Lecture 5

Q. Which of the following moves rapidly across the

cell membrane?

a.CO2

b.Water

c.Glucose

d.Urea
Q. Osmotic pressure of 1 osmole relative to pure
water is:

a.6.5 atm

b.22.4 atm At 37°C, a concentration of 1 osmole

per liter will cause 19,300 mm Hg
c.4 atm osmotic pressure in the solution.

d.2 atm
Q. True for Na-K ATPase:

a.3 Na out/2K in

b.3Na in/2K out

c.2Na out/3K in

d.2Na in/3K out

Q. For sodium-potassium pump the coupling ratio is:

a.1:1

b.2:3

c.3:2

d.1:4
Q. Binding site present on beta unit of Na-K pump
is:

a.Na+

b.K+

c.ATP

d.Glycosylation
Q. Fick’s law gives the rate of transport in case of:

a.Simple diffusion

b.Facilitated diffusion

c.Ionic diffusion

d.Secondary active transport

Q. Extracellular binding site on Na-K pump is:

a.Na+

b.ATP

c.PO43-

d.Ouabain
Q. Thickness of the cell membrane in a generalised
cell is :

a.1-4 nm

b.4-7 nm

c.7-10 nm

d.10-13 nm
Q. When solvent is moving in one direction, the
solvent tends to carry dissolved particles with it. This
is called :
In some epithelia (e.g., proximal
a.Filtration tubule of the renal nephron), the
movement of water across the
b.Osmosis epithelium via the paracellular
pathway can drive the movement
c.Donnan effect
of additional solute. This process is
d.Solvent drag termed solvent drag and reflects
the fact that solutes dissolved in
the water will traverse the tight
junction with the water.
Q. Cell shape and motility is provided by:

a.Centrosomes

b.Microtubules

c.Golgi apparatus

d.Nucleus
Q. Active transport is transport against :

a.Concentration gradient

b.Pressure gradient

c.Electrical gradient

d.All of the above

Q. Cell motility is due to protein:

a.Motilin

b.Tubulin

c.Laminin

d.Titin
Q. Eukaryotic plasma membrane is made up of all
except:

a.Carbohydrates

b.Triglycerides

c.Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine)

d.Cholesterol
 pressure
capillaries

concentration
channel protein
Intermediate filament

Microfilament an adherens junction

Microtuble

Microtuble
1-4

1-4

C. Primary active transport

B. facilitated diffusion

E. Counter transport

D. Co transport (Why Na is
added with Glucose in ORS?)
Transport across cell
membrane
Active Process: Vesicular
transport
Vesicular transport
Endocytosis: Receptor mediated

• allows the uptake of specific molecules into the cell

• molecules bind to receptors on the surface of the cell
GTP binding protein
 7
8a

Receptor and
ligand separates

To lysosome
or Golgi
complex
8b
• Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is responsible for the
internalization of many receptors and the ligands
bound to them—including, for example, nerve growth
factor (NGF) and low-density lipoproteins. It also plays
a major role in synaptic function.

• Requires the presence of calcium ions in the ECF

• Actin and myosin may have a role

 Rafts & Caveolae
• Some areas of the cell membrane are especially rich in
cholesterol and sphingolipids and have been called rafts

• These rafts are probably the precursors of flask-shaped

membrane depressions called caveolae (little caves)

• Some endocytosis uses caveolae infiltrated with a

specialized membrane proteins called caveolin rather
than clathrin-coated pits

• Caveolae are prominent in endothelial cells, where they

help in the uptake of nutrients from the blood

• Involved in transcytosis and cholesterol regulation

Pinocytosis

• Non-specifc uptake
of small molecules
and water into the
cell

• Cell drinking
 2
Phagocytosis 1

• It involves large 3
particles (bacteria,
cell debris) rather
than molecules as in
pinocytosis

• Often, but not

always, phagocytosis
is a receptor-
mediated process

• Cell eating
 Exocytosis

• Ca2+ dependent process

• Either constitutive or non-constitutive (regulated)

• In non-constitutive pathway secretory product after

synthesis and processing in the RER and GA, is stored in
the cytoplasm in secretory granules until an appropriate
signal for secretion is received

• Constitutive pathway, involves the prompt transport of

secretory product to the cell membrane in vesicles, with
little or no processing or storage
SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein
 diffusion Vesicular transport

Active exocytosis
transport

specificity

Facilitated
diffusion
pinocytosis

Molecular or ion size Net diffusion

of water
Cell eating
Phago., Pino. , Rec. endo

Simple, faci. Diff., osmosis

Filtration

Simple, faci. Diff., osmosis

Active transport

Simple diffusion
(Sec.) Active transport
Exo. Endo., Phago., Pino.
Phagocytosis

Exocytosis

Facilitated diffusion
 ENDOCYTOSIS

PHAGOCYTOSIS

PINOCYTOSIS

EXOCYTOSIS
Q. Which statement is true for both pinocytosis and
phagocytosis?

a.Involves the recruitment of actin filaments

b.Occurs spontaneously and non-selectively

c.Endocytotic vesicles fuse with ribosomes that

release hydrolases into the vesicles

d.Is only observed in macrophages and neutrophils

Q. Which of the following is used in exocytosis?

a.Ca++

b.Mg++

c.Na+

d.K+
Q. The following is an example of ‘Regulated
pathway’:

a.Constitutive exocytosis

b.Receptor mediated endocytosis

c.Constitutive endocytosis

d.Non-constitutive exocytosis
 Epithelial Transport

• Movement across an epithelium may take place either

as paracellular or as transcellular transport

• Some junctional proteins such as claudins can form

large holes or pores that allow water, ions, and a few
small uncharged solutes to move by the paracellular
pathway

• Substances moving by the transcellular route must

cross two cell membranes using a combination of
active and passive transport mechanisms
 The transport
mechanism making
use of coated vesicles
is called transcytosis
or cytopempsis

 Other specialized
type of transport :
filtration
Regulation of Epithelial Transport

• When acted upon by a regulatory signal (neural or

hormonal), the epithelial cell may respond in several
different ways, including:
1.Retrieval of transporters from the membrane, by
endocytosis, or insertion of transporters into the
membrane from an intracellular vesicular pool, by
exocytosis
2.Change in activity of membrane transporters (e.g.,
channel gating)
3.Synthesis of specific transporters, and their insertion
into the membrane