic trough

Central Tower Parabolic Dish

Green house canopy on ground

Compact Linear Fresnel

Linear parabolic trough solar collector

Solar Thermal Power Plant (Linear parabolic collector) Mojave desert, Kramer Junction, California, USA

Solar Energy Generating Systems

Dagget, Kramer Junction & Harper Lake Mojave Desert, California
Project SEG-1 SEG-2 to SEG-7 SEG-8 SEG-9 Capacity 13.8 MW 30 MW each =180 MW 80 MW each =160 MW Year 1984 19851988 1990-1991

Solar field size for 80 MW unit: 0.1 sq.km. 8 power plants integrated with natural gas fired boiler. Use of gas restricted to 25% of the total effective annual plant energy input by statute.

Installed as peaking facility to provide over 80% energy generated during peak load demand period. Operated through customized computer controls. Sun concentration: 82 Temperature: 390 C. Working fuel: Mineral oil Steel tube Cermet selective coating: F= 0.96, G= 0.01

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Solar Energy Generating Systems

Total investment: USD 1.2 billion. i.e. USD 3.4 million per MW. Levelised electricity cost: - 0.27 USD per kWh (SEG-1) - 0.14 USD per kWh (SEG-9) Average electricity generation per year: 800 million kWh. PLF ~ 26% Excellent reliability observed. A total of 30 operating years envisaged. When mass produced, cost reduction by economies of scale expected.

After 15 years
Nevada Solar I 64 MW
Commercial CSP project

Cost: $ 250 M (~ $ 4 M /MW) kWh = 13 cent Schot vacuum steel and glass receiver (184,000 mirrors) Oil heating (400 C) Moltn salt storage

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Solar Thermal Power Projects

Algeria Arizona 25MW 1 MW in Progress Trough (ISCCS: 130MW) Trough ORC Trough Fresnel into coal fired power station Tower, Solar reformed NG. Tower, gas turbine Trough Trough Andasol-1 Trough Andasol-1I Tower, Sat. steam Abengoa U C 2009 Apr. 06 2007 UC 2006 2005 UC U C 2007 U C 2008 U C 2008 U C 2007

Naveda Sol I 64MW Australia Heat ~ Liddel 38 MW Australia 120kW China Italy Nevada Spain Spain Spain 100 kW 64MW 50 MW 50 MW 11 MW

2X80kW Tower, heat and power

The Experimental Central Receiver System at the European Research Center Plataforma Solar deAlmera in Spain

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PS10
90-m-high tower 624 heliostats (121 m each) Initial design Volumetric wire-mesh receiver with tubular panels 11-MW Power Plant for Southern Spain (37.2 Lat) Saturated steam cavity receiver producing steam at 40 bar and 250C Saturated water-steam heat storage (15 MWh) for 50 minutes of plant operation at 50% load Installed cost below $2800/kW (LEC: 18 cents) SolarSolar-only operation

Concentration: 800 suns Annual radiation level: 2063 kWh/sqm Efficiency: Solar to wire 13.2% Annual Gross 12%, Net 10.5% Capacity Factor: 22%

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Designed to produce 23 GWh of electricity which is enough to supply power to a population of 10,000. Although this plant currently costs about three times as much as a regular plant, it saves about 16,000 tons of CO2 each year. The Spanish Government provides 0.18 /kWh, in addition to the pool price, and allows a limited use of gas, to support the electricity produced by the solar thermal power plant.

120 kW Solar Tower providing Solar Reformed Natural Gas to a Heat Engine
50 m high tower 4.3 sqm heliostat of Pilkington glass 800 sqmm. Receiver aperture 200 heliostat to generate 500 kW of energy. Concentration: 1000 Temperature: 1000C

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Reformation of natural gas into solar gas using the high concentration solar array
Solar gas contains 26 % more energy than natural gas.

Solar gas can be processed to solar hydrogen. Solar gas provides all the benefits of solar energy with all the convenience of a gas. Can be stored and transported.

Paraboloid collector :82 spherically curved

glass mirrors each 3 ft.x 4 ft. Area = 944 sq. ft ~ 88 sq.m.

Output = 25 kW
at 1000 W/sq.m insolation

Efficiency = 28%

25 kW Dish Stirling System

US 4-95 Mark II Engine (4 cylinders of 95 cc displacement) Working fluid: Hydrogen (2900psi).

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The Schlaich Bergermann und Partner direct intercept concentration dish technolgy

Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector

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Indian Initiatives

Grid Interactive SPV Power Plants in India

A total of 31 grid-interactive SPV power projects aggregating to 2.5 MW have so far been installed 200 kWp Grid interactive plant at Khatkarkalan (District Nawanshehar): (2003) 50 KWp Grid Interactive Power Plant at village Bajak, District Bathinda Several Grid interactive plants (diesel grid) in Lakshadweep of 100 kW capacity each. 50 Kilowatt Grid Interactive Solar Power Plant at Niel Island and another plant of 50 kW capacity at Havelock Island of A&N Islands Grid interactive power plants (25 kWp capacity) on a number of buildings in different states

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SPV Power plants in Lakshadweep

The Lakshadweep group of islands in Arabian Sea is one of the two major groups of islands in India. In these islands the main source of electricity is diesel generators, the diesel being transported from the main land to produce over 9 MW of electricity. Solar photovoltaic power systems (both Grid interactive and stand-alone) of more than 700 kW have been installed in different islands. Annual generation is around 1400 kwh per kW.

100 kW PV power plant at Kiltan island, Lakshadweep

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New Solar Initiative Grid Interactive Solar Power

Megawatt capacity solar power plants based on generation incentive Rs. 12 per kWh for photovoltaic and Rs. 10 per kWh for solar thermal electricity in addition to tariff fixed by SERC Plants with minimum of 1 MW and projects with cumulative capacity up to 5 MW per developer to be supported A maximum of 10 MW cumulative capacity in a State

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New Solar Initiative Grid Interactive Solar Power

A total capacity of 50 MW to be supported during Eleventh Plan Initial Demonstration Programme for a period of two years Plants for captive use, third party sale and seeking accelerated depreciation are not eligible for incentive Preference for projects from States that have solar announced power tariff.

Tariff Orders on Renewable Power

Electricity Act 2003 mandates regulators to prescribe RPO for Distribution companies and also to provide preferential treatment during tariff determination process So far 13 States have announced RPOs ranging from 2% to 20% Punjab has announced tariff of Rs. 7 per kWh with 5% annual escalation West Bangal has issued draft order for tariff of Rs. 12.50 per kWh for solar power Haryana, Rajasthan are in the process of announcing new tariff policies and others are expected to follow

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Cost of Solar Power Cost of solar PV electricity: Rs 15 per kWh

capital investment (Rs. 20 crores per MW) Debt-equity ratio : 2:1 Financing cost: 7-12% Estimated geneartion: 1.5-1.9 million units/year O&M costs: 1-2% Return on equity: 9-14%

Thank you

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