DRUGS

Are recognized in the official USP, official Homeopathic Pharmacopeja of the US or the official NE or any supplements to
any of them.”

Aare use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease in man or other animals.

Are Intended to affect the structure or any function. Of the body of man or other animals.

Substances that act on biologic systems at the chemical (molecular) level and alter their functions.

Drug Receptor-the molecular components of the body with which drugs interact to bring about their effects.

Nature of drugs

-Drugs are chemicals that modify body functions. They may be ions, carbohydrates, lipids or proteins.

Are Intended to affect the structure or any function. of the body of man or other animals.

-They vary in size from Lithium (MW 7) to proteins (MW 50,000)

PHARMACODYNAMICS

Branch of pharmacology that focuses on the study of Biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the Mechanisms
by which they produce such effects. I”WHAT DOES THE DRUG DOES TO THE BODY”

Deals with the interaction of drugs with receptor to Molecular consequences to biological effect

• Study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs in biological systems

PHARMACOKINETICS

Is the quantitative measurement of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination and includes the rate processes for
drugs movement into the body within

body and out of the body. WHAT THE BODY DOES TO THE DRUGS

•Examines the moment of drug over time Through the body.

PHARMACOKINETICS

Is the quantitative measurement of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination and includes the rate processes for
drugs movement into the body within the body and out of the body. WHAT THE BODY DOES TO THE DRUGS

•Examines the moment of drug over time Through the body.

FUNCTIONAL MODIFIERS

• Alters certain physiologic functions and activities of body cells.

• Examples:

-Sensation of pain

-Tachycardia

-Morphine

-Bevacizumab

REPLENISHER

• Replaces/replenish endogenous substance that are lacking that are

Lacking/lacking/deficient/absent

• Example:

-Insulin

-Vitamin B12

-Oral Rehydration Solution

DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS

• Diagnostic or confirmation of diagnosis of certain disease.

• Examples

-Edrophonium

-Barium Sulphate

-Histamine -Dobutamine

-Dobutamine/Dipyradamole

-Tc99m stratum Thallium 201

CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS AGENTS

• Agents used to kill/inhibit growth of cells considered as foreign to the body

Anti-infectives

Anti-microbials

Anti-neoplastic

Anti-cancer
PHARMACOKINETICS

The actions of the body on the drug taken. Elimination of a drug may be achieved by

Metabolism or by excretion.

PROCESSES:

L-Liberation

A-Absorption

D-Distribution

M-Metabolism

E-Elimination

R-Response

TRANSPORT PROCESSES:

-mechanism of the drug which it moves across the cell membrane.

PASSIVE DIFFUSION

• Movement of molecules from region high to

PASSIVE DIFFUSION

• Movement of molecules from region high to Low (along concentration gradient) • Non-energy requiring (no external
energy) Major absorption process of most drugs

(Predominant transport process)

Slowest process (inversely proportional to The membrane thickness) Important process for small lipophilic molecules.

FACTORS AFFECTING PROCESS

FICK’S LAW OF DIFFUSION

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

PARTICLE SIZE

LIPOSOLUBILITY

FICK'S LAW OF DIFFUSION

Q-(AXd) (C1-C2)/h.
Where:

Q=flux (movement of molecules) A surface area of membrane

C1-higher concentration (source)

C2=lower concentration (destination)

D-diffusion coefficient

h-thickness of the semipermeable membrane

Most drugs are absorbed or transported by passive diffusion, which depends on:

-pKa value of the solution -pH of the Solution -Lipid solubility of the unionized form

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

Determines PERMEABILITY coefficient

The ratio of the number of molecules crossing per unit time to the concentration gradient

PARTICLE SIZE

The size of the particles will greatly affect the speed of the diffusion.

LIPOSOLUBILITY

It is the degree of ionization

•Partition coefficien

• Determines the extent to which a drug partitions

Between an organic solvent and water.

• Example:

Methamphetamine

Metoprolol

Propanolol

CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT

Saturability
Michaelis-Menten, Enzyme kinetics

Selectivity

Carriers have a specific stereochemical configuration

Subject to competition

Following the 5 R of medication

Poisoning

5 R of Medication

Example of Carrier-Medicated Transport

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

movement AGAINST concentration gradient

requires energy (energy consuming) fast transport process

important for polar molecules

FACILITATED TRANSPORT

movement ALONG concentration gradient

No energy required

CARRIER MEDIATED INTESTINAL TRANSPORT

Vesicular Transport

Process of enla ng particles

doesn’t require aqueous solution to be absorbed

Example: Sabin Polio Vaccine

FORMS:

PHAGOCYTOSIS-Engulfment of large particles PINOCYTOSIS-Engulfment of small particles

-Cell drinking

-Energy requiring
-Important for large lipophilic molecules

CARRIER MEDIATED INTESTINAL TRANSPORT

PProcess

ENDOCYTOSIS-Absorption of material across a cell membrane by enclosing it in cell membrane material and pulling it
into the cell, where It can be released.

• EXOCYTOSIS – Expulsioin of material from vesicles in the cell into the extracellular space.

-Accomplished the primary mechanism of neurotransmitter release.