Reviewer English
By:Kc Calimag
INTRODUCTION TO GREEK
MYTHOLOGY
BACKGROUND
Fully developed by about 700 B.C.Homer
and Hesiod are generally considered the
earliest Greek poets whose work has
survived
Ancient Greek Beliefs and
Characteristics
 Death is inevitable and final, so the
goal was to become a legend
through great deeds.
 The Greeks were tough, restless,
ambitious, hard-living, and
imaginative.
 The gods mirrored human feelings
and physical form.
 Honor was extremely important, and
the Greeks were very vengeful if
wronged.
 Their flaws were pride, cruelty,
stubbornness, impulsiveness, lust
for power, and a desire to be like the
gods.
CREATION STORY
 First there was Chaos (vast and
unorganized space from which all
other things originated).
 Chaos gave birth to Gaea, the earth,
and Night, which gave birth to day.
 Gaea and Uranus (the sky) gave
birth to Cronus and the other
Titans, the Cyclopes, one-eyed
giants, and the Hecatonchieres with
50 heads and 100 arms each.
ZEUS
(Jupiter)
Realm: King of gods, god of thunder and
lightning
Symbols: eagle, oak tree, lightning bolt
-Married to Hera; had many affairs and
many children, some of whom were gods
and goddesses because as the Greeks
conquered territories, they took on the
new goddesses and “married” them to
Zeus
-The spiritual father of gods and men
HERA
(Juno)
Realm: goddess of marriage
Symbols: peacock, cow
-Married to Zeus
-Jealous of Zeus’s affairs
-Because of this, asked a 100-eyed giant
to watch him. When Hermes put the giant
to sleep, she turned him into a peacock,
an animal with eyes on its tail feathers.
HESTIA
(Vesta)
Realm: goddess of hearth and home;
protector of the sacred fire
Symbol: torch, a distaff (hand-held loom)
-Zeus’s sister
-Six priestesses called Vestal virgins
attended her temple and protected the fire;
shrines were built to her by the fireplace
in homes
-Today the word vestal means “pure” or
“virginal”
POSEIDON
(Neptune)
Realm: god of the sea and earthquakes
Symbol: trident
-Zeus’s brother
-Controlled earthquakes, hurricanes,
rough seas, tidal waves
-Gave the horse to mankind
HADES
(Pluto)
Also called Dis, the rich one (because he
owned all the minerals in the earth)
Realm: god of the Underworld
Symbol: Cerberus, cypress,
bident/pitchfork
-Rarely visited Earth
-Not friendly, but not evil either
ARES
(Mars)
Realm: god of war
Symbols: dogs of war; vulture, weapons

-Son of Zeus and Hera
-Very unpopular because he was
quarrelsome
-No myths written about Ares as the main
character
ARTEMIS
(Diana)
Realm: goddess of the moon, the hunt,
and (sometimes) witchcraft
Symbols: crescent moon, bow and arrow,
short hunting robes
-Apollo’s twin sister
-Avoided men
-She turned Acteon, a hunter, into a stag
(deer) and set his own dogs on him
because he watched her bathe.
PHOEBUS APOLLO
Realm: god of light (the sun), music,
shepherds
Symbols: bow and arrow, the sun chariot,
the lyre (small harp)
-Some myths say he drove the sun
chariot, others give this job to Helios
-His son Phaeton tried to drive it and
burned part of the earth
-Always shown in pictures as being young,
beardless, and handsome
DEMETER
(Ceres)
Realm: goddess of agriculture
Symbols: sheaves of wheat
-Zeus’s sister, mother of Persephone
-Persephone was kidnapped by Hades.
-Demeter created eternal winter on earth
until Zeus agreed to bring her back. She
had eaten 6 pomegranate seeds and so
had to remain in the underworld for 6
months of the year.
HEPHAESTUS
(Vulcan)
Realm: god of the forge; made Zeus’s
lightning bolts and the armor for war
Symbols; the forge
-Son of Zeus and Hera
-Zeus threw him out of heaven for siding
with his mother (Hera)
-Husband of Aphrodite, who was
constantly unfaithful to him
PALLAS ATHENA
(Minerva)
Realm: goddess of defensive warfare,
wisdom, handicrafts
Symbols: armor, owl, olive tree
-Emerged from Zeus’s head fully grown
-City of Athens named for her after she
gave them the olive tree
-Also created the spider
HERMES
(Mercury)
Realm: messenger of gods; god of
commerce, thieves, science (sometimes
medicine)
Symbols: winged helmet or sandals,
caduceus (medical staff with 2 snakes)
-Created the lyre, which he gave to -Apollo
when Apollo caught him stealing his cows
DIONYSUS
(Bacchus)
Realm: god of wine, revelry, drama,
Symbol: grapes
Brought pleasure and insanity (from wine)
-Followed by the Maenads, crazed women
who tore people apart, the satyrs,
centaurs, and nymphs
-First plays were presented during the
festivals of Dionysus
-Popular “party animal”
-Not typically considered an “Olympian”
god
APHRODITE
(Venus)
Realm: goddess of love, beauty, sexuality
Symbols: shell, mirror, dove, swan
-Born of the foam when Cronus’ genitals
(some say Uranus) hit the ocean-
Married to Hephaestus
-Son was Eros (Cupid)
 THE 9 MUSES
-Nine goddesses in charge of different
sciences and arts including music, poetry,
history, astronomy, dance, etc.
-Daughters of Zeus
-They were meant to inspire
 Clio-History
 Erato- Love and Love Poetry
 Euterpe-Music
 Polymnia-Hymns and Mimic Art
 Thalia- Comedy
 Ourania- Astronomy
 Melpomene-Tragedy
 Calliope-Justice and Serenity
 Terpsichore-Dance
THE
FATES
-Daughters of Zeus
-Three blind sisters who determined
people’s lifespan
-One spun the thread of life (Clotho)
-One measured the thread (Atropos)
-One cut the thread with scissors of death
(Lachesis)
THE GORGONS HEAD
Perseus
He is the son of Zeus and Danaë,
daughter of Acrisius (King of Argos) and
Eurydice
Parentage
• Acrisius (monstrous mortal) went to
the oracle to find out what the future of
his throne would be. Instead of hearing
happy news, he was told that a child from
his daughter was destined to kill him.
As a result, he imprisoned Danae in a
tower. However, Zeus appeared in the
form of shower of gold, and nine months
later, Perseus arrived.
• Having found that Danaë had given birth
to a son, Acrisius locked both mother and
child in a chest and threw them into the
sea.
• However, Zeus asked his brother,
Poseidon, to guide the chest to the island
of Seriphus, where the fisherman Dictys
found them
• When Perseus grew into a strong young
man, Polydectes, who was Dictys' brother
and the king of Seriphus, fell in love with
Danaë. Polydectes wanted to marry her,
but did not want or like her son, Perseus,
and the feeling was mutual!
• Polydectes invited Perseus to a
celebration where he had falsely
announced his plan to marry a daughter
of Oenomaüs, Hippodameia
• Every guest brought a gift except for
Perseus. When berated for failure to bring
a gift, Perseus rashly promised the king
that he would bring anything the king
wished.
• Polydectes jumped at this chance to get
rid of Perseus and he said that he wanted
the head of Medusa, a hideous monster,
called a Gorgon, whose very gaze could
turn you to stone
The Graeae
• First, with the guidance of Hermes and
Athena, Perseus sought out the Graeae,
sisters of the Gorgons.
• Their names are Enyo, Pephredo, and
Deino and they are the daughters of
Phorcus and Ceto.
• They possessed only one eye and one
tooth among them.
• Perseus stole the eye and tooth and
promised to return them after the Graeae
had revealed how he could find the
Gorgons and certain nymphs.
• However, when they gave him the Garden of Hesperides
information, he flung the eye into Lake
• When Perseus had reached the western
Triton so they could not inform their
limit of the earth, he wanted to stop and
sisters of his arrival.
rest.
• From the nymphs, Perseus got a pair of
• This was the realm of Atlas, who had
winged sandals, a bag for Medusa’s head
golden trees bearing golden fruit.
and a helmet of invisibility.
Atlas vs Perseus
• Also, Hermes gave him an adamantine
sickle. Some accounts also say that it was • Perseus told him that he was a son of
Hermes, rather than the nymphs, who Zeus, and Atlas was immediately wary
gave Perseus the winged sandals. because he had been told that a son of
Zeus would one day rob him of his golden
The Gorgons
apples.
• Now invisible, Perseus flew to the
• Therefore, he tried to kick Perseus out.
Gorgons.
• Perseus then raised the head of Medusa
• They are Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa.
and turned Atlas to stone.
• Their heads are covered in snakes, they
• Atlas became a mountain and then,
have wings of gold, and they could turn
because the gods willed it, he supported
people into stone just by looking at them
the sky.
• Medusa is the only mortal one – Why?
• Hercules was the person meant by the
Well, Poseidon was in love with her and
prophecy who would one day steal the
they “played scrabble” on the floor of
Golden Apples.
Athena’s temple. Out of anger, Athena
changed Medusa into a monster. Andromeda
• Flying on, Perseus arrived in Ethiopia
where Cepheus, King of Joppa, ruled.
HOW PERSEUS KILL MEDUSA
• Unfortunately, his wife, Cassiopeia, had
• Perseus, with Athena’s guidance, kept
bragged that she was more beautiful that
his eyes on the reflection in his bronze
the nymphs of the sea.
shield (which Athena had given him)
rather than looking at Medusa. • In punishment, every year Poseidon sent
a monster out of the sea to lay waste to
• When he saw the image of Medusa, he
the country.
beheaded her and left, still invisible so
that the other Gorgons couldn’t catch him. • When the king asked an oracle what he
should do, the oracle said that he must
• When he beheaded Medusa, Pegasus
sacrifice his daughter, the beautiful
and Chrysaor came out – children as a
Princess Andromeda.
result of her union with Poseidon.
• So, he chained her to a rock and left her
• As Perseus flew back, he flew over Libya.
for the monster to devour her.
• Drops of blood fell from Medusa’s head
Perseus and Andromeda
down to the desert, changing into deadly
serpents.
• When Perseus flew by and saw
Andromeda, he flew near her and took off
his cap of invisibility.
• Having landed in Joppa and having
heard what was going on, he resolved to
save her on the condition that she would
marry him. King Cepheus agreed.
Killing the Monster
• When the monster, who was named
Cetus, came out of the sea, Perseus once
again began to fly. However, the monster
saw his shadow on the water and began to
attack it.
• Then, Perseus swooped down and struck
his sword through the monster’s shoulder
and through its hide.
• Finally, the monster died and Perseus
took Andromeda back to palace.
More Adventures
• Then, he returned the cap, the bag, and
the shoes to the nymphs and went back to
get the Gorgon’s head and Andromeda.
• However, Cepheus had already made
another marriage proposal for Andromeda
– he had betrothed her to her uncle,
Phineas.
• When Perseus entered the palace and
saw what was happening, he lifted out
Medusa’s head and turned all those
challenging him to stone.
• Then he took Andromeda with him
The Killing of Polydectes
• When he reached Seriphos again,
Perseus entered the palace and
announced to Polydectes that he had
brought the head of Medusa
• Polydectes, not believing that this was
true challenged Perseus to show him the
head.
• Perseus obliged, and immediately
everyone who had remained to mock
Perseus was turned to stone.
The Aftermath
• Perseus then made Dictys the King of
Seriphos.
• He gave the Gorgon’s head to Athena,
who placed it in the center of her shield.
• Perseus and Andromeda were happily
married and they had a son named
Perses, who gave rise to the Persian
people.
Returning (Continued)
• Meanwhile, Acrisius had heard about
Danae and Perseus and realized that they
were still alive.
• Therefore he fled to Thessaly, where
Perseus and Andromeda had, alas, gone
as well.
• Both he and Perseus ended up at a set
of funeral games.
• Perseus was participating in the discus
throw.
• His throw accidentally flew into the
crowd, where it struck Acrisius, who died.
• Immediately, the people called out
“Acrisius, King Acrisius” and Perseus
knew that he had killed the king and
could not hope of taking over his kingdom.
EURYDICE AND ORPHEUS
Who was Orpheus?
Orpheus was a lyrist (a player of the
lyre), singer, and poet. Thracian in origin,
Orpheus is, in many ways, the archetype
of the musician and poet in Greek
mythology. He was said to live near Mount
Olympus, and could often be found
singing there. His singing was so beautiful
that wild beasts would tamely follow him,
seduced by the power of his song. Indeed,
so closely intertwined is Orpheus’ name
with the tradition of lyric poetry (so named
because it was originally sung to musical
accompaniment courtesy of the lyre), that
a tradition later grew up that both Homer
and Hesiod, the two greatest poets of
ancient Greece, were descendants of
Orpheus.
Orpheus and Eurydice: summary
The lyrist Orpheus fell in love with the
beautiful Eurydice, only for her to die
shortly after; Orpheus made the journey
into Hades, the Underworld, to try to bring
his beloved back. His wish was granted –
but on the condition that he mustn’t look
back at Eurydice as she followed him out
of Hades, until they were both safely back
in the land of the living. Orpheus couldn’t
resist one quick glance … and Eurydice
was lost to him forever.
 Eurydice was a nymph – a dryad,
specifically (a nymph associated with the
forests) who married Orpheus. One day,
while she was out among the Thracian
countryside, she was pursued by a
shepherd, Aristaeus, who wanted her. As
she fled from him, she stood on a serpent
which reared up and bit her on the leg,
killing her with its venom.
Orpheus grieved at the loss of the
love of his life. But the one thing he had
was his song, and so he went to the
Underworld (or Hades, or, if you like, Hell)
to beg for the return of Eurydice to the
land of the living.
Orpheus used his lyre and his
beautiful singing to charm the demons of
the Underworld. His singing even charmed
Hades, the god of the Underworld, and his
wife (for half the year, anyway),
Persephone, goddess of the Underworld.
Perhaps because Hades and
Persephone knew, as husband and wife,
what it was like to love someone, they
were moved not only by Orpheus’ music
but by his petition as well; they certainly
agreed to his request, and allowed
Eurydice to return with Orpheus to the
land of the living. Orpheus’ song, and his
perilous journey into the Underworld,
were proof of his love and devotion to
Eurydice.
However, Hades and Persephone
imposed one condition: Orpheus was to
lead the way out of the Underworld, with
Eurydice following behind him – but on no
account was Orpheus to turn back and
look at his wife until they were clear of the
Underworld and back in the world of the
living.
Orpheus agreed, but as he was
making his way back from the
Underworld, he was gripped by a terrible
doubt. What if Hades and Persephone had
tricked him, and he was leaving his wife
behind? What if she wasn’t behind him at
all? Eventually – when he was not far from
exiting the Underworld – Orpheus couldn’t
resist any longer, and turned back to see
his wife, Eurydice. He shouldn’t have
doubted.
But in looking back, he had broken
the one condition Hades and Persephone
had laid down: not to glance back until
they were both out of the Underworld. And
so he had to watch in horror and despair
as Eurydice was taken back down into the
Underworld – all because he looked back
at her. So, Eurydice died a second time –
this time thanks to her husband.
Orpheus tried to return down into
the Underworld to plead with the gods
again, but he found the entrance to Hades
barred – this time for good. Not even his
song could gain him entry.

Media
and
Information Literacy
Reliability of information
 Information is said to be reliable if it
can be verified and evaluated.
Others refer to the trustworthiness
of the source in evaluating the
reliability of information.
Accuracy of information
 Accuracy refers to the closeness of
the report to the actual data.
Measurement of accuracy varies,
depending on the type of
information being evaluated.
Forecasts are said to be accurate if
the report is similar to the actual
data. Financial information is
considered accurate if the values are
correct, properly classified, and
presented.
Value of information
 Information is said to be of value if
it aids the user in making or
improving decisions.
Authority of the source
 Much of the information we gather
daily do not come from a primary
source but are passed on through
secondary sources such as writers,
reporters, and the like. Sources
with an established expertise on the
subject matter are considered as
having sound authority on the
subject.
Timeliness
 Reliability, accuracy, and value of
information may vary based on the
time it was produced or acquired.
While a piece of information may
have been found accurate, reliable,
and valuable during the time it was
produced, it may become irrelevant
and inaccurate with the passing of
time (thus making it less valuable).
Other information may be timeless,
proven to be the same in reliability,
accuracy, and value throughout
history.
Sources of Information
 Libraries
Is a collection of sources of information
and similar resources, made accessible to
a defined community for reference or
borrowing. It provides physical or digital
access to material, and may be a physical
building or room, or a virtual space, or
both.
 Internet
A global computer network providing a
variety of information and communication
facilities, consisting of interconnected
networks using standardized
communication protocols.
Types of libraries
 Libraries are often classified in 4
groups, namely: academic, public,
school and special. These libraries
may be either digital or physical in
form.
Skills in accessing information from
libraries
Due to the wealth of information in a
library, it is important to know the
following:
 The access tool to use.
 How the information being accessed
may be classified
  The depth of details required--some
libraries provide only an abstract of
the topic
 More detailed information might
require membership or some
conformity to set rules of the source
(ex databases).
Characteristics of libraries in terms of
reliability, accuracy and value
 Libraries of published books are
often considered highly reliable,
accurate, and valuable. Books and
documents from dominant sources
are often peer reviewed. ISSN or
ISBN registration ensures that
standards were followed in
producing these materials.
The Internet
a. Information found on the Internet
b. Characteristics of Internet
information in terms of reliability,
accuracy, value, timeliness, and
authority of the source
c. Realities of the Internet
d. Information found on the Internet
may be quite varied in form and
content. Thus, it is more difficult to
determine its reliability and
accuracy. Accessing information on
the Internet is easy, but requires
more discipline to check and
validate. Factual and fictitious data
are often merged together. Sources
always have to be validated.
Skills in determining the reliability of
information.
a. Check the author. The author’s
willingness to be identified is a good
indication of reliability.
b. Check the date of publication or of
update. While the information may
be true, it may not be reliable if it is
outdated and may have lost
relevance.
c. Check for citations. Reliable authors
have the discipline of citing sources
of their information.
d. Check the domain or owner of the
site or page. The domains .edu
and .gov are reserved for academic
institutions and the government
respectively. Information from such
sites are presented with caution and
are usually well-grounded. Site
owners may have an agenda that
affects the manner by which
information is presented.
e. Check the site design and the
writing style. Credible sources take
time to make their information
accessible and easy to comprehend.
Skills in determining accurate
information.
a. Look for facts.
b. Cross-reference with other sources
to check for consistency.
c. Determine the reason for writing
and publishing the information.
Check if the author is objective or
leaning heavily on a certain point of
view.
d. Check for advertising. Advertisers
may use related information to
market their product.
ICARUS AND DAEDALUS
Summary of Icarus story
Icarus was the son of Daedalus, the
craftsman who built the Labyrinth (which
featured in the story of Theseus and the
Minotaur which we’ve discussed in a
previous post). But after Daedalus aided
Ariadne by telling her how Theseus could
escape the Labyrinth he’d designed, King
Minos locked Daedalus and his son,
Icarus, inside the maze.
Ever the inventor, Daedalus
fashioned some wings out of feathers and
wax, for him and his son to use to fly their
way off the island of Crete. They escaped
and flew up into the sky. Daedalus warned
his son not to fly too close to the sun;
however, Icarus got carried away and
promptly did just that, upon which the
wax in his wings melted. He fell to his
death, drowning in the sea surrounding
the island of Samos, a sea which is
now named after him. Daedalus reached
Cumae and then took refuge at Camicos
on the isle of Sicily.
Labyrinth- path in which it is difficult to
find one’s way; a maze
TEXTUAL AIDS
ADVANCE ORGANIZERS also called
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS are visual displays
of key information to facilitate
understanding of ideas and concepts.
They are used to gain a better
understanding of a text. Diagrams are the
most common ways of presenting ideas
and concepts. The most commonly used is
the Venn Diagram and Cause and Effect
Diagram.
VENN DIAGRAM
•Venn Diagram is a graphic organizer that
uses circles to show comparison and
contrast between or among concepts,
characters, places or things
CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM
•Cause and Effect Diagram/Organizer is a
graphic organizer used to show cause and
effect relationship. It logically organizes
and presents the possible causes of a
problem and the possible effects of a given
problem.
MAIN IDEA WEB
•It starts with a central idea and branches
out into related ideas and details (or sub-
ideas). Sometimes referred to as spider or
semantic maps, this type of graphic
organizer is used primarily for
brainstorming and generating ideas for
planning or writing purposes.
CONCEPT MAP
•Concept maps help you to see the
relationship between ideas and concepts.
It helps in recalling ideas and is also
believed to generate creativity. Created by
writing keywords enclosed in shapes such
as circles, boxes etc. and drawing arrows
between related ideas.
TIMELINE
•A timeline is a type of graphic organizer
that shows specific events in sequence
usually with dates, in a linear fashion.
• helps you put events in chronological
order, show progress or change and
chronicle historical events.
Types of Timeline
 Sequence chart is used to show the
logical order of steps in a process,
event or concept.
 Flow chart is a diagram of the
sequence of movements or actions of
people or things involved in a
complex system or activity.
NON-LINEAR ILLUSTRATIONS
•Non- linear illustrations generally are
graphic organizers that communicates
data which may or may not show the
relationship or connection of one from the
other.
Table
• A table is an arrangement of information
in rows and columns containing cells
•that make comparing and contrasting
information easier.
Pie Chart
•A pie chart displays data and
information in an easy-to-read ‘pieslice'
format with varying slice sizes telling you
how much of one data element exists.
Bar Graph
•A Bar Graph is a chart that uses bars to
show. The bars can be either horizontal or
vertical. A bar graph will have two axes.
One axis will describe the types of
categories being compared, and the other
will have numerical values that represent
the values of the data.
Parts of Bar Graph
• The title tells us what the graph is
about.
• The labels tell us what kinds of facts are
listed.
• The bars show the facts.
• Gridlines are used to create the scale.
• Categories. Each bar shows a quantity
for a particular category
Line Graph
• It also known as a line plot or a line
chart—is a graph that uses lines to
connect individual data points. A line
graph displays quantitative values over a
specified time interval.
Pictograph
• It is the representation of data using
images. Represent the frequency of data
while using symbols or images that are
relevant to the data. This is one of the
simplest ways to represent statistical data.
HOW ODIN LOST HIS EYES
ODIN
- King who created the whole world
and sacrifice his one blue eye for a
sip of water from well of Mimir
DWAREVES
- Tiny living creatures who lived
between heaven and earth
MIMIR
- Who could read the thought and
possesses the knowledge of past and
future
GIANTS
- Ones who brought cold and ice to
the world and shock the earth with
anger
SUMMARY OF THE STORY:
 Odin, king of gods, wants to protect
humans from evil frost giants. To
gain knowledge of the future, Odin
must sip the water of a special well.
This water will then reflect the
images of the past and future. The
guardian of the well, Mimir, requires
a great price for the water: he asks
for one of Odin’s eye. Odin promptly
plucks out his eye. After Odin
drinks the water, he sees that the
future holds sorrow and death for
humans. He also sees that it will be
redeemed by an event of great
promise. Odin’s eye settle at the
bottom of Mimirs well as a reminder
of Odin’s great sacrifice.
INTRODUCTION TO NORSE
MYTHOLOGY
Where do these myths come from?
 Northern Europe
 What is now modern-day Germany,
Norway, Sweden, Denmark & Finland
Scandinavia
 It is the mythology of the North
Germanic people stemming from Norse
paganism and continuing after the
Christianization of Scandinavia and
into the Scandinavian folklore of the
modern period
GINNUNGAGAP
 was the great emptiness before there
was a world, or any living things in it.
Far to the South of the Ginnungagap
was the fiery realm of Muspell, with its
long, hot rivers full of poison and vast
lakes of fire. Nothing could grow in this
burning realm.
THE 9 REALMS
Asgard
 a location associated with the gods. It
appears in a multitude of Old Norse
sagas and mythological texts. It is
described as the fortified home of
the Æsir gods, often associated with
gold imagery. Many of the best-known
Nordic gods are Æsir or live in Asgard
such as Odin, Thor, Loki, and Baldr.
Alfheim
 "Land of the Elves" or "Elfland"
 home of the Light Elves.
Midgard
 name for Earth inhabited by and
known to humans in early Germanic
cosmology.
Muspellheim
 A hot, bright, glowing land in the
south, guarded by Surt, the fire giant.
 Home of Giants and Demons
Vanaheim
 a location associated with the Vanir, a
group of gods themselves associated
with fertility, wisdom, and the ability
to see the future.
Niflheim
 the cold, dark, misty world of the dead,
ruled by the goddess Hel. In some
accounts it was the last of nine worlds,
a place into which evil men passed
after reaching the region of death
Helheim
  was one of the nine worlds within the
universe of Norse mythology. It was an
underworld realm of the dead
YGGDRASIL
 The world tree, a giant ash supporting
the universe.
 Known as ‘The Tree of Life’ and
humans knew death and suffering in
their world.
Bifrost Bridge
 Links the Real & Supernatural world
together
 Seen as a rainbow to humans
 At the roots of the tree are the Norns
(fate)
Ymir
 Emerged as the first being of the vast
Ginnungagap.
 He drank Audumla’s milk
Audumla
 Cow
 Second who emerged in the vast
Ginnungagap
 The cow licked the salt from the ice
mountains
Buri
 a divinity god 'producer, father') of all
other gods, is an early ancestor of
the Æsir gods of the principal
pantheon in Norse religion
Goddess Wife (Wife of Buri)
ODIN
• The supreme deity
• Called as the Allfather of the Aesir
• The all inspiring ruler of Asgard and
most revered immortal
• With him are the two ravens, two wolves
and the Valkyries
• He is the god of war, poetry and Magic
BALDER
• Son of Odin and Frigg
• Lives between heaven and earth
• The epitome of radiance, beauty,
kindness and fairness
• He was believed to be immortal but he
was killed with mistletoe - the golden
bough that contained both his life and his
death.
LOKI
• A mischievous god who could shape-shift
and can take up animalistic forms
• He conceived a scheme to cause the
death of Balder
THOR
• He was the protector of humanity and
the powerful god of thunder
• He wielded a hammer named Mjöllnir
(Mjolnir)
• he was known for his bravery, strength,
healing powers and righteousness
FREYR
• God of fertility
• A symbol of prosperity and pleasant
weather conditions
• One of the most respected gods for the
Vanir clan
• He is the brother of Freya
HEIMDALL
• Known as the ‘shiniest’ of all gods due to
him having the ‘whitest skin’
• A son of Odin who sat atop the Bifrost
• Remained forever on alert; guarding
Asgard against attack.
HEL
• She was the goddess and ruler of
the Norse underworld of the same
name (also known as Helheim)
• She has pale skin and appears to be
death-like
VIDAR
• He is associated with vengeance
• He kills the wolf Fenrir at Ragnarok
• His strength is equal to Thor
VALE
• Also named as Vali
• He is the son of Odin who avenged
Balder’s death by killing Hod, the god who
pierced Balder with mistletoe.
SIF
• a golden-haired goddess associated with
earth
• Thor’s beautiful wife
TYR
• In Norse mythology, Týr is one of the
Aesir. He is primarily known as the god
of JUSTICE and WAR, but is also
described as wise and brave.
RAGNAROK
 Ragnarök, (Old Norse: “Doom of the
Gods”), in Scandinavian mythology,
the end of the world of gods and Men
VIKINGS
 the Vikings were Norwegians, Swedes
and Danes, men who were usually
farmers, traders, blacksmiths, and
craftsmen. For various reasons, they
took to raiding towns, churches and
monasteries. Many of the places they
attacked were on the coasts as they
were easiest to reach.
VALKYRIES
 ("chooser of the slain") is one of a host
of female figures who guide half of the
souls of the dead to the god Odin's hall
Valhalla, whereas the other half go to
Freyja's afterlife field.
• Sunnudagr – Sunday, the day of the
Sun. Sól is a goddess in Norse mythology.
'Sol' means Sun
• Mánadagr – Monday. In the Nordic
areas, the moon was called "Mani", and in
time Mánadagr became Monday
• Tysdagr – Tuesday. the Nordic god 'Tyr'
or 'Tír'.It is Týr who has given his name to
Tuesday.
• Óðinsdagr – Wednesday. Nordic
tradition Odin (also known as 'Woden')
gave his name to Wednesday
• Þórsdagr – Thursday. (Thor’s Day) Thor
is in Nordic mythology Sif's husband and
was the god of thunder. The name Þórr
(Thor) is related to the word 'thunder’.
• Frjádagr – Friday. Frigg (and maybe
also Freya, as they may have originally
been the same goddess).Frígg gave the
name to Friday.
• Laugardagr (sunnunótt) – Saturday.
'Laug' mean bath or hot water and 'dagr'
means day. So you can translate the
Nordic word for Saturday into 'the day of
the hot water' or 'bathing dag'
Important Notes
 Ymir was killed by Bor and Odin
 Ymir’s Body formed the Earth, his
blood became the sea, his flesh
became the land, and his bones
became the mountains, and his hairs
became the trees
 Odin and the other gods formed the
sky with Ymir’s skull head up by four
towering pillars.
ARACHNAE
Summary of the myth of Arachne:
 In the kingdom of Lydia (an ancient
area of Anatolia, which is in modern-day
Turkey) there lived a girl, named Arachne.
She was very good at weaving, and her
reputation for embroidery soon spread.
Athena, the goddess of (among many other
things) spinners and embroiderers, was
considered by many to have been
Arachne’s tutor, but Arachne refused to
give the goddess any credit for having
taught her how to weave so beautifully.
Indeed, so sure of her own weaving
abilities was she, that Arachne even boldly
challenged Athena to a weaving contest.
Athena turned up in disguise as an old
woman, advising the young weaver to be
more modest about her achievements.
Arachne was scornful, so Athena –
angered by the girl’s arrogance – revealed
her true identity and accepted the
challenge Arachne had proposed.
The two competitors chose the subject of
their tapestries with care: while Athena
showed the twelve Olympian gods in hers,
she wove in a little detail in each of the
four corners, showing what happens to
uppity mortals who think they can defy
the gods. Conversely, Arachne depicted
the most outrageous things the gods had
got up to – in particular, Zeus’ track
record in ‘seducing’ or abducting young
maidens to satisfy his own lust.
Arachne’s work was perfect, and
Athena had to admit it. But, being a
goddess, she didn’t have to like it. What’s
the use of being a deity if you can’t throw
your weight about from time to time? So
Athena tore up Arachne’s beautiful work
and struck her down. Arachne was so
downcast by this, that she hanged herself.
Athena was vindictive, and refused
to give Arachne peace in death. So she
turned the dead girl into a spider, so that
she would be doomed to weave and spin
for all time.
ANALYTICAL LISTENING
 Analytical Listening is about the
ability and the capacity to properly
analyze what is being said. Being
able to divide difficult questions into
separate parts in order to get to the
core.
 helps bring balance to a
conversation and process
information objectively.
 Analyses of causes can be made,
after which the consequences of a
problem can be better detected as
well. An analytical listener is able to
critically look at elements of a
problem and apply models to them.
By distinguishing main problems
from partial problems, the analytic
listener can collect a lot of
information, then research it. After
collecting all of the data, the
analytical listener will be highly able
to make logical connections, detect
the actual cause, and think of fitting
solutions.
Four types of listening
 Appreciative – listening to
appreciate music, poetry or
inspirational messages.
 Comprehensive or Informational
– listening to learn content and to
separate main ideas from sub points
and details
 Empathetic – listening to
empathize and to connect with
people’s emotions
 Critical – listening to scrutinize a
message
WRITING A CRITIQUE
ANALYSIS
 is the study of an element or
structure as a basis for discussion
or interpretation. Its goal is to
explain the meaning of a text
material.
 Opinions are not needed
EVALUATION
 is your conclusion about a story,
based on evidence as to what you
hold to be the most important or
effective. It usually consists of
opinion, criteria and evidence. It
aims to give an opinion.
Writing a critical review
CRITIQUE
 is a genre of academic writing that
briefly summarizes and critically
evaluates a work or concept.
TIPS
•Examine the prompt or assignment.
•Read the text.
•Do some research.
Parts Writing the Body:
1. Organize your critical evaluations.
2. Discuss the techniques or styles
used in the work.
3. Explain what types of evidence or
argument are used.
4. Determine what the work adds to
the understanding of its topic.
5. Use examples for each point.
Parts Writing the Conclusion:
1. State your overall assessment of the
work.
2. Summarize your key reasons for this
assessment.
3. Recommend any areas for
improvement, if appropriate.
4. Provide a list of references.

Parts Writing the Introduction:

1. Give basic information about the
work.
2. Provide a context for the work – Give
the reader some understanding of what
issues the author may have been
responding to.
3. Summarize the creator’s goal or
purpose in creating the work.
4. Summarize the main points of the
work.
5. Present your initial assessment.