Types of Cells, Cell

Organelles and
Functions
Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
A eukaryote is any
organism whose cells
contain a nucleus and
other organelles
enclosed within
membranes.
Prokaryotes are unicellular
organisms that lack organelles
or other internal membrane-
bound structures. Therefore,
they do not have a nucleus, but,
instead, generally have a single
chromosome: a piece of circular,
double-stranded DNA located in
an area of the cell called the
nucleoid.
 Parts and Functions of Prokaryotic cell
Capsule: Found in some bacterial cells, this additional outer covering
protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organisms, assists in retaining
moisture, and helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients.

Flagellum: Long, whip-like protrusion that aids cellular locomotion.

Pili (Pilus singular): Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that
attach to other bacterial cells. Shorter pili called fimbriae help bacteria attach
to surfaces.

Plasmids: Plasmids are gene carrying, circular DNA structures that are not
involved in reproduction.

Cell membrane: Surrounds the cell's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of
substances in and out of the cell.
Cell wall: Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives
it shape.

Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains

enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.

Ribosome: Cell structures responsible for protein production.

Nucleoid: Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA
molecule.
 Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells

small cells (< 5 mm) larger cells (> 10 mm)

always unicellular often multicellular
no nucleus or any membrane-bound always have nucleus and other
organelles membrane-bound organelles

DNA is circular, without proteins DNA is linear and associated with

proteins to form chromatin

ribosomes are small (70S) ribosomes are large (80S)

no cytoskeleton always has a cytoskeleton

cell division is by binary fission cell division is by mitosis or meiosis

reproduction is always asexual reproduction is asexual or sexual

 bacteria
Specific Types of Cells cells
Prokaryote
- no organelles

plant cells

Eukaryotes
animal cells - organelles
 Cell size comparison
Animal cell
Bacterial cell
most bacteria
 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
 10-100 microns

 micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter

 diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
 Organelles
• Organelles do the work of cells
– each structure has a job to do Model Animal Cell
• keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
They’re like
mini-organs!
 1. Cells need power!
• Making energy
– to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…
• take in food & digest it
• take in oxygen (O2)
ATP
• make ATP
• remove waste
– organelles that do this work…
• cell membrane
• lysosomes
• vacuoles & vesicles
• mitochondria
 Cell Organelles
• Organelle= “little organ”
• Found only inside
eukaryotic cells
• All the stuff in between the
organelles is cytosol
• Everything in a cell except
the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles: Structure &
Function
Organelles: Structure & Function
 Cell/Plasma Membrane
Structure: Phospholipid bilayer

Function: Controls what enters

& exits the cell.
- Boundary of the cell
 Nucleus
Function: Controls everything in the cell
Structure: Contains
DNA/chromosomes
Enclosed by a porous double
membrane called the nuclear
membrane.
Usually, the easiest organelle to
see under a microscope
Usually, one per cell
 Nucleolus
Function: Takes RNA and makes ribosomes

Structure: Dense region inside the nucleus

 Ribosomes
Function: Links together amino acids to make
proteins (that means enzymes too!)

Structure: Tiny organelles made of proteins &

RNA. Found on Rough ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Function: Transport, "intracellular highway“.

Site of protein synthesis; makes more ER
Structure: Thin folded membranes that are
connected together.
HAS ribosomes
 Vesicle
membrane - bound containers that carry
substances through out the cell
Golgi Apparatus/Body/Complex
Function: Checks, modifies & packages proteins
Structure: Closely layered stacks of membrane
enclosed discs
 Lysosome
Function: Breaks down food, waste & damaged cell
parts all within the cell
Structure: Contains enzymes; membrane bound
 Peroxisome
Function: Protects cell from toxins, especially H2O2.
Structure: Contains enzymes; membrane bound
 Vacuole
Function: stores materials for cell
Structure: fluid filled sacs; small in animal cells; large in plant
cells
 Plastids
Function: Storage sacs in plant cells only!
Structure: 3 different types
 Plastids
1.Leucoplast – stores starch in roots & stems
2.Chromoplast – stores the orange/yellow pigment
3.Chloroplast- stores the green pigment/ site of photosynthesis
 Chloroplast
Function: Uses sunlight to create food, photosynthesis (only
found in green plants & algae)
Structure: 3 membranes; bean shaped; contains chlorophyll
(green pigment)
 Mitochondria
Function: Supplies energy to the cell; site of cellular respiration;
‘powerhouse’ of cell
Structure: Bean shaped; 2 membranes; has own DNA &
ribosomes
 Chloroplast & Mitochondria
Both have: more than 1 membrane
‘Powerhouse’ of their cells
Contain their own DNA
Reproduce independently of the cell
Were they once free-living prokaryotic cells?!
 Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Function: Hold organelles in place & site for chemical reactions
Structure: Jelly – like substance between the area of the
nucleus & cell membrane
 Cytoskeleton
Function: Supports & shapes the cell
Structure: A network of protein filaments (microtubules,
microfilaments)
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Function: Transport, "intracellular highway“. Also makes lipids;
breaks down toxins such as drugs/alcohol
Structure: Thin folded membranes that are
connected together.
No ribosomes
 Centrosome/Centrioles
Function: Helps the cell divide
Structure: Small region of cytoplasm, made up of
microtubules; pair of centrioles
Flagellum (flagella = plural)
Tail used for movement
 Cilium (cilia = plural)
Tiny hair-like projections on cell exterior used
For movement and gathering food
Plant vs. Animal
Cells
 Plant Cell
• Plant cells are eukaryotic cells, that are found in green plants,
photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae which means
they have a membrane-bound nucleus.
• They have a variety of membrane-bound cell organelles that
perform various specific functions to maintain the normal
functioning of the plant cell.
 Animal Cell
• Animal cells are the basic structural and functional units
of animal tissues and organs.
• They are eukaryotic cells.
• Unlike prokaryotic cells, animal cells have membrane-
bound organelles suspended in the cytoplasm enveloped
by a plasma membrane.