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ISSN:2249-7137 Vol. 6 Issue 10, October 2016 Impact Factor: SJIF 2013=5.099

P ublis he d b y: S out h A s ia n A c ade m ic R es e arc h J our nals
Special ACADEMICIA:
Issue
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
( A D o u b le B l i n d R e fe r e e d & R e v ie we d I nt e r na t io na l J o ur na l)
SR. DOI NUMBER

PARTICULAR
NO.
OPINION OF RESPONDENTS IN RESPECT TO

CROP PRODUCTION AND PROFIT OF
POTATO AND GARLIC IN ETAWAH 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00068.9
1. DISTRICT : A CASE STUDY
Vinod Prakash, Vijay Jaisawal, Arun Kumar

Singh & M. N. Tripathi
FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMERS

PREFERENCE AND SATISFACTION IN
ONLINE SHOPPING – A STUDY WITH
2. REFERENCE TO CHENNAI CITY 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00069.0
Mrs. N. Zeenath Zarina & Dr. S. John

Gabriel
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION AMONG THE

DEPRIVED SECTIONS: ROLE OF SARVA 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00070.7
3. SIKSHA ABHIYAAN
S K Pant
MOTIVATION AND ITS IMPACT ON

4. PERFORMANCE-AN ARTICLE SURVEY 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00071.9
Yashaswini Mishra & Rabinra Nath Swain
QUALITY EDUCATION FOR ALL: A

5. CRITIQUE OF DRAFT EDUCATION POLICY 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00072.0
S.N. Misra & Sanjaya Ku. Ghadai

6. “A STUDY ON THE PROBLEMS AND 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00073.2

PROSPECTS OF E-COMMERCE IN INDIA
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RETAIL
INDUSTRY”
Ramalakshmi. V
A STUDY ON EMPLOYEES WORK MOTI-

VATION AND ITS EFFECTS OF PER- 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00074.4
7. FORMANCE
A.Sunitha
DETECTING CAUSALITY BETWEEN NET FDI

8. INFLOWS AND GDP IN INDIA 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00075.6
Divya Aggarwal
CONSCIOUSNESS: MERGING OF OPPOSITES 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00076.8

9.
Ginish cheruparambil
IMPACT OF TRAINING ON PERFOR-

MANCE OF EMPLOYEES A STUDY OF 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00077.X
10.
KAKATIYA THERMAL POWER STATION
A.Sunitha
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN

11. PUBLIC SCHOOLS: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00078.1
Dr. Amar Upadhyaya
TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

(TEK): SCOPE AND CHALLENGES IN THE
12. MODERN WORLD 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00079.3
Deepthi R & Dr.K.P.Meera

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00068.9
OPINION OF RESPONDENTS IN RESPECT TO CROP PRODUCTION

AND PROFIT OF POTATO AND GARLIC IN ETAWAH DISTRICT : A
CASE STUDY
Vinod Prakash*; Vijay Jaisawal**; Arun Kumar Singh***; M. N. Tripathi****
*Scientist (Extension) KVK, Etawah (CSA University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur.
**Scientist (Agronomy), KVK, Hardoi (CSA University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur.
***Scientist (Horticulture) KVK, Etawah (CSA University of Agriculture & Technology,Kanpur
****Scientist (Plant Protection), KVK, Etawah (CSA University of Agriculture & Technology,
Kanpur, India.
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most productive and widely grown food crops in the
world. Globally, it ranks fourth most important food crop after maize, wheat and rice. It
produces approximately twice as many calories per hectare as rice or wheat. Due to its wide
adaptability potato is grown in both tropical and temperate environments and elevations from
sea level to 4000 m (Poehlman and David, 2003). Potato is an important crop of the world and is
grown on around 18.3 million hectare with a production of 295 millions tones. Its world's
average yield is 50.5 kg/year. The annual compound growth rate from 1949-1950 to 1995-1996
for area, production and yield of potato was 3.50, 6.00 and 1.41% respectively. Potato
contributes about 1.23% to the gross production from agricultural and allied activities in India
(Prasad, 2006). Potato is grown in 1,140 hundred ha in India and produces 19,244 hundred
tones with a yield of 16.9 tones per ha. Potato is good and cheap source of carbohydrates,
vitamins, minerals and proteins. It also provides most of the trace elements which can meet the
energy requirements of humans (Sharma, 2001). On the basis of the above comparison study
between potato and garlic production (Opinion of respondents in respect to crop production and
profit of potato and garlic) in the year 2014. It can be concluded that all the cost of production

parameters of both above crops along with the yield cost, Garlic crop cultivation for farmers
was better than Potato crop cultivated.
KEYWORDS: approximately, adaptability, respectively, cultivation,

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION:
Potato is normally vegetatively propagated. Conta-mination of seed material by pathogens
(bacteria, virus and fungi) causes severe reduction in yield. That is why, despite tremendous
efforts little success had been achieved in conventional seed plant potato production scheme.
Potato is good and cheap source of carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and proteins. It also
provides most of the trace elements which can meet the energy requirements of humans (Sharma,
2001). In potato production Kannouj district is the highest producing area but in respect of
average production has 8th place in Uttar Pradesh. Potato production of district Etawah is 157797
(q./ha.) and average production is 249.60(q./ha.).
Garlic is a strong aromatic crop that is being cultivated in India, since ancient times. It is
renowned for its distinctive flavor as well as medicinal properties. The garlic seeds made
available by us are extensively used for curing coughs and fevers. Green garlic leaves are also
applied externally to prevent the graying of hairs as well as to cure skin ailments such as eczema
and scabies. And, when it comes to the leading wholesale garlic suppliers in the market, our
services are the best. Moreover, we are also one of the principal garlic oil manufacturers from
India. Garlic is a strongly aromatic bulb crop that has been cultivated for thousands of years.
Today it is renowned throughout the world for its distinctive flavour as well as health giving
properties. South Asia is no exception in using garlic in both cooking and medicine.
Ideally, garlic should be planted between mid-septembers through to early November although
planting can be left until spring if you are prepared to accept a lower yield. Separate the bulbs
into individual cloves just prior to planting and space them at 10 cm in rows about 30 cm apart.
Plant them base down so that there is about 50 - 70 mm soil over the top of the cloves and lightly
firm the soil with the back of a spade. In milder districts no winter protection is necessary but
those areas exposed to heavy frosts will benefit from a winter mulch of straw or fleece. If you do
plant in spring remember that garlic requires a month or so of low temperatures in order to bulb
up properly so store bulbs in a frost-free shed rather than a warm boiler room. The main sources
of supply are France, Italy, Spain and Argentina. Smaller quantities arrive from all over the
world including China and the USA. By far the largest area in Europe is grown in Spain. The
crop is very susceptible to bruising and mechanical damage. Most crops are still produced using
hand labour. Attempts to mechanize operations have not been too successful because of bruising
and the difficulty of "dressing" the bulbs for market. This limits the scale of production but keeps
the market price high. The crop grows quite satisfactorily in England. But if a yield of 10 t/ha is
achieved the potential area required to satisfy the home demand for the fresh market could be as
little as 250 ha. The possibilities for processing, (including medicinal) or export may be worth
investigation. Each bulb consists of 7 - 12 cloves. Varieties vary in the numbers, size and ease of
splitting down to cloves from bulbs. It is well known that larger cloves tend to produce larger
bulbs. In order to form proper bulbs the plants require a cold period. There are basically two
types. Firstly; broad leafed, large clove, short dormancy, early maturing but not such good
keeping quality. Secondly; narrow leafed, smaller cloves, long dormancy, later maturing, longer
keeping.
METHODOLOGY
The districts Etawah was selected purposively for the present investigation in 2014-15. These are
the main potato and Garlic growing districts in U.P. From the Chandra Shekhar Krishak Samity
Club member, 75 potato growers and 75 Garlic growers respondents were selected on random
basis. Thus, 150 respondents from the district selected for investigation. Data with the help of pre
tested interview schedule and questioner.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Table 1. Revealed that cost of production of potato in one hectare in respect to 23 aspects were
study in year 2014. Farmers were spending of money Rs. 12000.00 8 times cultivation of land
for cultivation of land with ridge making. Similarly, spend of money for fertilizer (DAP, Urea,
Potas, Sulphur and Zinc) was Rs. 16080.00, Rs. 3200.00 for Compost, Rs1200.00 for Broadcast
fertilizer & Compost, Rs. 30,000.00 for seed, Rs. 2100.00 Seed placement by implements, Rs.
2400.00 for Labour for seed placement & Seed treat, Rs. 4480.00 for Irrigations with labours,
Rs. 3000.00 for pesticides, Rs. 8700.00 for Digging with implement, Rs. 7200.00 for Collecting
of Potatoes, Rs. 7200.00 for Grading and filling in bags, Rs. 9600.00 for Gunny bags, Rs.
4800.00 for Transportation with labours, Rs. 40800.00 for cold storage and Rs. 1440.00 for
Palledari (Labour rate in cold storage @ per packet), respectively. Maximum cost of inputs was
spend for Cold storage Rs. 40800.00 followed by Seed Rs.. 30000.00, therefore, totally cost of
production for all aspect/ factors was Rs. 154200.00 and total output from product (Potato) was
192000.00. Ultimately profit of Potato production in one hectare was only 37800.00.
Table 2. Revealed that cost of production of potato in one hectare in respect to 20 aspects were
study in year 2014. Farmers were spending of money Rs. 7500.00 5 times cultivation of land for
cultivation of land with ridge making. Similarly, spend of money for fertilizer (DAP, Urea,
Potas, Sulphur and Zinc) was Rs. 10200.00, Rs. 1200.00 for Compost, Rs2400.00 for Broadcast
fertilizer & Compost, Rs. 48,000.00 for seed, Rs. 12000.00 for Labour for seed placement &
Seed treat, Rs. 3360.00 for Irrigations with labours, Rs. 1500.00 for pesticides, Rs. 9600.00 for
interculture, Rs. 9600.00 for harvesting, Rs. 3600.00 for cutting of stem, 1350.00 for gunny bags
and Rs. 2400.00 for Transportation with labours, respectively. Maximum cost of inputs was
spend for Seed Rs. 48000.00 followed by intercultural Rs. 9600.00 and harvesting Rs. 9600.00
and Rs. 7500.00 5 times cultivation of land for cultivation of land with ridge making,
respectively. Therefore, totally cost of production for all aspect/ factors was Rs. 112710.00 and
total output from product (Potato) was 196000.00. Ultimately profit of Potato production in one
hectare was only 83290.00
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the above comparison study between potato and garlic production (Opinion of
respondents in respect to crop production and profit of potato and garlic) in the year 2014. It can
be concluded that all the cost of production parameters of both above crops along with the yield
cost, Garlic crop cultivation for farmers was better than Potato crop cultivated.
REFERENCES:
MacKerron DKL, Heilbronn TD (1985). A method for estimating harvest indices for use in
surveys of potato crops. Potato Res., 28: 279 – 282.
Millard P, Marshall B (1986). Growth, nitrogen uptake and partitioning within the potato crop
(Solanum tuberosum L.) in relation to nitrogen application. J. Agri. Sci., 107: 421 – 429.
Sharma OP (2001). Hill‟s Economic Botany, Tata McGraw. Hill publishing company limited.
New Delhi, India. pp. 482-485.
Govindakrishnan VS, Kushwah PM (2003). Cultural Practices for seed and ware potato. The
Potato: Production and Utilization in sub – tropics. Mehta Publishers. New Delhi.
Prasad R (2006). Field crop production. Indian council of agriculture research. (ICAR)
publication, New Delhi. pp. 719-769
P. Singh, R. K. Agnihotri, S. Bhadauria, Rashmi Vamil1 and R. Sharma (2012). Comparative
study of potato cultivation through micro propagation and conventional farming methods.
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(48), pp. 10882-10887, 14 June, 2012.
TABLE 1. COST OF CULTIVATION (INPUT AND OUTPUT ANALYSIS) OF POTATO

(Calculation- 1 hectare =12 Bigha)
Sl. Particulars Numbe Rate (Rs.) Total Remarks
No r Amount
. (Rs./ha.)
1. Cultivation of land with 8 times Rs.125/Cultivation 12000.00 8 times cultivate
ridge making for potato
2. Fertilizers- DAP 50 kg. Rs.1200/50 kg. 12000.00 Rate approx
3. Urea 10 Kg. Rs. 350/50 Kg. 840.00 Rate approx
4. Potash 10 Kg. Rs. 800/50 Kg. 1920.00 Rate approx
5. Sulphar 1 Kg. Rs.300/ 5 Kg. 720.00 Rate approx
6. Zink 1 Kg. Rs. 50/50 Kg. 600.00 Rate approx
7. Compost 1trolley 3200.00 Rate approx

8. Broadcast fertilizer & 2 times Rs. 200/ labour 1200.00 3 labours for one
Compost time application
9. Seed 250 Kg. Rs. 10/Kg. 30000.00 Traditional seed
10. Seed placement by 30 Rs. 350 @ hr. 2100.00 ----
implements minutes
11. Labour for seed 1 time Rs. 200/ labour 2400.00 3 labours for one
placement & Seed treat time application
12. Irrigations with labours 4 times Rs.60/hr. 4480.00 4 times
13. Pesticides Rs.250 --- 3000.00 Blights and
Weeds
14. Digging with 3 Rs.200/labour 8700.00 Rs. 125/bigha
implement Labour implement cost
s
15. Collecting of Potatoes 3 Rs.200/labour 7200.00 36 laburs/ha.
Labour
s
16. Grading and filling in 3 Rs.200/labour 7200.00 36 laburs/ha.
bags Labour
s
17. Gunny bags 40 No. Rs. 20/bags 9600.00 Production 40
bags, @50
Kg/bags
18. Transportation with 40 Rs.10 /bags 4800.00 Tractors with 4
labours labours
19. Cold Storage 40 Rs.85 /bags 40800.00 Upto 6 months
20. Palledari (Labour rate 40 Rs.3 /bags 1440.00 At the time of
in cold storage @ per exist from cold
packet)
21. Cost of production ----- ----- 154200.00
22. Rate of potato 20 qt. Rs.800.00/qt. 192000.00 240 qt./ha.
23. Total profits ------ ------ 37800.00
TABLE 2. COST OF CULTIVATION (INPUT AND OUTPUT ANALYSIS) OF GARLIC

(Calculation- 1 ha. =12 Bigha)
Sl. Particulars Number Rate (Rs.) Total Remarks
No Amount
. (Rs./ha.)
1. Cultivation of land 5 times Rs.125/Cultivation 7500.00 5 times cultivate

with ridge making
2. Fertilizers- DAP 25 kg. Rs.1200/50 kg. 7200.00 Rate approx
3. Urea 5 Kg. Rs. 350/50 Kg. 420.00 Rate approx
4. Potash 10 Kg. Rs. 800/50 Kg. 1920.00 Rate approx
5. 0.5 Kg. Rs.300/ 5 Kg. 360.00 Rate approx
Sulphar
6. Zink 0.5 Kg. Rs. 50/50 Kg. 300.00 Rate approx
7. Compost ¼ trolley Rs. 400/trolley 1200.00 Rate approx
8. Broadcast fertilizer & 1 times Rs. 200/ labour 2400.00 12 labours for one
Compost time /ha.
9. Seed 40 Kg. Rs. 100/Kg. 48000.00 Traditional seed
10. Labour for seed 1 time (5 Rs. 200/ labour 12000.00 60 labours/ha.
placement & Seed Labours)
treat
11. Irrigations with 6 times Rs.60/hr. 3360.00 6 times
labours
12. Pesticides Rs. 125 --- 1500.00 Blights and
Weeds
13. Intercultural 4 Rs. 200/ labour 9600.00 2 times
Labours
14. Harvesting 4 Rs.200/labour 9600.00 36 laburs/ha.
Labours
15. Cutting 2 Rs.200/labour 3600.00
Labours
16. Gunny bags 16 No. Rs. 7/bags 1350.00 Production -95-
100 qt. (50
Kg/bags)
17. Transportation with Rs. 200 Rs. 200 2400.00 Tractors with 4
labours labours
18. Cost of production ----- ----- 112710.00
19. Rate of Garlic 8.0 qt. Rs.2000.00/qt 196000.00 98.0 qt. /ha.
20. Total profits ------ ------ 83290.00
21.

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00069.0
FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMERS PREFERENCE AND

SATISFACTION IN ONLINE SHOPPING – A STUDY WITH REFERENCE
TO CHENNAI CITY
Mrs. N. Zeenath Zarina*; Dr. S. John Gabriel**
*Assistant Professor, (Research Scholar)

Dept. of Commerce (Shift II),
Madras Christian College,
East Tambaram, Chennai.
**Associate Professor, (Research supervisor and Guide)
Dept. of Commerce,
Madras Christian College,
East Tambaram, Chennai.
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce whereby consumers directly buy goods or
services from a seller over the internet without an intermediary service. It is defined as, the
process by consumers directly buy goods or services from a seller in real-time, without an
intermediary service, over the internet. The pros of online shopping are shop 24/7, comfort of
own home, privacy, save on gas, comparison shopping easier and discount coupons available
online. The cons of online shopping are cannot touch the product, credit card insecurity,
shipping/handling cost, returns more difficult and errors in billing. Even though the pros and
cons are the two sides of online shopping, the retailing is an attractive business emerging out of
shadows in the past two years. Even as loose ends of retailing plans are being tied up, online
shopping has begun catching the attention of many entrepreneurs. Apart from online shopping,
certain online services like matchmaking, job searching, auctions, share trading and banking are
becoming increasingly popular. This could well be the beginning of an e-tail revolution. This

paper attempts to understand how this strategy frames its origin in Chennai city in southern
India. A questionnaire survey was handled out to evaluate the preference of internet shopping by
the consumers.
KEYWORDS: online shopping, customers preferences, customers satisfaction.

______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION:
Commonly known as e-tailing, e-retailing is selling of retail goods to the consumers through the
internet. This is synonymous to the business to consumer(B2C) transaction, which does not
include the business to business (B2B) transactions which are a part of e-commerce. Online
shopping companies can be classified into two types, „pure click‟ companies and „brick and
click‟ companies. „Pure click‟ companies are those which have launched a website without any
previous existence such as search engines, commerce sites selling books, music and stocks.
Some fine examples to these would include e-bay, reddiff.com, amazon.com etc. brick and click
companies include those which have offline presence or a retail outlet existing simultaneously
like fabmall.com or futurebazar.com.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
 Upakulsarmah and MrinMoy K. Sarma (2013)presents a synthesis of various e-shopping

quality dimensions and how their expectations fare amongst Indian online shoppers. All
characteristics of e-service quality are not expected by the shoppers in the same vain. Their
study mainly based on five different cities of India namely Bangalore, Delhi, Guwahati,
Kolkata and Mumbai. The areas of e-service quality dimension classified into aesthetics,
functionality, reliability, responsiveness, personalization, usability, safety and security.
 Krishnamurthy S. Raman, et.al(2010)have investigated the effects of the demographic

variables of gender, age, income and education, based on the theories of media naturalness
and consumer trait and involvement. The results reveal various effects of age, income and
education on online consumer‟s needs being reflected in their store visit strategies. They used
four types of strategies namely directed buying, hedonic browsing, search / deliberation and
knowledge building to find the customer‟s preference of online store. Finally, understanding
the influence of demographics on customer‟s preferred strategies for visiting online stores
such as through their study can help practitioners to select the appropriate interventions to
meet different customers
 Mathew K.O. Leeet.al (2001) made an attempt to study the major relationships between
consumer trust in e-commerce and four groups of major potential antecedents like
trustworthiness of the internet merchant, shopping medium, infrastructural factors and other
factors. Its effect is moderated by the individual consumer‟s trust propensity.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

 To find out the level of knowledge about online shopping in Chennai city
 To analyze the customer preference towards online shopping.
 To identify the factors influencing customer satisfaction in online shopping.
 To identify the relationship between the demographic factors and online shopping preference.
 To suggest the remedial measures to improve the online shopping.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
 Sources of Data: The study used only primary data. The data was collected from 300
respondents, by using structured questionnaire and interview schedule method.
 Sample Design: For purpose of the study, 300 customers were selected. Simple rando m
sampling was administered in this study.
 Tools used: Chi-square analysis, weighted average rank analysis and percentage analysis
was used in appropriate places. These entiretests were carried at 5% level of significance.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:
 The study reveals the various components of online shopping.

 The study pertains only to the online shopping buyers.
 Chi-square analysis and weighted average method are the only SPSS tools used.
 The study period took around one and half year of secondary data.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:
Analysis and interpretation for the collected data is given for a sample size of 300 respondents
from Chennai city, using structured questionnaire that contains 20 questions covering personal
and study information.Based on analysis, under percentage analysis the interpretation given
below:
AGE AND GENDER:The sample comprised of 55% males and 45% females. Most of the
respondents belong to the age group of 26-35 and 20-25 years category. 48% and 28% followed
by 36-45 years category and above 45years category. This has been illustrated along with
hypothesis testing in table 1.
TABLE 1:AGE AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING:CHI-SQUARE VALUE

Age category Preferred Not Preferred Total
18-25 43 41 84
26-35 62 82 144
36-45 12 33 45

Above 45 03 24 27
Total 120 180 300
Source: primary data
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant association between the age and preference.
RESULT: Since, the table value(7.815) is less than the calculated value(17.65) the null
hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is significant association between age and preference of online
shopping.
GENDER AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING: Gender and preference of online

shopping has been portrayed in table 2.
TABLE 2: GENDER AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING

Gender Preferred Not Preferred Total
Male 52 103 105
Female 58 77 135
Total 120 180 300
Source: Primary data
Null Hypothesis:There is no significant association between the gender and preference.
RESULT: Since, the calculated value(0.897) is less than the table value(3.841) the null
hypothesis is accepted. Thus, there is no significant association between age and preference of
online shopping.
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND PREFERENCE: The educational qualification

reveals that about 23% of the respondents are graduates, 19% of them are postgraduates, 16%
of them are professionals, 15% of them are higher secondary, 9% of respondents are diploma
holders and the others category was 18% . Table 3 gives the details along with the testing of
hypothesis.
TABLE 3: EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE

SHOPPING
Educational qualification Preferred Not Total
Preferred
Higher secondary - 46 46
Diploma 02 25 27
Graduation 51 18 69
Post - graduation 47 09 56
Professional 17 30 47
Others 03 52 55

Total 120 180 300
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant association between the educational qualification
and preference.
RESULT: Since, the table value(11.070) is less than the calculated value(39.81) the null
hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is significant association between age and preference of online
shopping.
OCCUPATION AND PREFERENCE: Majority of the respondents are students (21%) and
employees (21%), followed by academicians (19%), professionals(14%) and businessmen(13%)
and others(11%) stand least. Table 4 exhibits this with testing of hypothesis.
TABLE 4: OCCUPATION AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING

Occupation Preferred Not Preferred Total
Professionals 16 26 42
Employees 31 33 64
Businessmen 07 31 38
Academicians 28 29 57
Students 36 31 67
Others 02 30 32
Total 120 180 300
NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant association between the educational qualification
and preference.
RESULT: Since, the table value (11.070) is less than the calculated value(31.069) the null
hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is significant association between occupation and preference
of online shopping.
MONTHLY INCOME AND PREFERENCE: According to the monthly income of the

respondents, 35% of the respondents stand in ₹10,000-20,000 categories, 25% of them is
earning ₹20,000-50,000, 24% of them are under above ₹5,000-10,000 per month. The result
and analysis are given in table 5.
TABLE 5: MONTHLY INCOME AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING:

Monthly income (₹) Preferred Not Preferred Total
5,000-10,000 02 46 48
10,001-20,000 13 92 105
20,001-50,000 36 39 75

Above 50,000 69 03 72
Total 120 180 300
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant association between the monthly income and
preference.
RESULT: Since, the table value (7.815) is less than the calculated value (154.57) the null
hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is significant association between monthly income and
preference of online shopping.
MONTHLY EXPENSES AND PREFERENCE: According to the monthly expenses of the

respondents, 24% of the respondents spend ₹2,000-3000 monthly and 37% respondents spend
₹ 3,001- 5,000 and 25% respondents monthly expenses are ₹5,000 – 7,000 and the least 14%
are spending above ₹7,000 monthly. The result and analysis are given in table 6.
TABLE 6: MONTHLY EXPENSES AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING

Monthly expenses(₹) Preferred Not-Preferred Total
2,000-3,000 - 73 73
3,001-5,000 43 69 112
5,001-7,000 42 33 75
Above 7,000 35 05 40
Total 120 180 300
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant association between the monthly expenses and
preference.
hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is significant association between monthly expenses and
preference of online shopping.
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND PREFERENCE: It can

be seen that majority of the respondents (85%) are having internet/computer knowledge and the
remaining (15%) are not, table 7 provides the details and its analysis.
TABLE 7: KNOWLEDGE OF IT AND PREFERENCE

Internet /computer knowledge Preferred Not Preferred Total
Yes 120 135 255
No - 45 45
Total 120 180 300

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant association between the internet/computer knowledge
and preference.
hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is significant association between internet/computer
knowledge and preference of online shopping.
SURFING/BROWSING DETAILS AND PREFERENCE: Relating to the browsing details

majority of the respondents do surfing daily and depends on need, 34% and 30% respectively.
The respondents were surfing twice and once in a week as 6% and 7% and 10% pf the, surfing
once in a month, and 13% of them done it occasionally. This has been given in table 8 with the
test of hypothesis.
TABLE 8:SURFING HABIT AND PREFERENCE

Surfing habit Preferred Not Preferred Total
Daily 36 45 81
Twice in a week 07 08 15
Once in a week 06 06 12
Once in a month 10 09 19
occasionally 12 19 31
Depends upon need 24 70 97
Not at all 25 20 45
Total 120 180 300
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant association between the surfing habit and preference.
hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is significant association between surfing habit and preference
of online shopping.
AWARENESS OF ONLINE SHOPPING AND PREFERENCE: Out of 100 respondents

92% of them aware of online shopping and the remaining 8% don‟t have awareness. Table 9
exhibits the analysis.
TABLE 9:ONLINE SHOPPING AWARENESS AND PREFERENCE

Online shopping Preferred Not Preferred Total
Yes 120 156 276
No - 24 24
Total 120 180 300

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant association between the online shopping awareness and
preference.
hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is significant association between the online shopping
awareness and preference of online shopping.
WEIGHTED RANK ANALYSIS:
A) Under weighted rank analysis four factors have taken for analysis their reasons for preferring
particular websites.
TABLE 10: WEIGHTED RANK (ORDER OF REASON FOR PREFERRING

PARTICULAR WEB SITE)
Reasons 1 2 3 4 Weighted Average Rank
Quick access 09 25 32 54 3.091 1
Suggestion 32 29 14 45 2.6 2
Mode of payment 21 34 46 19 2.525 3
Attractive ad. 58 32 28 02 1.78 4
It can be concluded from the above table, regarding reasons for preferring particular website
quick access gets first, providing suggestion like price, quality gets second, and the mode of
payment gets third, advertising attractiveness gets fourth rank.
B) The weighted rank analysis is for identifying the order of reasons why they prefer online
shopping. Here five reasons were given.
TABLE 11:WEIGHTED RANK (ORDER OF REASON FOR PREFERRING ONLINE

SHOPPING)
Reasons 1 2 3 4 5 Weighted Average Rank
Saves time and strain 02 12 30 52 24 3.7 1
Convenience 10 26 25 17 42 3.45 2
Wide choice 21 32 20 17 30 3.025 3
Rational spending 32 29 26 19 14 2.61 4
Unique gifting opportunity 55 21 19 15 10 2.2 5
It is inferred from the above table that the respondents felt that this shopping method saves time
and strain which scores first rank, and they felt it as a convenient shopping,(second) and wide
choice gets third rank, rational spending stands in fourth rank and at last it is a unique gifting
opportunity, which occurs fifth rank.
CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS: The Chi-square analysis is used to test whether one factor has
significant influence over the other. For this purpose, the personal factors with preference of
online shopping considered in this study.
HYPOTHESIS: The personal factors of the respondents have no significant association over the
online shopping preference. The analysis is given in table 12.
TABLE 12: PERSONAL FACTORS AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING.

Factors Chi-square value Table value S/NS*
Age 17.65 7.815 S
Gender 0.897 3.841 NS
Educational qualification 39.81 11.070 S
Monthly income 154.57 7.815 S
Monthly expenses 94.39 7.815 S
Occupation 31.069 11.070 S
Internet/computer knowledge 35.29 3.841 S
Surfing habits 16.68 12.592 S
Online shopping awareness 16.68 12.592 S
*S-Significant at 0.05 level NS-Not significant
From the above table, it is clear that hypothesis is accepted (no significant association) in only
one case namely gender and in other cases the hypothesis is rejected(significance). Hence it is
concluded that, age, educational qualification, monthly income, monthly expenses, occupation,
possessing internet/computer knowledge, surfing habits, and online shopping awareness of the
respondents have significant influence over the preference of online shopping.
FACTORSINFLUENCING CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN ONLINE

SHOPPING:From the analysis, the main factor influencing the customer satisfaction are more
convenient, better price and no need to drive. The remaining factors like online product review,
shop at any time, product search tools, and easier, saves times also influence customer
satisfaction to some extent. Table no.13 show this evidence.
TABLENO:13 FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND

PREFERECE
Factors influencing Preferred Not Preferred Total

Yes No Yes No
Better prices 17 3 20 10 50
Easier, saves time 14 2 15 9 40
No need to drive 18 2 27 3 50
More convenient 25 3 35 7 70
Shop at any time 8 2 11 4 25
Product search tools 6 2 8 4 20
Online product reviews 13 5 20 7 45
Total 120 180 300
Source: Primary data
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant association between the factors influencing the
customer satisfaction and preference.
hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is significant association between the factors influencing the
customer satisfaction and preference of online shopping.
FINDINGS:
 Youth are attracted towards online shopping than the middle age and old age people. Most of
the respondents are professional and employees.
 Graduates and professionals prefer online shopping.
 Respondents who are getting above ₹20,000 as monthlyincome prefer online shopping.
 Majority of the respondents (85%) are having internet/computer knowledge.
 Majority of the respondents (92%) are aware of the online shopping.
 40% of the respondents do shopping in online.
 Customers feel that online shopping saves time and minimum strain and are convenience.
 In personal factors, age group of respondents, educational qualification, monthly income,
monthly expenses, occupation, internet/computer knowledge, surfing habit and online
shopping awareness getting significantly associated with preference of online shopping.
 Factors influencing the customer satisfaction are more convenient, better price and no need to
travel.
 Some other factors like easier, saves time , shop at any time, product search tools and online
product review also influences the customer satisfaction to some extent.
SUGGESTIONS:
Promotional activities can be increased to reach the maximum people not only the people who
are surfing regularly but to all. Building trust with the consumers is the first and foremost
prerequisite for successful online shopping. E-tailers can increase the number of their customers
by providing many lucrative offers such as discounts, free gifts and free home delivery. These

offers can prove to be a motivational factor for price sensitive customers, who can become loyal
to e-tailers. They should try other strategies like the payment on delivery system than credit
cards. By sorting products according to price, top-sellers, brands, new arrivals and alphabetical
listings merchants make it simple for shoppers to navigate through the pages. Offering online
coupons and shipping discounts are additional ways to draw consumers into the portal and keep
them shopping online. The most and important concentration must be focused on back end
systems. Customers keep coming back only if earlier shopping experiences have been pleasant
and successful. Thus, the e- tailer‟s concentrate on delivery logistics. They can have tie up with
locally famous courier service like professional couriers, where the customers trust can be
improved.
CONCLUSION
An established management consulting firm will bring in the requisite skills to evaluate business
plan, check out revenue models, help identify potential alliances and integratesupply chain
processes with e-commerce initiatives which all these should reach nook and corner of the
country. But each and every day, the e-trailers doing different things to attract the customers, and
it is sure that the online shopping preference of the customers in Chennai city definitely will
increase in coming days. Finally to conclude that e-tailing isn‟t just about building a pretty
website. In this intricate business world, the e-trailing will become tremendous business strategic
concept, and it may very helpful and most profitable method of business process in coming
decade with all industries.
REFERENCES:
 Chee Wei Phang, AtreyiKankanhalli, Karthik Ramakrishnan and Krishnamurthy S. Raman.

“Customers‟ preference of online store visit strategies: an investigation of demographic
variables”, European Journal of Information Systems, 2010, Vol.19, pp.344-358.
 Cheol Park, Jong-Kun Jun, "A cross-cultural comparison of Internet buying behavior: Effects
of Internet usage, perceived risks, and innovativeness", International Marketing Review,
2003, Vol. 20, Iss.5, pp.534 – 553.
 Dr. Achut P. Pednekar, “An Empirical Study of Consumer Preferences Towards Online
Shopping”, Journal of Commerce & Management Thought, 2014, Vol.5, No.1, pp.136-147.
 G. Shainesh, Kenneth C. Gehrt and Mahesh N. Rajan, David Czerwinski, Matthew O‟Brien,
“Emergence of online shopping in India: shopping orientation segments”, International
Journal of retail & distribution management, June2012, Vol.40, No.10, pp. 742-758.
 K. K. Ramachandran, K. K. Karthick and M. Saravana Kumar, “Online Shopping In The
UK”, International business & economics research journal, December 2011, Vol.10, No.12,
pp.23-36.

 LevinA.M , “A multi attributes analysis of preferences for online and offline shopping:
Differences across products, consumers and shopping stages”, Journal of electronic
commerce research, 2005, Vol.6, No.4, pp.281-290.
 Matthew K.E. Lee and Efraim Turban, “A trust model for consumer internet shopping”,
International journal of electronic commerce, 2001, Vol.6, No.1, pp.75-91.S. Bellman, G.
Lohse and E. Johnson, “Predictors of online buying behaviour”, Communications of the
ACM, 1999, Vol.42, No.12, pp.32-38.
 MeenakshiHanda and NirupmaGupta,“Gender influence on the innovativeness of young
urban Indian online shoppers”, The Journal of Business Perspective, April-June 2009,
Vol.13, No.21, pp.25-32.
 Prashant D. Amin and Dr. Bijal Amin, “A Critical Review of Gender Differences in Online
Shopping, Indian journal of marketing, Nov. 2010, Vol.40, pp.43-52.
 Shahir Bhatt and Amola Bhatt, “Factors Influencing Online Shopping: An Empirical Study in
Ahmedabad”, The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, 2012, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 51-65.
 Sridhar N. Ramaswami, Troy J. Strader and Karen Brett, “Determinants of On-Line Channel
Use for Purchasing Financial Products”, International Journal of Electronic Commerce,
Winer 2000/2001, Vol.5, No.2, pp. 95-118.
 UpakulSarmah and Mrinmoy K. Sarma, “E-Service Quality: Preferences of Online Shoppers
in Five Indian Cities”, International Journal of Marketing and Business Communication,
2013, Vol.2, No.3, pp.22-30.
 Weiyin Hong, James Y. L. Thong and Kar Yan Tam, “The Effects of Information Format
and Shopping Task on Consumers' Online Shopping Behavior: A Cognitive Fit Perspective”,
Journal of Management Information Systems, Winter 2004/2005, Vol.21, No.3, PP.149-184.

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00070.7
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION AMONG THE DEPRIVED SECTIONS:

ROLE OF SARVA SIKSHA ABHIYAAN
S K Pant*
*Professor in Economics,
G. B. Pant Social Science Institute,
Allahabad, India.
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The concept of social transformation involves an array of activities and interventions that affect
the socio-economic parameters of the people to have a desired perceived affect. These activities
are initiated at the behest of government or organisation to achieve some laid out objectives. The
ensuing paper studies the impact of Sarva Siksha Abhiyaan (SSA) on socio-economic
transformation of the people. The impact has been studied at macro as well as micro-levels and
provides a bag of mixed experiences.
SSA at the national or macro level has succeeded in bringing about significant changes in the
socio-economic variables as could be seen through the performance of SSA programme.
However, at micro or regional level, SSA's progress has been marked by disappointments as
well. The study shows that poor performance of SSA at the micro level could be attributed to non
functionality or poor pro-active level of cooperation and support among the grass root level
organisations, which were envisaged to play a major role in shaping the socio-economic
transformation of the people and region. Further, this intervention have also not succeeded in
motivating, sensitizing and mobilizing the people at large and attributes it largely to the
prevalence of rigid caste and class base structure of the society in these region who have so far
succeeded in countering the governments guidelines that encourages democratic forces to
operate and facilitate the smooth functioning of the programme. It is relevant to recall that these
regions have remained the traditional ground of feudal classes who have ruled it for centuries
with iron hand. The provisions stated in the SSA guidelines are being seen as the potential threat
by these powerful classes over the sovereignty in power sharing. The mere fear of losing power
and hold to the down trodden has not got down well with them and they have been resisting it
tooth and nail. These regions have often witnessed the skirmishes between these classes and that
too has adversely affected the development profile of the region but also the performance of the
programme as well.
KEYWORDS: SSA, EGS, MDM, NPEGL, NP_NSPL, CAL

______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION:
The term “social transformation” or “social development” is a value-loaded term that has a
different connotation for different people with different perceptions. According to Weber, in
sociology, power is the one‟s capacity to control over others and when this capacity is
legitimized it becomes the authority (Julian, 1968). Parson, on the other hand, refers to it as the
general facility or the resource which is to be used by the society. The more the society is able to
mobilize it, the more power it will have at its disposal. Power, here, is to be used by the society
only (Xaxa, 2001).
Social transformation, as a concept, refers to an array of initiatives or interventions that tend to

positively or negatively affect the socio-economic parameters of the people, region or the
country where they are being carried out. These initiatives, it is envisaged, are suppose to enable
the individuals/society to realise their full potential and powers in practically all spheres of life
and contribute to the well being of the family, region and ultimately the country. These
initiatives differ in nature, kind and scope and the state of development of the people and the
region
The perusal of India's development profile provides a lucid account of the initiatives that the
country has taken to promote growth, development and public welfare in the various five year
plans; to which the country had switched soon after attaining political independence. However,
the impact of these initiatives has, rather been, some what a mixed one while it has undoubtedly
succeeded in pushing the country to the frontiers of many core and critical sectors, helped her to
emerged as a leading exporter from being a net importer; attain self sufficiency/ independence in
many other sectors; however it has likewise, met with some glaring disappointments in many
crucial and vital socio-economic issues as well. Hungers, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment,
morbidity, poor state of infrastructure to name a few are some of the issues that confronted the
nation at the dawn of independence. In order to combat them, the county rightly switched over
the planning. It has been quite ironical to see that despite of years and years of planning, these
issues have not only persisted with the time but have even grown dimension. {See annexure table
3 and 4(a) and 4 (b)}.

The heightening of regional disparities, one-third of the country's population languishing in
object state of deprivation (less than 1.25 USD per day), the ever increasing Gini‟s index
(hovering a little close to 33.9) showing inequality in the distribution of wealth are some of the
vulnerable and critical areas that, if not checked, are likely to threaten and cripple the integrity
and solidarity of the nation.(http://www.women empowermentinindia.com/). Similarly, the
educational profile of the country that shows the tremendous amount of progress it has made at
the macro/semantic level; however, here too, the growing gender gap has remained at an
alarming level. Moreover, these disparities have not remained confined only to gender domain
but has also cut-across caste and regional barriers as well; thereby promoting the concept of what
is called a skewed or lopsided development (Annexure: 1,and 2, and a note on dropouts).
Further, the various growth models tried out by the government in various five year plans also
brought home some very important lessons and accordingly brought a paradigm shift in the
government‟s perception, and approach towards development. The growing realisation that the
planning for the people now needs to be replaced by the planning by the people, proved to be a
turning point in Indian planning discourse from the fifth five year plan (1974-78) onwards and
the government‟s leaning on promoting the concept of „inclusive growth‟ subsequently brought
the focus of planning on shifting on people. The subsequent plans accordingly provided space for
the people to participate in the development planning. In order to empower the weaker sections,
the government enacted several legislations besides forming various bodies to look after and safe
guard their rights and interests.
Some of the recent initiatives undertaken by the government towards gender empowerment and
social transformation could be summarised as; the formation of National Commission for
Women in 1990, Promulgamation of 73rd and 74th amendments to Constitution in the year 1993
for empowering local rural and urban bodies, Elimination of all forms of discrimination against
women in 1993; Implementation of MGNREG first as the programme and later as an act, RTI
and RTE Acts were some of the initiatives that not only showed the government‟s commitment
but ensured that these interventions have reaching consequences and were thus deemed to be the
steps in the right direction.
The government, in the mean time, on her parts, kept launching many programmes that had the
potential to bring about conspicuous change in the perception and planning and capable in
promoting growth. These programmes were subsequently re-christened as 'national flagship
programmer, to be implemented with the People Public Participation (PPP) on missionary mode.
Almost all the core areas identified were to be covered viz. health, sanitation, literacy, housing,
etc. It was for the first time, the people along with the government were made equal partners.
The ensuing paper attempts to analyse the performance of Sarva Siksha Abhiyaan (SSA) that
address the educational requirements of the region and was launched in the year 2001.

While there can be no denying that education, as an social input, has tremendous potential for
bringing about socio-economic transformation and in the process also empowering and also
influencing the peoples‟ perception. On account of its highly pervasive nature, education can
penetrate every segment of human personality and subsequently transform him from a very low,
rustic and rudimentary level to becoming a highly refined value added commodity. Countries all
over the world are laying increasing emphasis on educating their masses. It is rightly said that a
person who has received good education in the earlier part of life never has to looks back and
faces the challenges of life with confidence and ease (Kartar, Singh and Gill, 1998). Thus, an
educated society is taken to be a boon for any country.
India's tryst to eliminating the illiteracy began since time immemorial. In fact, its genesis could
be traced even before the country attained political independence. They are many instances
whereby social activists, political leaders and even the head of many provinces took up the
challenging task of educating their masses. However, as their efforts were started with limited
and finite resources, that lacked continuity, the impact remained confined to specific regions and
ultimately petered out with the passage of time.
However, after independence the efforts to address the issue of illiteracy took a far more
ambitious turn with education figuring prominently at the core of the five year plans right from
its inception. Many other new programmes were launched in subsequent plan periods besides
constituting committees, sub-committee and commissions. All these bear testimony to the fact
that government was quite serious about the whole issue of illiteracy and its eradication. The
launching of Social Education Programme in 1995, Farmers‟ Functional Literacy Programme in
1967 Non Formal Education in 1978, National Literacy Campaign (1991) are some of the
interventions that substantiate the government‟s seriousness to tackle the issue of illiteracy
outside the ambit of formal education stream. In the formal stream as well, the government
initiated many new as well as innovative schemes. These schemes were devised on the basis of
the recommendations of various expert committees that the government set up from time to time
to look into the working of these programme and suggest ways and methods for improving the
overall functioning of the programme. The focus of these programmes or the initiatives was to
target the regions and the people‟s educational requirements. The net result of all these
endeavours was that the country today has an educational programme for every section of
population irrespective of whether they are infant, child, adult or even mentally and physically
challenged.
The periodic and final evaluation as well as detailed comprehensive analysis of these initiatives
by various scholars and experts group however, does not portray a progressive and positive
picture and it was found that the most common lacuna in all these initiatives was the people's
involvement, which was sadly lacking. Further, it was also brought to the fore that many of these
initiatives were working at cross purposes, cris-crossing each other‟s territories and thereby

blunting the focus, scope and thrust. Thus, based on the recommendations and suggestion of the
experts committees and commissions, the government, in the year 2002, launched a very
ambitions programme called Sarva Siksha Abhiyaan (SSA). It was a unique endeavour that
redefined the concept of education and for the first time the initiative was launched keeping the
participation of a common man at its centre. Under Sarva Siksha Abhiyaan or SSA as it is called,
many of the educational programme that were in the offing earlier were either merged or
streamlined with it, to give it a new vigour, thrust and cutting edge. The role of government was
reshaped and prominent places, for the first time, were now given to the new players viz. the
communities, NGOs and parents of the children who were enrolled in the school. The basic
purpose of re-allocating and redefining the role of new players viz. communities, parents etc.
was not only to improve the over-all functioning of the school level activities but also make them
accountable and usher an element of transparency that earlier was missing.
In addition, under SSA, a number of steps were taken with the hope that it would encourage
social empowerment of the stake holders. Accordingly, the SSA guidelines made it mandatory
for the all stake holders to create space and opportunity for them to participate and also make
them accountable. Steps like increasing the access to school, ensuring participation in mid-day-
meal of the children of backward community, by streamlining the seating arrangement of
children in the class, and also during the distribution of mid-day-mean, observation of the
teacher‟s covert and overt behaviours towards backward community children in are outside class
and school premises are seen as the provisions were thought to ensure the and enhance the
participation of weaker section into the programme and later help them in the mainstreaming.
OBJECTIVES
The ensuing study examines the impact of SSA and its three components on empowerment of the
weaker and marginalised sections at two levels viz. macro and micro. The parameters on which
social empowerment has been measured are as follows:
(a) Access to schooling,

(b) Participation of children and parents in Mid Day Meal,
(c) Functionality of Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya,
(d) National Programmes for Education of Girls at Elementary Level -(NPEGEL).
METHODOLOGY
The analysis of the programme has been attempted at two levels viz. macro and micro. For
macro-level analysis the use of secondary data has been made and the various sources used were
data from various issues of Economic Surveys, internet website citing studies on social
empowerment of women and marginalised section, international reports etc. The micro-level

analysis, on the other hand, is based on the researcher‟s evaluation studies in which he has been
engaged since 2002. The micro-level analysis covers a total of eighteen districts# from eastern
Uttar Pradesh whose monitoring task has been given to our Institute * since 2002.
RESULT & DISCUSSION
It may be recalled that SSA has been in operation in the country since 2001. The basic task being
to provide universal access to 192 million in 1.1 million habitation across the country, under,
SSA, the country has not only improved the access by 99 percent to primary level but has also
been to reduce the quantum of out of school children to 3-4 percent of the age cohort of 6-14
years. (Reference Note No. 17, 2013)1. The improved access reflects the social empowerment of
the community in general and backward and marginalized community in particular, who have
been identified to be the principal potential stakeholders.
Likewise, the SSA has also succeeded in positively influencing girl child education thereby
leading to an increase in Gender Parity Index (GPI) in primary (0.94) and upper primary (0.91)
levels.
The enrolment level of girls at the primary and upper primary levels has increased over the years.
The data shows that the number of girls in school in the age group of 5-14 years has increased
from 79.6 percent in 2004-05 to 87.7 percent in 2009-10. Likewise, the number of girls in school
education system in 5-19 years of age group has increased from 40.3 percent in 54.5 percent
during the same period.
Sakshar Bharat's initiative of targeting female literacy has also positively increased the literacy
among women from 53.67 percent in 2001 to 65.46 percent in census 2011. It is for the first time
that out of 217.70 million literates added during the decades, the women with (10.67 million
have outnumbered the men (Economic Survey 2011-12).
Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), as it is called, and which has become an important
and integral plank of SSA, provides residential facility for upper primary school for children of
the families belonging to SC/ST, OBC and Muslims. Initially launched independently, in the
year 2004, it focused on providing education at upper primary level to the girls belonging to SC,
ST, OBC and Muslims community. So far, 2578 KGBV have been established, of which 427
were located in Muslim concentrated, 612 in, ST concentrated blocks, another 688 in SC
community concentrated blocks. According to the second evaluation report on KGBV (2007)
about 94 percent of the KGBV were functional. The scheme that was merged in 2007, with SSA
has emerged as a very strong component of SSA in empowering the girls from the marginalised
and weaker sections in the educationally backward blocks.
MID DAY MEAL:

Keeping with the Constitutional provisions to raise the level of nutrition of children and enable
them to develop in a healthy manner, the NP-NSPL was launched as a centrally sponsored
scheme in 1995, commonly referred to as MDM, the government through this intervention was
expected to enhance the coverage and scope of SSA through positively influencing the
enrolment, mention and attendance levels of children. Later on, MDM was extended to over
upper primary class children as well.
MDM covered 7.18 crore primary school children and 3.36 crore upper primary school children
in 2010-11 (Twelfth Plan 2012-17). Further, in the twelfth five year plan, MDM has been
envisaged to cover pre-primary schooling in a progressive manner. This facility has been
extended even to cover private un-aided school located in SC/ST and minority concentrated
areas as well. All this goes on to show the government realises the potential of MDM and plans
to expand its coverage and scope.
MDM also encourages the participation of community in the cooking and distribution of MDM.
The various evaluation studies by various centres and state governments though provides a bag
of mixed reactions, citing lacuna in the working modalities, in the distribution channels, in the
procurements of food grains to name few; however, they unanimously agree that MDM has
positively affected the enrolment and retention levels of children and has promoted gender
empowerment of the poor, and weaker and marginalised communities. (India 2014)
NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR EDUCATION OF GIRLS AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL

(NPEGEL):
This programme is primarily being implemented in the Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs)
and primarily addresses the needs of girls who are 'in' as well as 'out' of school. NPEGL also
reaches out to girls who are enrolled in the school but do not attend school regularly.
Under NPEGL, the teachers have been assigned the responsibility to recognise vulnerable girls
and pay special attention to bring them out of their state of vulnerability and prevent them from
dropping out. Through this intervention, 4.12 crore girls have been covered in 442 districts in
about 3353 educationally backward blocks. Further, about 41,779 model cluster schools are
functioning under NPEGL.
Thus, it could be safely be argued that SSA, at the micro level, paints a very positive and
exciting picture, whereby, not only the educational requirement of the weaker and marginalised
sections has been effectively addressed but even the impact of SSA on their educational
parameters have been equally positive. However, at the macro level we need to expand this
experiment on a wider scale so as to include many more such other and equally backwards
regions. Besides this, the SSA, as an intervention, has also succeeded in the empowerment of
vulnerable community, providing them adequate opportunity and much needed space to ensure

their participation. Their involvement in the programmes not only ensures better functionality,
but also brings in an element of transparency and simultaneously promotes the concept of social
empowerment.
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS
The performance of SSA at the micro-level particularly in the BIMARU state has not been as
encouraging it has been at the national level. The evaluation of eighteen districts, under taken by
the Institute shows that the performance of the programme has been a bag of mixed experiences.
The enrolment in the schools has, no doubt, improved; however, the drop-out rate has not
declined to the extent as was envisaged of it. Similarly, in Mid day meal also, despite of the fact
that the scheme has withered a lot of controversies, whereby accusations are being levied on the
officials and functionaries for indulging in unfair and unethical practices, prevalent of rampant
corruption, bungling in the budgets etc., however despite the initial setbacks, the fact has also
been accepted that the programme has positively affected the enrolment, attendance levels,
empowered the people etc. Moreover the student sharing the meal has also helped in dissipating
and diluting the incidence of the communal disparities that were prevalent in the region earlier.
Similarly, the performance of KGBV and NPPEGL programmes has started to make the impacts
in the region. However, the scheme also suffers from disappointments in some of the many
areas; for instance, it was observed that many of the schools could not become fully functional
because of lack of finances or the annual fund could not be transferred because it was found in
some places that the school‟s joint account could not be opened as the new gram pradhan had
taken over and the head master and they were not in good terms. Hence no grant to the school
could be transferred. This incidentally also affected the functionality of the schools. In other
instances, the equipments provided to the school under CAL (computer aided learning) could not
be used because the teacher who had received the training had been transferred and no
replacement had arrived. In some schools the equipments were not even opened since their
arrival. The non availability of kitchen shed in some of the schools forced the school
management to store the food grain stock either at the pradhan‟s house or with the PDS shop;
both the provisions were in contravention to the guidelines of MDM. Thus to overcome these
hazards, there was an urgent need to insensitise and moblise these local grass root institutions
(PTA, MTA, NGOs) through appropriate social interventions. The proper functionality of these
and other principal players was mandatory condition for ensuring the success of the programmes.
What needs to be understood that though the perspectives of the region where these interventions
are being carried out, has been thoroughly different in nature, scale and scope. These
interventions initially were not perceived to be good by the dominant classes, who had ruled the
regions for ages with iron hand, and they perceived them as their potential threat and offer
resistant at every stage and level. As a consequence, the progress of SSA as the programme has
been slow and at times disappointing. However, it cannot be denied that these interventions have

finally started showing results. It is relevant to recall that when the analysis of SSA of these
regions needs to be carried, the context in which these interventions are made also needs to be
considered. It may be recalled that these regions have remained a traditional seat of feudal
classes who ruled these stakes with iron hand and did not allow the democratic forces to
germinate let alone operate. The social institutions at the grass levels which have been identified
to play a major role in providing impetus to SSA programme are all infected by the people from
upper caste leaving very little space for weaker and marginalised section. The SSA guideline
clearly provides space in all these institutions, which perhaps has not been liked and appreciated
by the dominant classes. As a result these regions have also witnessed caste and class war there
has, many a time, impeded with the growth and performance of the programme. However, with
the passage of time, things have started falling into place and subsequently the performance has
also registered a positive mode.
Further, it may also be remembered that social parameters unlike the economic ones, take a
relatively longer time to fructify. All this, coupled with the regions hostility towards democratic
forces, has so far acted as a drag to pull down the performance of the programme.
The PPP model, on which the functionality of SSA rests, also needs to be overhauled. The
private players particularly the VECs, PTA, MTA etc. need to play a pro-active role
supplemented with relevant and appropriate interventions that motivate and sensitise the people
on regular and sustained basis. This will help the programme to sustain and performance
effectively and also facilitate in establishing its credibility in the eyes of public. The ultimate fall
out of this will entail in the social empowerment of the people.
NOTES:
1. To enhance the access of schools the earlier guidelines of SSA were subsequently modified
for both primary as well as upper primary schools. The current norms states that there should
be a primary school for very habitation within one kilometer and a upper primary school
within 3 kms of habitation in addition, the guidelines also supports setting up of EGS centres
at the primary level in unserved habitations where no school exists within the radius of one
km and have at least 15 children in the age group of 6 – 14 who are not going to school.
(Manual on Financial Management and Procurement, MHRD, 2004.)
ANNEXURES:
TABLE 1: LITERACY RATES IN INDIA: 1951-2011

Gap Between the
Year Particular Rest of Population
&

Rest of the
SC ST SC ST
Population
1961 10.27 8.53 27.86 17.59 19.33
1971 14.67 11.30 33.80 19.13 22.50
1981 21.38 16.35 41.22 19.84 24.87
1991 37.41 29.60 52.21 14.18 22.61
2001 54.69 47.10 64.81 10.12 17.71
2011 66.10 59.0 74.04 7.94 15.04
 Though there is unanimity that the overall literacy rate have increased from 18 percent from
1951 to over 65 percent in 2001; however, the gender gap is still considered to be much
higher than what it was in 1951 when the five year plans had commenced. Moreover, the
enhancement in the rate of female literacy has not been as high as it has been in the male.
TABLE 2: DROPOUT RATE OF SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN

AT ELEMENTARY STAGE IN INDIA
Year Primary Classes (I – V) Middle Classes (I- VIII)
B G T B G T
1960-61 61.7 70.9 64.9 75.0 85.0 78.3
1970-71 64.5 70.9 67.0 74.6 83.4 77.9
1980-81 56.2 62.5 58.7 68.0 79.4 72.7
1990-91 40.1 46.0 42.6 59.1 65.1 60.9
1997-98* 38.2 41.3 39.6 50.7 58.6 54.1
Note:* provisional figures
SOURCE: Selected Educational Statistics (relevant years), DoE, MHRD.

 The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 52 nd round data report that about 47
percent of the children who drop out of school cite inability to copse academically and lack
of interest in the studies as a predominant reason, and the latest census estimate show their
number to be 350 million, which is more than the population of many developed countries.
TABLE3: PERCENTAGE AND NUMBER OF POOR ESTIMATED BY TENDULKAR

METHOD, USING MIXED RANDOM REFERENCE PERIOD (MRP)
Year Poverty Ratio (%) Number of Poor (million)
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
1. 1993-93 50.1 31.8 45.3 328.6 74.5 403.7
2. 2004-05 41.8 25.7 37.2 326.3 80.8 407.1
3. 2011-12 25.7 13.7 21.9 216.5 52.8 269.3
Annual Average Decline : 0.75 0.55 0.74

1993-94 to 2004-05
(percentage points per annum)
Annual Average Decline : 2.32 1.69 2.18

2004-05 to 2011-12
(percentage points per annum)
Source: Planning Commission, New Delhi 2011- 12
 Though the poverty ratio over the years has come down from 45percent to about 22 percent,
the incidence of poverty in the rural areas is still considerably high both in terms of ratio as
well as magnitude.
TABLE 4 (A): PERCENTAGE OF SC/ST IN THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

SERVICES
Categories Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes
1.1.71 1.1.91 1.1.71 1.1.91
Class I 2.58 9.09 0.41 2.53
Class II 4.06 11.82 0.43 2.35

Class III 9.59 15.65 1.70 4.98
Class IV 18.87 21.24 3.65 6.82
TABLE 4 (B): PERCENTAGE OF SC/ST IN PUBLIC SERVICE UNDERTAKINGS

Category Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes
1971 1989 1971 1989
Class I 0.52 5.76 0.17 1.29
Class II 1.54 8.41 0.16 2.31
All Categories 8.17 20.36 2.24 9.68
 Source: Eight Five Year Plan: Ibid.

 Despite of constitutional provisions, the ratio of the marginalized sections has not been quite
encouraging in the central government services, though they have performed marginally
better in the public sector undertakings.
TABLE 5: GENDER WISE COOKS ENGAGED IN MDM

District Caste-wise number of the Cooks
SC OBC Minority General Total
Mal Femal Mal Femal Mal Femal Mal Femal Mal Femal
e e e e e e e e e e
Firozaba - 09 - 59 - - - 04 - 72
d
Mainpuri - 08 07 66 - 02 - 02 07 78
*
Banda 01 33 - 55 - 03 - 05 01 96
Jhansi* - 34 01 56 - 05 - 04 01 99
Total 01 84 08 236 - 10 - 15 09 345
Source: Field Data, 2013.

 The empowerment levels of SC: 24.3%, OBC: 68.4%, Minority: 2.9%, General: 4.4%
REFERENCES
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017) Social Sector Vol. III, Planning Commission, New Delhi.
Economic Survey (2012-2013), Ministry of Finance, Government of India Oxford, New Delhi.
Deba K Singha Ray (2001), 'Social Development and the Empowerment of Marginalised
Groups, Sage Publications, New Delhi.
Ashis bose (2004), Womens Empowerment through capacity Building, Enduring Efforts in
Bangladesh, Sanskrite, New Delhi.
India (2014), A Reference Annual, Publications Division, Ministry of Information &
Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi.
Kaur,M Singh,S and Gill,S S (1998), Early Childhood Care and Education, in R Govinda (ed)
India Education Report, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Julien, F. (1968), "The Sociology of Max Weber", New York, Rendom House..
Xaxa, Virginues (2001), "Empowerment of Tribes", in Social Development and the
Empowerment of Marginalised Groups, PErspectives and Strategies, Sage, New Delhi.

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00071.9
MOTIVATION AND ITS IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE-AN ARTICLE

SURVEY
Yashaswini Mishra*; Rabinra Nath Swain**
*Professor,
Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences,
KIIT University.
**Professor,
KIIT University
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Motivation is one of the key factor for organizational growth and effective performance.
Effective motivation in organization is considered to be of paramount importance as
organization need to motivate employees through different factor to aid and augment the
growth of the organization .Every organization uses different tools and techniques to
motivate the employees either in terms of monetary benefits or non monetary benefits like
reward, letter of appreciation and concern, promotional avenues, by setting a concrete
roadmap for future development. Satisfaction of an employee is one of the vital factors
for the organizational goal achievement. Organisations in the contemporary world adopt
both intrinsic as well as extrinsic motivation techniques. So the motive of this study is to
analyze the different motivational tools that act as a key parameter for success in work
performance in an organisation. This paper presents the crux of the study of various
literatures on the role of motivation and its impact on organizational performance
between the years 1967 to 2013.However this review highlights the need for vibrant
motivational packages for enriching the talent and competency through giving a right
direction with the adaptability in different situations which will suit the level of work for
generating rich productivity. Articles from different sectors of an economy were
thoroughly analyzed to get more insights on the linkage between motivation and

performance of employee in an organization. An additional challenge for the 21st century

companies is to retain the potential employees for gaining expertise in diversifying fields
for enrichment of the organization it self and safeguarding the interests of various
stakeholders in general.
KEYWORDS: Motivation, Reward, Organization, Productivity, Appreciation,
Effectiveness
______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
The development and the prosperity of an organization depends upon the sustainability,
this sustainability is achieved through implementation of a culture with the better
organizational performance .So as to achieve this there must be stimulation in
accomplishment of task through effective motivation of human resource. Motivation is a
general and common word in the business world but it is quiet difficult to explain it in a
scientific way. The concept of motivation is unique from other in aspects such as
instincts, drives and reaction of policy, but to some it is also related with theses all
concepts. The employees must be motivated to achieve certain goal or ambitions in life
for individual interest as well as organizational interest. These human resources play a
vital role in bringing organization to a growth trajectory stage in the form of economy,
efficiency and effectiveness through a medium of vibrant motivation. To cite an example
– if organization is the vehicle and the management is compared with driving then
motivation is the power or fuel to make the vehicle moving. Hence to retain competent
workforce and to groom them for generating competitive advantage there is requirement
of addressing the challenges in arousing desires to reach productivity by going beyond
dependable performance with innovative and spontaneous motivational tools like
appreciation and concerns, better reward system, sense of authority and responsibility,
etc.Thus motivating employees is more challenging now a days as the business firms
have dramatically changed in the facets of job pattern, volume of output, diversified
culture and background. So paramount importance should be given to understand the
level of motive which will drive them to excel in work backed by ability and motivation
for making the organization sustainable one with rich efficiency in work performance.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objectives of review are:
 To gain an insight on motivational factors and organizational effectiveness

relationship

 To understand how motivation helps to create a better vibrant working environment in

an organization.
 To identify the gaps that exists in the current literature and emphasize upon
significant and interesting areas of research.
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The study is conducted by using secondary data from different database like Ebsco,
Emerald insight, Google scholar, iiste.org which were available in printed and online
format. Articles from the sites mentioned above were reviewed.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Smith (1967) in his attempt to identify the factors motivating the sales executives in two
major companies in Britain between 1964 and 1965. One company is engaged in the
manufacturing, development, as well as marketing of agricultural materials and is more
production oriented. Other company is the subsidiary of a large international company
engaged in the development, manufacture, and marketing of data-processing equipment.
Study revealed that sales force have high job satisfaction and highly favorable attitudes to
their respective companies. Heavy work load goes in favour of the company. The
responsibility is weighed and influenced by the amount of responsibility people feel they
are carrying. This brings in different patterns of motivation in sales pattern. Technical
advisory role always weighed more than the commercial role as far as the employee
motivation is concerned. The differences in outlook and attitude emerging from this
comparison are of interest and very useful to the organization in framing HR policies and
improving employee morale.
Bray (1984) in his study "Measuring and Developing Young Managers, for the study, an
assessment centre was used to evaluate dimensions of career motivation. The research
results were corroborated by other research data to suggest the need for considering
situational conditions that affect the career motivation. A set of guidelines for early career
development and a consideration of company policies and supervisory strategies were
also created. The paper describes the impact of these on the companies and, finally, the
value of this research approach for generating useful knowledge amongst the young
managers. It was also observed that the company without the management development
programme had its some of the bosses very concerned about their subordinates' career
development as compared to the Company with strong programme, where some of the

managers felt alienated by the programme and termed it as counter-productive. Bosses

with strong programmes tended to be unconcerned about their subordinates' careers and
were more concerned about whether they were getting their work done as against the
bosses focus on the subordinate‟s doing a good job and emphasis on developing the
subordinate's potential for advancement.
Mullins (1985) highlighted that motivation plays a big role in organizational

performance as it is ultimately the employee performance. The author here focuses on
managers and supervisors in particular. Goals of the organization should be challenging
but at the same time realistic. Timely feedback helps in greater individual performance
leading to higher organization performance. Though motivation varied with the
complexity of the situation of the organization but it is the responsibility of the
organization to have a proper look at the factors which influence the people behavior and
performance.
Ross Telfer (1986) in his article highlighted the Content theories of motivation i.e
Maslow theory and Herzberg and Alderfer for the promotion structure in NSW high
schools, and how these theories would help in motivation and restricting .He focused on
some of the factors such as person‟s activity, goals of the person, and how a behaviour is
started and sustained or stopped. As per his study he found some of the factors which the
promotion structure depends are: intrinsic movement, job enrichment, participative
management, non administrative academic career path. It was concludes that the ongoing
promotion structure failed to satisfy any of the above criteria as it could not meet the
career path in practical way. These policies can be fully utilized once they are formulated
to a complete proposal and participative management was an area which could not be
satisfied in this study.
Page(1987) highlighted on the behavioral science with theories of motivation to groom

the employees for excellent work performance, he focused in order to bring motivation
there should be stimulation of internal capacities to understand need of individual which
is shaped by outside consequneces.He also suggested that in every organization
consideration should be given to follow basic philosophy of motivation theories to built
performance system a smooth one like Maslow‟s theory, Need achievement model and
Herzberg two factor theory.
Shields(1988) in his study on work and motivation in academic libraries, focuses on the
relevance and usefulness of theories of work motivation and job design in a particular
public service context, namely, academic libraries. The aim was to review the literature

of this field and draw from it guidelines and principles that might be of use to a library
management. It‟s because, though various studies have attempted to a have a practical
orientation, yet this approach comes up against the problem that those factors which are
most dominant are often the ones that are specific to an organization and can not
necessarily be generalized. Therefore, the study emphasized on the organizational
context, and considered not just general theories of motivation, but strategies such as job
design, group working and organizational development and its impact. Author premised
this by the understanding that the practicing library managers should have a flexible
approach to problems in the organization, from those associated with an individual to
more general ones of work design
Aduaka (1989) demonstrates two different types of work output by craftsmen in Nigeria.
They seem to perform differently for two different setting such as normal organizational
setting and task force situation; in normal organizational setting they are deemed to be
lazy, fraudulent. But the case study show the brighter side of the craftsmen when they are
put in a task force situation. The study find out the situations in demotivation in normal
organization setting because here they were restricted to operate in a free Enviroment due
to constant supervision which is absent when they work in a task force as they feel there
competence is fully utilised. So he suggested the managers need to pay high attention to
basic human needs of employees like self worth ,positive rating, concern, safety and
achievement with readily available material aligned with operational freedom to generate
motivation within from the employees which will ultimately lead to high outcome.
London(1990) in his article discussed about the ageing workforce and due to some of the
incident like baby boom of the 1940 to 1960, there was a sharp decline in the birth rate
and as a result of this most organizations have to depend on the older work force. In this
present era companies are downsizing the employees to reduce their operational cost, but
the human resource forecaster suggests that older workers have experience and skills and
their expertise would help the organization a lot, so the organization should plan for early
career decision for the older workers taking into considerations their needs, ambition and
their interest. To retain the older workers the organization need to provide continuous
opportunity for growth and development with proper training which will lead them to
contribute more for the organization. The training and career plan should be made taking
into account their interest and development. It was concluded that older workers are more
open to negative events as they have weak resilience and so they should adopt new
learning opportunity and changes. Also organization should provide recognition to older
workers in terms of awards and cash incentive to motivate them.

Nicole (1992) emphasized on giving a new picture to financial services undertaking by

taking to a leading stage through achieving competitive advantage as a benchmark for
managing service quality. So this to be happen there should be a cultural shift in the
fundamentals of motivation by moving from traditional hierarchical structure to well
defined restructuring with a focus on team spirit work, continuous employee
involvement. So this study concluded the importance should be given to different facets
like ongoing customer feedback from robust communication system coined with reward
system which will bring job satisfaction for making a company sustainable one.
Myers (1998) highlighted on Attitudes and Values being the key to everything.
Employees‟ attitudes towards their job are very important to be known. The Job assigned
helps in knowing the attitude of the employee. The positive attitude of the employee
helps in achieving job satisfaction there by leading to achievement of organizational
objectives. A fully furnished office or the work environment doesn‟t play a bigger role as
the job itself plays in brining satisfaction to employees. The intrinsic feeling about the job
is very important because this is the way by which organizational performance increases.
Analoui (2000) highlighted at gaining a concrete idea about the factors of demotivation
which considerably affects the senior managers at work .As the study was conducted in
Romania, hence it revealed there should be a cultural shift from traditional discontent
managerial style to unambiguous task structure. So he suggested that to bring high quality
performance in an organization focus should be given to self development, efficient
knowledge management system coupled with appreciation and team activity.
Lawless (2000) emphasized on two different ways to motivate SME‟S to learn like face
to face and distance training. With changing scenario in global market place there has
been immense growth in small business units. To sustain in the highly competitive
market the sme‟s needed to upgrade their skills according to the ever changing demand of
the market. But the study shows that maximum sme‟s are reluctant to such training
program due to various constraints. In many of the Sme‟s the workforce is as low as 2-3
persons and high as 50 persons , they do not want their work to be hampered due to any
such training as it will cost badly to their business, however some sme‟s show interest to
learn and they prefer activity based learning as against knowledge based. It is found that
SME‟s are reluctant to undertake training program afford by government to motivate
them. So there is a need to motivate Sme‟s particularly in micro and small by providing
training to derive benefits from such training. So he suggested making organization as an

effective focus should be given to readily available training material like CD ROMs and
printed material which can be used for motivation.
Kinman (2001)made a study on the role played by motivation in learning the

management education. Their study was based on the premise that many companies
operating in UK value employees capable of withstanding the danger posed to traditional
academic education. This ability is developed by the by level of education acquired by
them, which in turn enhances various cognitive skills to understand and develop
organizational culture. So it emphasizes that every organization should develop a flexible
culture which will provide scope of ongoing learning for the employees to achieve
synergistic advantage between roles and academic curriculum. Through an extensive
review it is concluded that intrinsic motivation approach is essential for building a well
cultured sustainable organization on the basis of test regarding learning style of matured
students.
Ross (2005) studied that there exist a lot of gap when there exist cross culture in an
organization. He found that many models of Organization behaviour have western ethnic
bias. He also explained the growth of participative style of management in western
organizations. According to his study in each business organization there is presence of
self motivating inspirational capability by connecting link between motivation and its
considerable impact on output in the form of loyalty, positive productivity and labour
turnover aspects.
Glen (2006) in his paper studied to analyze factors that affect adversely in organizational
growth and productivity. So the study focused on developing an experience practical
based effective strategy which will increase talent with adaptability in complex situations
through skill retention and continuous engagement in work. It also imparted in
development of strong appraisal Feedback system for grooming employees through
development initiatives.
Snape (2006) in his paper highlighted the perception of scientist from the factors both
intrinsic and extrinsic that motivate them and getting a feedback on current system and
how management plays an important role in increasing the motivation and improving the
productivity of scientists with giving practical suggestions. He basically used semi
structured method of interview randomly chosen working in a government research
institute. He found out that the scientist get motivated mostly by the ability of high
quality research they do and research which were driven by curiosity and output they
produce, to some extent they get demotivated from the lack of feedback from

management and some of the motivating factors like salary, incentives schemes and less
importance was given to promotion and suggested that more effort should be given on the
hygiene factors though the sample size was small(18) and he concluded that the current
incentives which are given have a little impact and alternate methods like more funds to
attend international conference, new equipment in labs and allowing the researcher to
work in the area they are interested.
Fiedler (2007) in his paper highlighted the Environmental collaboration in Construction

industry in Australia and how Motivation helped several groups over there to collaborate
in specific projects. Basically the research was carried out taking interviews from
building and construction companies, the major findings from the research that most of
the corporate managers were interested to collaborate with the environmental groups
because of the pressure from the stake holders and government was more interested to tie
up with companies with green credentials, financial benefit for the companies were also
given as a mode to educate the public and creating positive geographical outcomes and
setting an example for the other companies to follow the same. It was indicated that some
of the characteristics such as asymmetry, stability, economic efficiency and legitimacy
are more motivating factors in an organizations and this was proved by taking some case
study of different companies such as Koala beach residential development, Green
building project, Metrolplex on gateway, for research.
Heymans (2008) emphasizedon identifying and gaining an insights in to the field of

human resource practices which has a greater impact on motivation and retention of older
workers. So he conducted a survey taking a focus group consisting of 15 participants
based on qualitative approach from different sectors like private and public in diversified
areas such as selection, recruitment and training. The study revealed that in organization
there should be retention policies and strong motivational devices to generate
competency from older workers.
Wong (2008) studied to examine whether there exist any difference between
motivational driver and personality across three generations of Australian working
professionals, According to the study in order to lead our life in development path we add
life events which are different from one generation to another which give more priority to
security of job and fixed environment to work. Gen X people are more pessimistic while
those belonging to Gen Y depended more on Technology. He followed the methodology
of profession personality and motivation questionnaire and analyzed the level of variance
between motivation and personality. The outcome obtained from the research was not

much effective of the generational stereotype which is pervasive in the management

literature. There was several difference obtained from the study between these three
generations and most of them were related to the age rather than generation. The main
limitation to his study was the use of cross sectional data and he suggested that better
relationship could be found if he would have gone for a longitudinal study to access the
motivational drivers and personality preferences when interviewing the participants of the
same age group. He suggested in maintenance of individual by way of generation is not
much significant as compared to focusing on individual difference.
Liu(2008) in his article investigated the effects of public sector motivation on job
satisfaction in china, he stated that public administration are subjected to two types of
pressure (taxpayers pressure to reduce operation cost and users of public service ),he
explained the importance of motivating the best person in public sector, he found that
there is a positive correlation between job satisfaction and performance and public policy
making, he found that age as one of the critical control variable when evaluating public
employees job satisfaction and old employees are generally more experienced and hence
handle the negative and positive features of job better. He concluded that public service
motivation observed in the west exists in china and found 4th dimension is unconfirmed
in public service motivation, and interest in public service has increased considerably
Myers (2009) studied report of Top managers in Manufacturing Companies in

Germany.He discussed and highlighted in the aspect of job satisfaction of the top and
middle level managers leading to effective working relationship. He analyzed different
factors like leadership, behavior, trust, respect,dedication and its impact on effectiveness
of senior and middle managers. He suggested establishing employee concerned and
leader directional philosophy to bring more creativity by undertaking more research from
this context
Urdikova (2009) explained the importance and essence of motivation in parts, in the first
part he jotted that human factor as one of the most valuable resource for the organization
and in the second part he explains the application of motivation in Slovak organization.
He explained the importance of retaining the key employee from the organization point
of view to bring in transformation and focused on how employee motivation is important
if there is a strong competetion in the field they are working. He said work motivation
can be achieved in two ways i.e by self motivation and management effort and
simulation. He focused on some factors like success, recognition, responsibility, personal
growth have a high level of motivation which lead to satisfaction and how self growth is

key factor for motivation. He found that financial motivation does not always leads to
success but intangible, psychological motivation for work done is sometimes more
helpful in motivating employees. He scientifically found that improvement of motivation
increases the efficiency of organizational goal and creativity and reward as a major part
of the motivation process. He suggested that managers are working on ways and
methodology to motivate the employees and success of every organization depends on
satisfaction of its employees.
Antwi (2009) enlightened on the achievement of high quality public service that is the
citizen‟s value through human resource development aligned with best competent
motivated workforce to make public sector as a world class public service. So this gave
an insight to the facet of underperformance level of employees which resulted in to the
approach of poor incentive system, inefficient governance and management information
system (MIS). He investigated the HRD challenges facing local government in
reforming public sector, and he stated how motivation among the workers and
effectiveness among the civil servants serves all levels of the local government and how
reforms were made in the public sector, The author basically collected primary data using
questionnaire and found out that the new public sector leadership should be such that as if
they are working in private sector, but he found it was difficult to achieve since the aim
of private sector and public sector are different in goals. So here author suggested in
following evaluative indicator of motivating employees by tailoring innovative
decentralization policy, total reward model by fulfilling need with effective utilization of
human resource to bring sustained improvement in organizational performance with
facing challenges.
Lam (2010) in his paper highlighted the difficulty faced in sharing knowledge in an
organisation, he elaborated on the fact that in most of the organization the individuals are
less willing to share their knowledge and integrate it, which has led to one of the major
barriers and in his paper he tried to find out a solution by motivating the employees to
share their knowledge and how organization benefits out of it. He segregated the research
into three categories by motivating the employees in three ways i.e extrinsic, intrinsic,
hedonic motivation. He tried to understand the relationship between operating adhocracy
and professional bureaucracy. The cases for the research were basically taken from the
previous literature from Anglo American context .From the research it was found that by
normative motivation the problem of knowledge sharing in social dilemma can be
overcome and through extrinsic motivation like training and incentive. In some cases it
was found financial motivation to be more efficient.

Ford (2010) in his paper Focuses on two aspect like learning process and knowledge
enhancement from organizational context. He emphasizes in analyzing different facets of
motivation mechanism and to know how it build co-relationship with knowledge sharing
by addressing social dilemmas of it. This review also revealed that in every organization
motivation process and motivators play a major role in transmitting potentials in to action
in true behavior by having an insight in to complexities of knowledge transfer. He also
focus to develop new approaches to resolve social problems by tailor made programmes
which will suit organizational design to make knowledge management system efficient
one.
Tunrer ((2011) in his paper dealt with the different hotel owners, and how differential
motivation helped them in better earning management and minimizing of their expenses.
His main focus was to structure expense and revenue related transactions and
implementing changed accounting procedures. He conducted semi structured interview to
collect data from the general managers, key contract stake holders. Some of the
motivating factors are bloating the value of asset in financial statement (balance sheet),
focusing on propensity, satisfying debt covenants, desire to demonstrate a potential buyer
a high capital expenditure program. From his study he found out that around 18 distinct
factors motivated the hotel owners and the qualitative data suggested four additional
factors in increasing the earnings of the hotel owners and effective management, some of
the ways to achieve is having an incentive management for the hotel owners. Also he
found that strong accounting standards are completely lagging behind in most of the hotel
owners. He concluded that remuneration is related to profit levels, and to see whether the
asset related expense to be capitalized or expensed.
Chong (2011)emphasized on identifying relationships between organizational

performance and capability by caring mail as a tool for conducting survey in palm oil
processing entities situated in Malaysia. This study revealed that there was an effective
correlation between learning perspective and performance of business firms which was
carried out selecting hypothesis such as marketing aspect, manufacturing competency,
creativity and learning outcome.
Flynn (2011) analyzed in the aspect of effectiveness of direct motivation on the

employee‟s performance. So he focused on the psychological aspect to manage
motivation through maturity levels which generate motive within employees. Only then
organization can benefit out of it. To make this successful organization needs to create a
conducive atmosphere where impart will be given to skill enhancement, decentralization

of authority, concept of responsible autonomy with a sense of ownership and

belongingness which will drive them to go extra miles for the prosperity of organization.
so he suggested to shift the idea from gaining only short term achievement to long term
achievement by leaving employees in an open system with own inspirational tools to feel
worthy as they area assets of the organization and vice versa.
Manzoor (2012) stated that employee motivation is a key to having higher organizational
performance. Recognition and empowerment plays an important role in employee
motivation. Appreciation in work and participation in decision making gives an internal
satisfaction to the employees which increase their motivation towards accomplishments
of work assigned there by increasing the organizations performance as a whole.
Muogbo(2013) in his article wanted to put emphasis on the factors of extrinsic

motivation which influence significantly effectiveness of employees in manufacturing
firms, he discussed different issues related to poor productivity, lack of effectiveness in
production and also in the area of non alignment of goals of organization and individual
which leads to conflict. It resulted into lack of optimal use of resources for transforming
input to output. So he focused that in an organization there should be cornerstone for
achieving efficiency through fair evaluation system without a sign of prejudice and
biasness for recognition and reward with a good remuneration policy. He also gave
importance for applying the concept of vroom‟s equity theory in organization. Hence to
make an organization a hub of excellence there is requirement of more positive
involvement coined with satisfaction of an employee which will turn to rich productivity.
FINDINGS:
The literature review indicates that effective motivation plays a significant role for skill
enhancement, effective methodology for doing the work, development of self reliance
and confidence of employees in organization. So a considerable attention was imparted in
development of various motivational tools, but to measure the true impact of these
motivational factors on employees as well as an organization needs to be evaluated on
their effectiveness.
The above mentioned literature review has highlighted on the use of different
motivational techniques rather than finding out the underlying motive which will drive
the employees spontaneously in achievement of work.
RESEARCH TREND AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH:

From the available literature it has been also found importance was given to variables of
motivation though it plays a vital role but more study can be done to know how to create
a flexible premise where employees would be able to work in an open system with the
good ambience consists of foundations like transparency in governance system, effective
grievance redressal system, robust one to one communication of employee with top
management with fully utilization of human resource. It also revealed from review that
there was lack of retention of competent public service employees due to miserable
motivation in comparison to private sector employees and also lack of generation of
competitive expertise from potential senior employees. By going through literature gap
was also found in the effective implementation of content and process approach of
motivation by considering psychological philosophy to understand the maturity levels of
organization. This study has also not imparted much training program for motivating less
motivated employees in small and medium sector as these entrepreneurs are key to
development of economy. So there should be creation of self interest which will come
from within the employees to go extra miles in organization in taking organization to a
desirable stage.
Thus further research could be undertaken to address these gaps as mentioned. Such
researches could ultimately contribute in the development of such a motivational model
which will drive the employees enthusiastically to achieve work through effective
performance which will give benefit in the aspect of both organizational success and vice
versa.
REFERENCES
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companies", European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 1 Iss 2 pp. 10 – 20
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L.J Mullins,(1985),”The process of Motivation”, Industrial Management and Data
systems,Vol.85 Iss 3 /4 pp. 5-8
Ross Telfer Trevor Swann,(1986),"Teacher Motivation in Alternate Promotion structures
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Mark Shields , (1988),"Work and Motivation in Academic Libraries", Library

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Task Force Situation: A Case Study of ASCON", International Journal of
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Manuel London,(1990),"Enhancing Career Motivation in Late Career", Journal of
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Gillian Nichol, (1992),"Motivating employees", Managing Service Quality: An
International Journal, Vol. 2 Iss 5 pp. 259 – 261
Mark A Tietjen M.Myers (1998),”Motivation and job Satisfaction”,Management
decision, Vo. 36 Iss 4 pp 226-232
Farhad Analoui,(2000),"What motivates senior managers?", Journal of Managerial
Psychology, Vol. 15 Iss 4 pp. 324 – 340
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training: two different approaches to motivate SMEs to learn", Education +
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Gail Kinman Russell Kinman, (2001),"The role of motivation to learn in management
education", Journal of Workplace Learning, Vol. 13 Iss 4 pp. 132 – 14
Darren Lee-Ross, (2005),"Perceived job characteristics and internal work motivation",
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Clayton Glen ,(2006),"Key skills retention and motivation: the war for talent still rages
and retention is the high ground", Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 38 Iss 1
pp. 37 – 45
Divya Jindal-Snape Jonathan B. Snape,(2006),"Motivation of scientists in a government
research institute”, Management Decision, Vol. 44 Iss 10 pp. 1325 – 1343
Terese Fiedler Craig Deegan,(2007),"Motivations for environmental collaboration within
the building and construction industry", Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 22 Iss 4
pp. 410 - 441
Bangcheng Liu Ningyu Tang Xiaomei Zhu, (2008),"Public service motivation and job
satisfaction in China”, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 29 Iss 8 pp. 684 –
699
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differences in personality and motivation", Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.
23 Iss 8 pp. 878 – 890

Rita Claes Mieke Heymans , (2008),"HR professionals' views on work motivation and
retention of older workers: a focus group study", Career Development International,
Vol. 13 Iss 2 pp. 95 – 111
Jana Urdzikova, Jozef KISS(2009), “Motivation – A Way to retain key employees”
Kakabadse, A and Myers (2009), Abstracts from the wider literature: The application of a
diagnostic model and surveys in organizational development, what motivates senior
managers
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delivery of public service", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 28 Iss 6 pp.
504 – 512.
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contexts: a motivation # based perspective", Journal of Knowledge Management,
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based perspective", Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 8 Iss 1 pp. 12 – 21
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Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, Vol. 25 Iss 1
pp. 11 – 15
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and relationship quality", Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol. 23
Iss 2 pp. 152 - 164
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owners and operators to engage in earnings management", Qualitative Research in
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from selected firms in Anabra, state Nigeria “,IJES.

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00072.0
QUALITY EDUCATION FOR ALL: A CRITIQUE OF DRAFT

EDUCATION POLICY
S.N. Misra*; Sanjaya Ku. Ghadai **
*Prof,
Dean, School of Management ,
KIIT University, Campus-7, Krishna Campus,
Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, India.
**Research Scholar & Executive, School of Management
KIIT University, Campus-7, Bhubaneswar,
Khordha, Odisha, India,
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The draft education policy aims to bring in inclusive quality education as against the earlier
orientation towards Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) and equity. The Economic Liberalization of
the nineties has witnessed mushrooming of colleges/universities by the private sector. The RTE
Act 2009 has ensured near universal access to primary education through Sarva Siksha Abhiyan
(SSA) and a high modicum of equity. But the quality dimension remains suspect, both at the
primary and higher levels. This paper brings out the policy initiatives in the last decades and the
broad contours of the new draft policy which puts a premium on research, improved Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI) inflow and collaboration with foreign universities. However, it does not
address the concerns of regulatory bodies like excessive centralization by University Grants
Commission (UGC), and the tendency to encourage commercialization of education that help
only the neo-rich. The paper makes a strong recommendation to improve the grass root
Panchayat structure as the fiscal point to ensure quality primary education as a bridge for
higher education and ensure allocation of atleast 6% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to

education. Just like Goods and Services Tax (GST), is expected to bolster One Tax, One Nation,
a credible education policy should Improve “Quality Education For All”.
KEYWORDS: GER, RTE Act, SSA, FDI, UGC, GDP, GST

___________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
After independence, the Kothari Commission (1966) was appointed to sketch the future road
map of public policy in Education. The commission emphasized the role of Science and
Technology in the Indian universities with a view to harnessing global opportunities that free
India can avail of. It also urged on the Indian government to allocate 6% of their GDP as against
measly allocation since independence. Twenty years later a National Policy on Education (1982)
was brought in with the predominant emphasis on equal access to education of comparable
quality to all. However, primary education was still not a Fundamental Right, unlike emerging
economies like China & South Korea. This deprived sizable sections of India‟s population from
the benefits of education and most Indians were what Ragnar Nurkse called “disguisedly
employed”. The poor in India‟s rural landscape were victims of caste prejudice, hunger and
unacceptably high level of illiteracy. The RTE Act of 2009 brought in a whiff of fresh air
through universal access to primary education as a Fundamental Right. The 12 th Plan (2012-17)
for the first time brought in the tripod of Access, Equity and Excellence as a government’s
commitment towards higher education. Economic liberalization has brought in the private
sector to the field of higher education in a significant manner. The last decade has witnessed
mushrooming of such private colleges and universities; with both centre and states adapting a
“hands off attitude”, treating higher education as a “non-merit good”. The draft education policy,
just unveiled, gives an opportunity to debate & cogitate on its merits and the refinements that are
required. This paper tries to analyze (a) Trends in growth of colleges/universities, (b) Policy
evolution since liberalization, (c) Impact of policy on quality of education (d) Issues & concerns
of draft education policy and (e) Way ahead.
ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION & ITS IMPACT ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Economic liberalization of 1990 and the last decade, in particular, have ensured that the private
sector is the piped piper in ensuring proliferation of colleges and universities throughout India.
The following table will bring out the trend.
TABLE-1: UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA

TYPE NO. Percentage
Central Universities 46 6
State Universities 350 46
Deemed University 123 16
Private Universities 241 32
Total 760 100
Source: University Grants Commission

It would be seen from the above that most of the colleges and universities have come up through
the private sector initiatives, barring a smattering of a few elite institutions like IITs and IIMs
which have been approved for different parts of the country. In the budget (2016-2017), the
government has approved creation of 01 IITs & 02 IIMs.
There is a significant shift in attitude towards government engagement in university education.

The report by different committees (2000-2014) clearly reflects this neo liberal mindset towards
education.
NEOLIBERAL TRENDS IN EDUCATION (2000-2014)
Ambani-Birla Report (2000): Ambani-Birla envisioned the creation of a knowledge based

economic and society, induce competitiveness yet foster cooperation. The report championed the
principle of use pay policy supported by loan schemes and financial grants for economically
backward section. Government should support and partially fund centres of higher learning,
provide financial guarantee to student loan, ensure uniformity in content and quality and
education development planning. The report also propounded foreign direct investment but
limited to science and technology and research. The report emphasized that the government
should play the role of a facilitator.
Knowledge Commission (2009): The Commission recommends expansion of the number of

universities to 1500 in the country. The commission strongly put forward reduced role of the
UGC and recommended the establishment of an independent regulatory authority for higher
education as independent regulatory authority for higher education (IRAHE). The commission
recommended autonomy for the universities to set student fee levels, and commercial use of
university facilities, the government providing land and private sector finance to attract not for
profit private investment.
Narayan Murthy Report (2012): The recommendations are for autonomy in finance,
regulatory, academic and administrative aspects, fiscal incentives to encourage investment and
attracting funding, enabling environment for free movement of faculty and students to promote
collaboration with world class institutions abroad, freedom to accredit- with global accreditation
agencies to put Indian institutions on par with the and best. It proposes enhancing research
focused-through dedicated funding for research sponsored doctoral programs, setting up centre
of excellences in the form of technology parks, developing new knowledge clusters & up-
gradation of 75 top of the class universities, with investment ranging from Rs.175/- to Rs.200/-
crore per university. It encourages public private partnership for a five year plan investment of
Rs.40000/- crore with government corporate partnership and creation of a council for industry
and higher education collaboration as a nodal agency.
DRAFT EDUCATION POLICY (2016)
The report brings out a slew of government reforms, required quality assurance and
internationalization that is required to be place in higher education. It highlights the urgent
imperative to invest (a) faculty development, (b) research & innovation (c) the need to earmark
at least 6% of the budget to education. Some of the initiatives proposed in the governance

reforms are (i) creating an Education Commission to assist Ministry of HRD in identifying new
areas of knowledge, pedagogy, curriculum & assessment reforms (ii) integrating UG, PG and
doctoral study, with faculty teaching concurrently, (iii) creation of an Indian Education Service,
(iv) separate education tribunals to deal with disputes in the education sector.
It calls for creation of an expert committee to study the system of accreditation in place
internationally and draw from the experience of best practices. It also calls upon to select 200
foreign universities who will be encouraged to establish their presence in India through
collaboration with Indian universities. Since internationalization is a two way process, Indian
institute should also be allowed to set up campuses abroad. To promote research and innovation,
it calls upon the states to establish at least 100 new central/department of excellence, both in
public & private sector, and create 100 more incubation centres.
IMPACT OF EDUCATION POLICY ON QUALITY
It would, therefore, be imperative to take stock of India‟s experience in the area of quality higher
education. The following table brings out the quality dimension in terms of research institution,
industry collaboration, patents and highly cited articles.
TABLE-2: QUALITY OF RESEARCH INSTITUTION, INDUSTRY

COLLABORATION & PATENTS
Country Quality of Industry PCT Patents Highly Cited
Research Collaboration Granted/ Articles
Institutions (Million)
USA 5.8 5.6 137.9 3137
China 4.2 4.4 6.5 980
India 4.4 3.8 1.2 191
Source: YuXie Chunni Zhang et al at National Academy of Sciences, 2014
It would be clear, that while USA is the epicenter of quality, China has not lagged far behind.
The impact of our scant concern for education and its quality is reflecting severely in our HDI
which has been showing very discouraging trends over the years.
CRITIQUE OF THE DRAFT POLICY
It must be admitted at the outset that the draft has made some definitive recommendation to
improve the two way collaborative processes with foreign universities to be in sync with best
education curriculum, teaching methods and global practices and how to promote research &
innovation by co-opting the industry and alumni into this effervescent process. It also makes a
categorical recommendation to implement the long pending goal of raising investment in the
education sector to “at least 6% of GDP as a priority”.
There are three disquieting aspects of the draft policy viz. (a) its inadequate connect between
quality primary education and higher education, (b) it’s overwhelming thrust on

centralization, commercialization and communication (c) scant attention to bolster grass-
root democracy through education that need to be addressed critically.
(a) INADEQUATE CONNECT BETWEEN QUALITY
The RTE Act and Sarva Sikshya Avhiyan initiative has ensured near universal access to primary
education cutting across gender, religion and regions. However, Pratham, the credible NGO
agency brings out the concerns of (i) high dropouts (30%), (ii) increasing orientation to opt for
private English medium schools (30%), the apathetic attitude to providing basic infrastructure
facilities & IT and sordid outcomes in primary education.
The following tables bring out the infrastructure deficits and educational outcomes as per the
ASER.
TABLE-3: INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
Parameter All India Kerala
Play Ground 65.0 74.7
Library Books Available 78.1 94.7
Drinking Water 75.6 83.0
Girls Toilet 55.7 80.2
Computer Available 19.6 89.8
Source: ASER Report 2014
TABLE-4: EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES

 Only 58% of children enrolled in classes 3 to 5 can read a class-1 text
 Less than half (47%) are able to do a simple two-digit subtraction
 Only 37% of children enrolled in class 4 or 5 can read fluently
 Less than half (45%) are able to divide 20 by 5
 Reading and Maths skills of class 4 pupils in India‟s top schools below
international average
Source: ASER Report 2014
This clearly underscores the fact that while some states like Kerala, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra and
Himachal Pradesh are extremely progressive and sensitive to the need of the education at the
grassroots, the concern of the other states remains superficial and „totemic‟ at the last.
(b) CENTRALIZATION, COMMERCIALIZATION AND COMMUNALIZATION
Education, which was a state subject, till 1976 came under the concurrent list of Indian
Constitution (Seventh Schedule) vide the Forty Second Amendment. The universities, are subject
to control of UGC, AICTE, NAAC under the Union list. These oversight agencies are expected
to promote special studies or research, determination of minimum standards for higher education
or research. The Supreme Court in Kartar Singh Vs. UOI (2012) has reaffirmed this position.
The Knowledge Commission had clearly brought out how the UGC has been asphyxiating in its
control rule and does not contribute to the quality in any perceptible manner. Prof. Arvind

Panagariya in his book “India- The Emerging Giant” has also castigated such centralized
oversight tendency and recommends a regulatory authority to promote autonomy in the
universities in the matter of curriculum, faculty recruitment and free charged. Prof. Vijay Joshi in
a latest book “India‟s Long Road-The Search for Prosperity” recounts how universities “suffer
from intrusive micromanagement by regulators”. He observes that standards will not improve
without much more autonomy.
The draft policy lamentably pussyfoots on this issue. There is an urgent necessity to supplant the
existing arrangement with regulatory authority which has representation from academia, industry
and think tanks; instead of being obfuscated by politically pliant academic-bureaucrat combine.
The other aspect that the policy clearly skirts is the increasing commercialization by the private
sector, both in private schools, colleges and universities. The Supreme Court in the Yashpal Vs.
State of Chhattisgarh (2005) had clearly indicated the state for its cross attempt to exploit the
commercial potential of a private universality without caring a whit about its quality. The
Unnikrishnan Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh judgement (1993) also buttressed this concern. The
neo-market lobbyists, on the other hand, want educational institution to be making companies by
amending the Company Act 1956. This will clearly be a pernicious more and patently anti poor.
Communalization/Saffronisation of education appears to be another covert agenda of the Sangh

Parivar. Catapulting Sanskrit by excluding Sanskrit, harking back to Vedic times are clearly
indicative of a regressive attempt to revive the memories of Hindu obscurantism. India chose to
be a secular state, as opposed to the theocratic Islamic model of Pakistan at the stroke of the
midnight of 15th August 1947. The secular character of education and the need to encourage
debate and conflicting viewpoints should be nurtured.
SCANT ATTENTION TO GRASS ROOT DEMOCRACY
The draft imperceptibly pays lip service to the cause of grass root democracy. It may be recalled
that during the constitutional debate, Mr. Ambedkar was clearly against any attempt to have the
third tier democratic structure; i.e. Panchayats at the village level. He was apprehensive that this
will accentuate the hegemony of upper caste; by appropriating political power. We have opted
for the grass root institution in 1993; but the overwhelming experience is that they are high on
mandate and weak in terms of financial allocation. It‟s high time that the anchor of quality
education at the school level is given to the Panchayats with adequate allocation and autonomy.
The experience of countries like USA and Germany, where education is the responsibility at the
grass root need replication.
CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
It would be seen from the foregoing that education has received a step motherly attitude, in terms
of allocational inadequacy and quality. The tendency has been towards elitism and privatization,
which sub-serve the needs of the rich and the powerful. The asphyxiating control of oversight
agencies like UGC has not contributed to the corpus of research and quality of either private
sector or state universities. The neoliberal approach of market oriented educationalists and the

idyllic expectation of the draft policy to foster „value‟ and „garner more skill based jobs‟, both
within the country and abroad is unrealistic. The experience of countries, who have become
global manufacturing and knowledge hubs clearly demonstrate that they have not allowed
education to be a punching bag of ideology, and have always been ideology-neutral, when it
comes to allocation, research and quality. India should learn from best global practices. India has
inked a significant fiscal legislation, GST, which hopefully usher in: „One Nation, One Market‟.
A credible education policy should similarly stand on the pedestal of: „Quality Education For
All‟. Only through financial empowerment and autonomy to our Panchayat Raj Institutions,
primary education can be qualitative and pave the way for inclusive quality education at the
college/university level. It would then be the “swiftest elevator to pinnacles of modern Indian
power” (Stanley Wolpert) for all.
NOTES
1. Agarwal, P. (2012). “A Half Century of Indian Higher Education-Essay by Phillip G.

Altbach”. SAGE Publication India, Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
2. Agarwal, P.(2007).“Higher Education-I-From Kothari Commission to Pitroda Commission”.
Economic and Political Weekly, February 17, 2007
3. Altbach, G.P.(2009). “The Giants Awake: Higher Education Systems in China and India”.
Economic & Political Weekly, June 6, 2009 VOL XLIV No 23
4. Ambani-Birla Report on “Report on a Policy Frame Work for Reforms in Education”
http://ispepune.org.in/PDF%20ISSUE/2003/JISPE403/2038DOCU-3.PDF
5. Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), ASER Centre, New Delhi
6. Committee on Corporate Participation in Higher Education Report of NR Narayana Murthy
Committee- http://fi.ge.pgstatic.net/attachments/d470eba1383043ffbb7d42dfe513d27a.pdf
7. Draft National Education Policy 2016- Ministry of Human Resource Development
Government of India http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/Inputs_
Draft_NEP_2016_0.pdf
8. Dreze, J. & Sen, A. (2013). “An Uncertain Glory India and its Contradictions”. Penguin
Books India Pvt. Ltd, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi, 107-143.
9. Gokarn, S. (2015). Accelerating Access to quality Education. Brooking Institution India,
New Delhi, India.
10. Government of India, Human Development Report, 2015
11. http://knowledgecommissionarchive.nic.in/
12. http://www.ugc.ac.in/
13. Nilekani, N. (2008).“Imagining India-Ideas for the New Century”. Penguin Books India Pvt.
Ltd, New Delhi, 184-209.
14. Ninan, T.N. (2015). “The Turn of the Tortoise: The Challenge and Promise of India's
Future”. Penguin Books Limited, New Delhi.
15. Panagariya, A. “India The Emerging Giant”. Oxford University Press, Madison Avenue,
New York, 432-454.
16. Pitroda, S. & Chanoff, D. (2015). “Dreaming Big- My Journey to Connect India”. Penguin
Books India Pt. Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana.
17. Sandel, M.J. (2012). “What Money Can’t Buy-The Moral Limits of Markets”. Penguin Books
Ltd., England

18. Tharoor, S. (2015).“India Shastra-Reflections on the Nation in our Time”. Rupa Publications
India, New Delhi, 2015.
19. Tooley, J & Dixon. “P. Private Education is Good for the Poor-A Study of Private Schools
Serving the Poor in Low-Income Countries”. Cato Institute, Washington, 2005.
20. Watkins, K. “Why education is essential for growth”. Economic Growth and Social Inclusion
Economy Education. Article is published in collaboration with Project Syndicate, Jul 7 2015

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00073.2
“A STUDY ON THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF E-COMMERCE

IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RETAIL INDUSTRY”
Ramalakshmi. V*
*Assistant Professor
Krupanidhi School of Management
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Electronic commerce has the potential to radically alter some economic activities and the
surrounding social environment. Electronic commerce over the internet is a new way of
conducting business. This research paper was done to study the fundamental factors of buying
online, to examine about constraints of e-commerce boom in India, to present the customers
perspective towards e-commerce and security concerns. An exploratory research which is a
preliminary study of an unfamiliar problem was done.
From the hypothesis test it was revealed that types of process breakdown failure incurred in the
organization is associated with the type of industry. Implementation challenges of e-commerce in
India is associated with the company’s main product line where as Customer’s satisfaction on
the basis of product or services is independent of the reasons to buy online. The product line or
services mostly consists of broad distinguishable products. Traditional transactions can provide
more richness in terms of face-to-face service including visual and aural cues. However,
traditional transactions are limited in terms of how many people can be reached at a single time.
Online transactions, which can be global in reach, can provide content that is both complex and
rich, overcoming the traditional trade-off between reach and richness.
KEYWORDS: E-commerce, Electronic Data Interchange, Search Engine Optimization, Secure

Sockets Layer, social networking, Enterprise Resource Planning
______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION:
Globalization and information technologies (IT) are radically changing the face of business and
organization. IT are being adopted and incorporated into nearly all organizations, which have
invested heavily in IT infrastructure for the overall success of their business. There is a growing
interest in the use of electronic commerce (EC) as a means to perform business transactions. For
many businesses, it has become a priority. Through using electronic commerce, companies are
able to connect with their trading partners for „„just in time production‟‟ and „„just in time
delivery‟‟, which improves their competitiveness globally.
Electronic commerce is an exciting area for research, because of its relative novelty and
exploding growth. Here it presents a comprehensive review, classifies the literature of Electronic
commerce research. The scheme used to represents the view of the electronic commerce
literature that point out the salient features of the area that will serve as a roadmap of electronic
commerce for both academics and practitioners.
Electronic commerce is an exciting area for research, because of its relative novelty and
exploding growth. Here it presents a comprehensive review, classifies the literature of Electronic
commerce research. The scheme used to represents the view of the electronic commerce
literature that point out the salient features of the area that will serve as a roadmap of electronic
commerce for both academics and practitioners.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of the available literature shows that there is a paucity of writings focusing on the
problems in implementing ecommerce solutions in business organization in India
Abd Mukti (2001)
The researcher categorized possible barriers into three main subgroups: financial, legal,
and market access. APEC conversely looked at barriers such as: basic infrastructure/technology,
current Internet usage, skills, government policies and regulations.
Ahuja (1997)
He analyzed about fraud involves an attacker gaining unauthorized access to steal money
or resources. This paper will focus on fraud and breach of confidentiality as the two topics are
closely related to authentication procedures.
Begin and Boisvert (2002)
The authors have analyzed strategic factors that influence e-commerce implementation
in Canada. They did a micro level study to identify these factors. In their study focus was to
identify the developments within the organization that were influencing ecommerce
implementation. External environment was completely ignored.
Cohen et al. (1996)

The author noted that possible barriers in E-commerce arise partly because: 1) E-
commerce is conducted across national boundaries; 2) E-commerce is relatively new; 3) lack of
legal precedence. Those problems should be overcome before the implementation of E-
commerce.
Choi et al (1997),
The researchers draw a distinction between what they term pure Ecommerce and partial E-
commerce. According to Choi et al, „pure E-commerce‟ has a digital product, a digital process
and a digital agent. All other interactions (including those that might have one or two of the three
nominated by Choi et al) are termed „partial E-commerce‟.
Cockburn et al. (2005)
They in their research reported several problems in facing the expansion of E-commerce e.g.
security, payment issues, Internet access, and technical.
Jean Talbot, professor at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (2001)
The researchers have analyzed “ecommerce means using internet technologies for processes
affecting clients and suppliers, in other words, processes outside the business. E-business
involves both external and internal processes,”
Teo, Chan, and Parker (2004)
The researchers have done a Meta analysis of literature related to factors affecting
adoption of e-commerce specifically in small and medium enterprises. Existing literature shows
that it was among the first few meta analysis of the factors affecting the implementation of e-
commerce. However, their study concentrated on identifying specific factors and in the process
ignored the holistic view of the problem.
Radovilsky and Hegde (2004) and Zhu (2004)
The researchers study was related to North America and it emphasized on the
technological competence of the firm in the diffusion of e-commerce. It failed to identify the
apparent and latent social, cultural other demographic obstacles in the implementation of e-
commerce solution.
Oreku, Mtenzi and Ali (2011)
Their paper has identified the important factors in implementation of electronic
commerce however the study has been carried out in East Africa which has a very different
cultural environment as compared to GCC. Most of the researches in this field suggest that
factors such as culture, economic condition, consumer behavior, purchasing power parity have
direct bearing on the implementation of ecommerce. As there is substantial difference between
east Africa and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on economic, social and cultural parameters, hence its
findings may not be applicable in this part of the world..
Tornatsky and Fleischer’s (1990)
The researcher‟s theory comprises two important foundations: stages in E-commerce and
factors of the adoption and implementation of E-commerce in SMEs. According to Jennex and

Lertwongsatien, who used Tornatsky and Fleischer‟s model, the reliability of these foundations
will directly impact the ability of SMEs to implement E-commerce.
Teo at al. (2004)
They throw light on lack of top management support, lack of IT integration,
interoperability between E-commerce applications and those of business partners, lack of
adaptation of business processes.
He explained that cultural acceptance of E-commerce will take much longer time and
require major transformations within SMEs. Several studies also concluded that E-commerce
implementation will not reach to full potential if SMEs‟ culture value cannot adapt to the
changes in processes caused by E-commerce.
IMPORTANT TERMS/ OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
E-Commerce: Electronic Commerce is the sale and procurement of supplies and services using
information systems technology
ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE: (EDI) is the electronic interchange of business

information using a standardized format; a process which allows one company to send
information to another company electronically rather than with paper. Business entities
conducting business electronically are called trading partners.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is business process management software that allows an
organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage the business and automate
many back office functions related to technology, services and human resources.
Search engine optimization: It is the process of maximizing the number of visitors to a
particular website by ensuring that the site appears high on the list of results returned by a search
engine.
CYBER CRIME
Cybercrime is a fast-growing area of crime. More and more criminals are exploiting the speed,
convenience and anonymity of the Internet to commit a diverse range of criminal activities that
know no borders, either physical or virtual, cause serious harm and pose very real threats to
victims worldwide.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
India is showing tremendous growth in the Ecommerce. Rival tradeindia.com has 700,000
registered buyers and it has the growth rate of 35% every year. Undoubtedly, with the middle
class of 288 million people, online shopping shows unlimited potential in India. The real estate

costs are touching the sky. The travel portal MakeMyTrip.com has attained Rs 1000 crores of
turnovers which are around 20% of total e-commerce market in India. Further an annual growth
of 65% has been anticipated annually in the travel portals alone. So this study will help to know
the present conditions of satisfaction levels and whether any steps have to be taken to revise the
system prevailing in the e-commerce sectors.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The following objectives were identified during the study to

1. Know the various Advertising or marketing procedure.
2. Study the fundamental factors of buying online
3. Examine about constrains of e-commerce boom in India.
4. Analyze about the security, cyber crimes and payment fraud happening in the e-commerce
sectors.
5. Analyze the usability of Search Engine Optimization
HYPOTHESIS
Chi-square test was done to test the relationship between

 Types of process breakdown failure incurred in the organization is independent or associated
with the type of industry
 Implementation challenges of e-commerce in India is independent or associated with the
company‟s main product line
 Customer‟s satisfaction on the basis of product or services is independent or associated with
the reasons to buy online
RESEARCH DESIGN:
RESEARCH METHOD: Exploratory research method is used for the study.
POPULATION
E-commerce companies in India offers the most tangible and finest e-commerce solutions,
provide high end e-commerce solution taking utmost care of the privacy and security of the e-
commerce website. So the population is based on top listed 110 e-commerce companies in India.
SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size for the study is 50 different e-commerce portals and minimum of 103 samples
has been collected from the customers and employees.
TYPES OF SAMPLES
For this study convenience sampling has been used. As selected sources is viable enough to
provide the fundamental and technical analysis.
TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION
PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION: Primary data were collected from a sample of 103
respondents, chosen by convenience sampling method. In order to collect the necessary data,
online questionnaire was conducted personally to the respondents. The questionnaire included 19
variables which determined the problems and prospects of e commerce in India.
SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION: Collected from magazines, newspapers, Journals,

reports and from various websites.
ANALYSIS
The information collected from various source has been edited analyzed and tabulated using
percentage and ranked method. The tabulation data has been represented using graphs like bar
diagram, pie chart etc. Inference and interpretations can be made on the basis of analyzed data.
In simple tabulation, a single parameter is considered using one way or univariate tables. The
questions are predetermined and consist of counting the number of responses falling into a
particular category and calculate the percentage.
This study analyzed 103 responses. All the respondents were employee of major e-
commerce sectors; appropriate frequency tables and graphs were inserted for clear illustration.
The analysis was conducted in order to identify the factors that influence consumer usage of the
Internet. The ultimate aim of the study was to gain a better understanding of factors that
influence the problems and prospects of Indian E-commerce sectors. The data was analyzed in
accordance with the research objectives.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TABLE 1 IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES OF E-COMMERCE IN INDIA

SL No Parameters Response Percentage
1 Low consumer awareness level 13 12.62

2 Government policies 21 20.38
3 Infrastructure shortage 13 12.62
4 Lack of trust 7 6.8
5 Security concerns 31 30.1
6 Slow penetration of internet 18 17.48
Total 103 100
Source: Field Survey
INTERPRETATION:
From the study it can be easily observed that people are more security concerned for going
online business transaction. Online payment and personal information pulls them back for going
online.
TABLE 2 SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION IN WEBPAGE
SL.NO Parameters Response Percentage
1 No 17 83.49
2 Yes 86 15.51
Total 103 100
INTERPRETATION: SEO is the process of improving the organic ranking of a website with
leading search engines. Professional SEO firms help to improve search engine rankings for their
clients by modifying their websites to better reflect what search engines are looking for.
TABLE 3 PROCESS BREAKDOWN FAILURE IN THE ORGANIZATION

1 Database server failure 16 15.56
Software up gradation
2 17 16.5
failed
3 Web server failure 14 13.59
4 Network failure 25 24.27
5 Human handling 10 9.7
6 Process failure 11 10.68
7 System security failure 10 9.7
Total 103 100

INTERPRETATION: Network failure is highest in the industry, which is of 24.27%, web
server failure is 13.59%, where software up gradation is of 16.5%, Database server failure
consists of 15.56% where Human handling and process failure is of 9.7 and 10.68% respectively.
System security failed of 9.7%.
TABLE 4 ERP SOFTWARE USED IN THE ORGANISATION

1 Great Plains Dynamics eEnterprise 7 6.79
2 Infor Syteline 7 6.79
3 No ERP users 14 13.5
4 JD Edwards 9 8.37
5 Oracle Applications 10 9.7
6 PeopleSoft 19 18.44
7 QAD 10 9.7
8 SAP 27 26.71
Total 103 100
INTERPRETATION: Most of the companies are using SAP which is of 26.71, and people soft
is used by 18.44 %. 9.7% uses QAD and Oracle application. Where JD Edwards has of 8.37 %
users and Infor Syteline and Great Plains have the least of 6.79%
TABLE 5 ONLINE ORDERING REASONS

1 Cheaper products online 0 0
2 It saves time by buying online 18 17.45
3 Can be ordered at any time of the day/week 14 13.59
4 Certain products can be find only in online 0 0
5 There are more choices only in online 24 23.3
6 Products are delivered to a convenient place 5 4.85
7 Product reviews by other consumers can be found 28 27.18
8 More information can be find online 10 9.7
9 People don‟t like going to shops 4 3.88
10 Better quality products online 0 0
11 Can return products easily 0 0

12 Others 0 0
INTERPRETATION: 27.18% of the respondents have given the feedback that they have
product reviews by other consumers. 23.3% could find more choices online.
TABLE 6 ADVERTISING OR MARKETING PROCEDURE USED BY THE WEBSITE

1 Social Networks 27 26.12
2 Ad Cast 9 8.7
3 Ad Sense 9 8.7
4 Pay-Per-Click (PPC) And Pay-Per-Impression 13 12.6
5 Ad Words 8 7.8
6 Search Engines 37 35.9
Total 103 100
INTERPRETATION: Search engines have become the main priority for advertising, which is
of 35.9%. Social networking added 26.12%, where Google ad sense, ad cast and ad words has
got 8.7, 8.7 and 7.8 responses respectively.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
HYPOTHESIS 1. “Types of process breakdown failure incurred in the organization is
independent or associated with the type of industry”
H0: Types of process breakdown failure incurred in your organization is independent of the type
of industry
Ha: Types of process breakdown failure incurred in your organization is associated with the type
of industry
SPSS TABLE
CASE PROCESSING SUMMARY
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Has there ever been a component failure at your
103 100.0% 0 0.0% 103 100.0%
organization ? Categorize your organization?
Count
Categorize your organization Total

B2B B2C C2C

0 1 0 1
Database Server failure 2 13 0 15
Human handling 4 6 0 10
Has there ever been a Network failure 1 17 7 25
component failure at Process failure 5 6 0 11
your organization? Software up-gradation 0 14 3 17
failure
System security failure 0 7 3 10
Web server failure 0 11 3 14
Total 12 75 16 103
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 35.424a 14 .001
Likelihood Ratio 38.390 14 .000
N of Valid Cases 103
a. 17 cells (70.8%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .12.
INTERPRETATION
Pearson Chi-Square value is 35.424. So, Pearson Chi-Square value=35.424>Table value or P=
23.68, Hence, the hypothesis Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. So, types of process breakdown
failure incurred in the organization is associated with the type of industry
Hypothesis 2. “Implementation challenges of e-commerce in India is independent or associated

with the company‟s main product line”
H0: Implementation challenges of e-commerce in India is independent of the company‟s main
product line
Ha: Implementation challenges of e-commerce in India is associated with the company‟s main
product line
SPSS Table
Cases
Valid Missing Total

What are the challenges to the implementation of 103 100.0% 0 0.0% 103 100.0%
ecommerce?
Which of the following best describes your
company‟s main products?
CROSS TABULATION
COUNT
What are the challenges to the implementation of e-commerce
Consumer
Securit Slow
s‟ Lac Tota
Governme Infrastructur y penetratio
awareness k of l
nt policies e shortage concern n of
level is trust
s internet
low
Which of Business
the applicatio 5 0 0 7 1 0 13
following n
best
describes
Consumer
your
applicatio 8 21 13 0 30 18 90
company‟s
n
main
product?
13 21 13 7 31 18 103
Total
Chi-Square Tests
Pearson
Chi- 66.325a 5 .000
Square
Likelihoo
51.941 5 .000
d Ratio
N of
Valid 103
Cases
a. 6 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is.88.

INTERPRETATION
Pearson Chi-Square value is 66.325. So, Pearson Chi-Square value=66.325>Table value or P=
11.07, Hence, the hypothesis Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. So, implementation challenges of
e-commerce in India are associated with the company‟s main product line.
Hypothesis 3. “Customer‟s satisfaction on the basis of product or services is independent or

associated with the reasons to buy online”
H0: Customer‟s satisfaction on the basis of product or services is independent of the reasons to
buy online
Ha: Customer‟s satisfaction on the basis of product or services is associated with the reasons to
buy online
SPSS TABLE
Cases
Valid Missing Total
According to you what are the reasons to buy 103 100.0% 0 0.0% 103 100.0%
online?
Rate your customers satisfaction for the Product or
Services
CROSS TABULATION
COUNT
According to you what are the reasons to buy online Tota
Can be It More Peopl Product Products l
ordered saves informatio e reviews are
at any time n can be don‟t by other delivered
time of by find online like consumer to a
the buyin going s can be convenien
day/wee g to found t place
k online shops
Rate your Extremel 2 1 1 0 1 0 5
customers y satisfied
satisfactio Satisfied 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
n for the 12 17 33 4 26 5 97
Product or Very
Services satisfied

14 18 34 4 28 5 103
Total
CHI-SQUARE TESTS
Pearson Chi-Square 6.224a 10 .796
Likelihood Ratio 5.753 10 .836
N of Valid Cases 103
a. 14 cells (77.8%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count .04.
INTERPRETATION
Pearson Chi-Square value is 6.224. So, Pearson Chi-Square value=6.224<Table value or P=

18.31, Hence, the hypothesis H0 is accepted and Ha is rejected. So, Customer‟s satisfaction on
the basis of product or services is independent of the reasons to buy online.
FINDINGS
1. As the information technology industry moves towards the creation of an open, competitive
Electronic Marketplace, it must provide an infrastructure that supports the seamless location,
transfer, and integration of business information in a secure and reliable manner. This
Marketplace will be used by all application domains to procure commodities and order
supplies
2. Whenever a query is entered in a search engine and hit 'enter' a list of web results comes that
contain that query term. Users normally tend to visit websites that are at the top of this list as
they perceive those to be more relevant to the query.
3. The breakdown failure consists of many other types of failure which was not included in the
options. Network failure, web server and database error is foremost where human handling is
least.
4. The Internet allows companies to gain better control over their inventories by automating
processes, providing timely and accurate data to partners, suppliers, and purchasing, and by
enabling electronic communication between key people in the process. By using the
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software‟s, it can be maintained properly.
5. By automating and tightening much of the purchasing process via electronic transactions,
companies save time and money on previously lengthy procedures subject to human error. In
addition, they can take better advantage of volume discounts and open up their bidding

processes to both small and large suppliers in order to foster competition and drive down
prices.
6. Search advertising is expected to remain popular, because results are measurable and
therefore, more predictable than other media. This also makes the market more resilient in
recessionary conditions, since advertisers are more confident about the results of their
spending.
CONCLUSION
E-Commerce has set free yet another revolution, which is altering the way businesses buy and
sell products and services. E-Commerce is the prospect of shopping. Thus, is would be suitable
to quote “The future is here. It‟s just not extensively distributed yet”- William Gibson. With the
exploitation of 3G and 4G wireless communication technologies, the Internet economy will
persist to grow vigorously. These technologies will bear out to be a catalyst in the expansion of
E-commerce and internet users would buy more products and buy more regularly online.
Traditional transactions can offer more richness in stipulations of face-to-face service including
visual and auditory cues. However, traditional transactions are partial in terms of how many
populaces can be reached at a single time. Online transactions, which can be universal in reach,
can provide content that is both composite and rich, overcoming the customary trade-off between
reach and richness. The most vital concerns which are also reflected in the problems encountered
by consumers speak about to the delivery of the products purchased online. Long delivery times
are the problem most mentioned by online shoppers who experienced problems while shopping
online.
E-commerce and other information and communication technologies diminish the importance of
time as a factor that utters the structure of economic and social activity. It both lifts the potential
of saving time as consumers shop more proficiently, but also could reduce spare time as the
technology provides a continuous electronic link to work. Regardless, many find that the stress to
perform tasks quickly is increasing.
IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
As the major thrust area of this study is statistical analysis of problems in e-commerce
implementation at the macro level. This study is more horizontal in terms of topical dimension.
Hence it highly appropriate if in future and in depth study is carried out to do more precise micro
level analysis on case to case basis. Another important area in which future research is needed, is
to find out whether some of the problems identified here has any significant relation with the
other parameters viz. size of the firm or business nature of the firm. A substantial research effort

is needed to examine the differences in problems in implementation of e-commerce by start-up
firms and large multinational firms.
REFERENCES
1. Aldridge, A., Forcht, K. & Pierson, J, (1997), Security considerations of doing business via
the Internet: cautions to be considered, Internet Research 7 (1), pp. 9–15.
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the Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 7(3), pp, 161-169.
3. B. Sharp, (1998) Creating an e-commerce architecture, Unix Review 47 (2), pp. 45–51.
4. Bajari, P. & Hortacsu, A. (2003), Winner‟s Curse, Reserve Prices and Endogenous Entry:
Empirical Insights from eBay", RAND Journal of Economics, 34 (2), pp. 329-355.
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360.
6. Forrester Research as the “Research Partner” for ASSOCHAM‟s 2nd National Conference
on e-Commerce, 2012
7. H. Barki, S. Rivard, J. Talbot, (1993), A keyword classification scheme for IS research
literature: an update, MIS Quarterly 17 (2), pp. 226–309.
8. J. Andreoli, F. Pacull, R. Pareschi, (1997), XPECT: a framework for electronic commerce,
IEEE Internet Computing 1 (4), pp. 40–48.
9. J.H. Nord, G.D. Nord, (1995), MIS research: journal status and analysis, Information &
Management 29 (1), pp. 29– 42.
10. L.M. Applegate, C.W. Holsapple, R. Kalakota, F.J. Radermacher, A.B. Whinston, (1996),
Electronic commerce: building blocks of new business opportunity, Journal of
Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce 6 (1), pp. 1–10.
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Information Management & Computer Security 7 (4), pp. 176–178

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00074.4
A STUDY ON EMPLOYEES WORK MOTIVATION AND ITS

EFFECTS OF PERFORMANCE
A.SUNITHA *
*Assistant Professor,
Chaitanya PG College, Hanamkonda
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or needs that
activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive. Motivation can be traced to the
Latin word movere, which means “to move”. Thus the key to understanding the process of
motivation lies in the meaning of and relationships among, needs, drives and incentives.The
organizational effectiveness depends on the performance and excellence of their employees. The
employees maybe inexperienced or lacking in some of the skills knowledge required to perform
the given task or even organizational culture demands the flexibility of attitude and awareness of
the job. . Motivation is the inner power or energy that pushes one toward performing a certain
action. Motivation has much to do with desire and ambition, and if they are absent, motivation is
absent too.Often, a person has the desire and ambition to get something done or achieve a
certain goal, but lacks the push, the initiative and the willingness to take action. This shows a
lack of motivation and inner drive.Motivation strengthens the ambition, increases initiative and
gives direction, courage, energy and the persistence to follow one's goals. Motivated people
takes action and do whatever it needs to achieve his/her goals. Developmental programs are
being conducted in additional, behavior and self-development areas, for the white-collar
employees. The significant finding revealed that more than half of the participants indicated that
they are able to address their thoughts and opinions during meetings.According to almost three-
fourths of the participants of the study (74%), specifications regarding their work duties and
responsibilities are explained to them by the management, while the remaining one-third is not
sure.Majority of the respondents indicated that they consult their superior regarding matters that
concern their job.
KEYWORDS: Employee Relation ,recruitment, man power planning, efficiency, appraisal

training programs, employees motivation, organization environment.
______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
motivation lies in the meaning of and relationships among, needs, drives and incentives.In order
to study the Employee Motivation concepts that are being NTPC a sample of 300 employees has
been selected randomly from various departments. The required data has been obtained through
Survey of Questionnaire, informal interviews and presented here in the form of Graphs and
Tables.The quantitative research approach is used in conducting descriptive and exploratory
study in order to quantify data that seem immeasurable, such as feelings, beliefs, and thoughts.
This permits a flexible and iterative approach of analyzing and statistically manipulating the
collected information.
Various conclusions had been drawn regarding the Employee Motivation at NTPC And a few
suggestions were also recommended to make the tool to be implemented in the better way.
Motivation is the inner power or energy that pushes one toward performing a certain action.
Motivation has much to do with desire and ambition, and if they are absent, motivation is absent
too.
Often, a person has the desire and ambition to get something done or achieve a certain goal, but
lacks the push, the initiative and the willingness to take action. This shows a lack of motivation
and inner drive.
Motivation strengthens the ambition, increases initiative and gives direction, courage, energy and
the persistence to follow one's goals. Motivated people takes action and do whatever it needs to
achieve his/her goals.
Motivation is usually strong, when one has a vision, a clear mental image of a certain situation or
achievement, and also a strong desire to materialize it. In this case motivation pushes one
forward, toward taking action and making the vision a reality.
Actually, motivation is one of the most important keys to success. Lack of motivation either does
not bring results or brings only mediocre results, whereas motivation brings faster, better and

bigger results. Compare a student who lacks motivation and who hardly studies, to a student who
is highly motivated, and who devotes many hours to his studies. They will get absolutely
different grades.
Lack of motivation shows lack of enthusiasm, zest and ambition, whereas the possession of
motivation makes one full of life, and willing to do whatever it takes to achieve what one sets out
to do. A motivated person is a happier person, more energetic, and sees the positive end result in
his/her mind.
What can you do to enhance your motivation and awaken the power that will push you toward
accomplishing your dreams, small and big
MOTIVATION:
motivation lies in the meaning of and relationships among, needs, drives and incentives.
According to Geen, motivation refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of
human behavior.
NEEDS DRIVES INCENTIVES
The basic motivation processIn a system sense, motivation consists of three interacting and
interdependent elements:
 Needs: These are action oriented and provide an energizing thrust towards goal
accomplishment. Needs are created whenever there is physiological or psychological
imbalance. Although psychological needs may be based on deficiency, sometimes they are
not.
 Drives or Motives: These are set to alleviate needs. A physiological drive can be simply
defines as a deficiency with direction. Physiological and psychological drives are action
oriented and provide an energizing thrust toward reaching an incentive. They are at the very
heart of the motivational process.
 Incentives: At the end of motivation is the incentive, defined as anything that will alleviate a
need and reduce a drive. Thus attaining an incentive will tend to restore physiological and
psychological balance and will reduce or cut off the drive.
THE ROLE OF MOTIVATION

Why do we need motivated employees? The answer is survival. Motivated employees are needed
in our rapidly changing workplaces. Motivated employees help organizations survive. Motivated
employees are more productive. To be effective, managers need to understand what motivates
employees within the context of the roles they perform. Of all the functions a manager performs,
motivating employees is arguably the most complex. This is due, in part, to the fact that what
motivates employee‟s changes constantly. For example, research suggests that as employees'
income increases, money becomes less of a motivator. Also, as employees get older, interesting
work becomes more of a motivator.
MOTIVATORS
What we really want to accomplish is self motivation, when people do things for their own
reasons. When people accept responsibility, every thing improves quality, productivity,
relationships and team work.
A few steps to motivate others:
 Give recognition
 Give respect
 Make work interesting
 Be a good listener
 Encourage goal setting
 Provide opportunities for growth
 Provide training
 Throw a challenge
MOTIVATION THEORIES
Theories can be classified into two broad categories – Early theories and Contemporary theories.
Early theories include:
Scientific Management
i) Human Relations Model.
CONTEMPORARY THEORIES ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO:
i) Content
ii) Process
SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 In order to study the Employee Motivation concepts that are being used at NTPC a
sample of 300 employees has been selected randomly from the core departments of of
NTPC ramagundam
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
 To find out the significance and impact of employee motivation through the NTPC.
 To know the development activities and performance of employees of NTPC.
RESEARCH METHOD:
The survey method was used to be able to come up with descriptions of the variables that are
related to the topic of the study. Any research study requires necessary informationrelating to the
objectives specified in the study. In the study primary sources and secondary sources of data are
being used in collecting the information.
 Research Methodology : Survey method

 Research Instrument : Questionnaire
 Contact Method : Personal Interview (Informal)
RESEARCH DESIGN:
 The research design for this study employed a descriptive survey method.
 The quantitative research approach was utilized to achieve the exploratory and the
descriptive objectives of the study which highlighted the employee‟s beliefs and perceptions
with regard to employee motivation in NTPCRamagundam.
 The target people of this study included employees at the NTPC Ramagundam
 The quantitative research approach is used in conducting descriptive and exploratory study in
order to quantify data that seem immeasurable, such as feelings, beliefs, and thoughts. This
permits a flexible and iterative approach of analyzing and statistically manipulating the
collected information.
SAMPLE DESIGN:
 The Simple random sampling was followed, which is of the types of probability
sampling.
PENSATION AND BENEFITS,
ABOUT NTPC

National thermal power corporation popularity known as NTPC was formed on 7 November
1975 as central electrics Generating Company of bridging the gap. NTPC the NAVARATNA
power giart today generates one fourth of the total power in the country & it is ranked 9 largest
Thermal powers Generating utilizes in the world. NTPC is the 3 most efficient in capacity
Utilization among the thermal generating companies according to a survey in capacity Utilization
among the thermal generating companies according to a survey constructed by MARKET LINE,
UK.NTPC has earned its prime status by setting of a total generating capacity of 19435 MW
through its coal & gas based power plant spread all over the country.
National thermal power corporation has been the power behind India‟s sustainable power
development since November 1975. Contributing 26% of the country‟s entire power generating,
NTPC today lights up every fourth bulb in the country. With ambitious growth plans to become a
56,000 MW power company by 2017, NTPC – the largest power utility of India has already
diversified into hydro sector. Further initiatives for greater organizational transformation have
been approved under “PROJECT DISHA”
Singrauli (UP) 2000 Auraiya (UP) 652
Korba (MP) 2100 Gandhar (GUJ) 648
Ramagundam (AP) 2600 Kayamkulam 400
Farakka (WB) 1600 Kawas (GUJ) 645
Vidhychal (MP) 2260 Anta (RAJ) 413
Rihand (UP) 1000
Kahalgoaqn (BIH) 840
TalcherKaniha 1000
Dadri (UP) 1657
Badarpur 705
UNchahar (UP) 804
Thatcher TPS 406

(ORI)
Total 16972 2758

INITIATIVES IN PROGRESS:
 Employee involvement programs

 Quality circles
 Five "s"
 Suggestion scheme
 Systems and process improvement
 Benchmarking and best practices
 [SO 9000/14001
 OHSAS-1800]
 Knowledge management(learning and sharing)
 Professional circles
 TQM Intranet site.
 BENCHMARKING
INITIATIVES IN NTPC:
Formation of TQM Steering Council at the Corporate Level and Steering Committees level to
review progress.Benchmarking an agenda item in MCM.Benchmarking part of internal MOU.
Several training programmers conducted on the technique of benchmarking across the
organization. NTPC team consisting of two senior level executives from each power station
visited TISCO in April, 2001 to participate in a workshop on Benchmarking where their Senior
Management discussed on how they carried out the Best Practice. Benchmarking in their
organization, Training module on Benchmarking incorporated in PMI annual training calendar
Benchmarking made part of the Management programme at PMI for senior level executive.
Benchmarking part of MOU for 2002-2003 between NTPC and MOP/GOI Model Benchmarking
projects being facilitated by the TQM group in the area of Maintenance Management, Materials
Management and HR with the participation of Stations, Corp. OS, Materials, and HR. The
processes selected are:
 Purchase Indent to Purchase Order Process

 Condition Monitoring Process
 Rewards & Recognition Process
 Communication Process
Benchmarking Meet on Reorganization & Rewards organized recently at PMI with the
participation of Modi Xerox. BSNL, HCL, Infosys, Tata Projects, Bausch & Lomb, NIIT and
others.
SUCCESS FACTORS:

Success Factors For Best Practice Benchmarking:
 Top Management Support and guidance

 Aligning benchmarking with the vision and mission of the organization
 Thorough process mapping and documentation of one's own practices
 Committed Benchmarking team with creative and innovative thinking.
QUALITY CIRCLES
Quality Circle is a small group of employees, roughly 6 to 8 in number. Doing similar type
of work, 'who voluntarily sit together at regular intervals of identify, analyzes and creates
innovative solutions to work related problems, Quality Circles have had Origin in Japan, based
on work done by
Dr. Deming, Dr.Jurall and Dr. Ishikawa.
Quality Circles are an ideal intervention for Human Resource development at the gross root
levels. It establishes a close relationship between workers and productivity.
Quality Circles aim of self- actualization of QC members. This is quite evident
as the initiative enhances their team spirit, creativity. Confidence and presentation skills.
QUALITY CIRCLES IN NTPC:
Quality Circles movement in NTPC was revived in the year 1997-98 when NTPC had only 78
circles with 624 members. Continuous encouragement provided at all levels of management has
resulted information of more than 850 Quality Circles with around 7000 members till April.
2002. NTPC has targeted to achieve 80% membership of its workers and supervisors in the QC
movement. Success of Quality Circles in NTPC can be attributed to implementing an effective
support structure involving dedicated efforts of a large number of Facilitators and Coordinators.
Significant awards received by Quality Circles:
Our Quality Circles have been encouraged to participate in every Regional and
National level competition organized by reputed institutions like QCFI, CII etc. They have won
laurels and bagged a number of awards. Our QC Motivational Scheme provides enough
recognition and rewards including opportunities for participation in QC events conducted abroad
and visit to reputed industrial organizations within the country.
IN-HOUSE QC CONTESTS & CONVENTIONS:

NTPC has an elaborate three-tier system of QC Contests organized periodically. at project level
and annually at Regional and Company levels. At each of the first two levels, 6 teams are
selected to be eligible for next level of competition based on their
PERFORMANCE.
The Annual NTPC Convention of Quality Circles is the finale of all contests and is organized
with lot of fanfare at one of the projects. QC team getting the 'First Position' award becomes
eligible to participate in an International QC Convention Abroad. So far, these annual
conventions have been organized at Korba, Singrauli, Farrakhan and Ramagundam. These
annual NTPC QC Conventions have given the desired impetus to the QC movement because
they have been attended by CMD himself.
RESULTS ON QUALITY CIRCLES PRESENTATIONS:
In all there were 5 technical sessions of 90 minutes to 120 minutes duration. In which invited
Quality Circle teams made their presentations of Case Studies using Multimedia audio visual
aids and models. Each presentation was for 12 minutes followed by questions from judges. All
the Quality, Circle members were given participation mementos and merit certificates for their
contribution.
Table 1
1) How frequently the development activities taken by the company?

S.No. PERFORMANCE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 Once in a month 78 26
2 Half yearly 60 20
3 Yearly 83 27.6
4 Not responding 79 26.3
Total 300 100
INTERPRETATION:From the above analysis it has been observed that 300 of the respondents
say that development activities taken by the company is yearly, 27.6% of the respondents feel
that development activities taken by the company is half yearly, 20% of respondents feel that

development activities taken by the company is monthly remaining 26.3% of respondents have
not responde
Table 2
2) Do you agree that there is supervisor's active involvement in your career development?
1 Frequently 60 20
2 Occationally 79 26.3
3 Regularly 83 27.6
4 Not responding 78 26
Total 300 100
INTERPRETATION:From the above analysis it has been observed that 300% of the
respondents say that occasionally attending the training classes, 27.6% of the respondents feel
that regularly attending the training classes, 20% of respondents feel that frequently attending
the training classes and remaining 26% of respondents are not responding.
Table 3
3 ) The organization future plans are made known to the managerial staff to help them develop
their juniors and prepare them for future?
1 Almost always true 52 17.4
2 Most true 64 21.4
3 Sometime true 48 16
4 Rarely true 50 16.7
5 Not at all true 46 15.4

TOTAL 300 100
INTERPRETATION:From the above analysis it has been observed that 300of the respondents
says that is most true, 16% of the respondents feels that it is sometimes true, 16.7% of
respondents feels that rarely true and remaining 15.4% of respondents say not at all true
Table-3
3) The Fringe benefits (Safety & Health, Housing, Employee security) provided to the
employees makes you feel satisfied?
Sl. No Particulars No. of Responses( n ) % of Percentage
1. Yes 180 73%
2. No 120 27%
DATA INTERPRETATION: From the above table depicts that 55 out of 73% of yes and
27% of No.
Table -4
4) ) Do you agree that you have the support and authority to make the decisions necessary for
accomplishing assigned task?
1 Almost always true 64 21.4
2 Most true 46 15.4
3 Sometime true 50 16.7
4 Rarely true 48 16
5 Not at all true 52 17.4

Total 300 100
INTERPRETATION:From the above analysis it has been observed that 300 of the respondents
says that implementing the skills acquired through the training is almost always true, 21.4% of
the respondents feel that implementing the skills acquired through the training is most true,
15.4% of respondents feel that sometimes true, 16.7% of respondents say that implementing the
skills acquired through the training is rarely true, and remaining 17.4% of respondents say not at
all true.
CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
PRESENTATION OF THE FINDINGS
The Organization offered monetary benefits and non monetary benefits:
 Free Yoga classes for employees after office timings. This indicates that management is
concerned with the employee‟s health and welfare.
 Organization has given Rs.300 as allowance on telephone bill.
 Family Benefits: Employees can make phone calls to one phone number with free of cost.
 The Organisation gives awards, festive advance, vehicle advance, marriage advance,
medical allowances for the welfare on employee family.
 Decision making:The significant finding revealed that more than half of the participants
indicated that they are able to address their thoughts and opinions during meetings.
 Communication aspect in employee motivation:According to almost three-fourths of the
participants of the study (74%), specifications regarding their work duties and responsibilities
are explained to them by the management, while the remaining one-third is not sure.
 Performance Appraisal: The findings of the study focusing on the performance appraisal
aspect of employee motivation revealed that the most of the employees are appraised by their
superior when it comes to the progress of their work.
 Demographic characteristics of the respondents(Age):In terms of age, almost three-fourths of
the total number (85%) of respondents comprises the adult group categorization (30 – 59 yrs.
old) while the age of the remaining participants compose the employees who are above 20
years old (15%). It could be inferred that most of the employees of NTPC are people in their
mid-life who have already established their careers and are probably earning for the daily
needs of their families.
 Sex: The data also indicated that more than three fourth of the respondents (74%) are male
while the remaining participants in the research activity are female (26%). It could be

inferred that the job nature in NTPC Ramagundam.provides career opportunities to male
people.
 Recognition and Contribution:The participants gave good feedback on duties and
responsibilities and indicated that they have recogniti
SUGGESTIONS
 It is felt from the study that if there is efficient communication between and among superiors
and subordinates as well as among colleagues leads to better workplace environment.
 The compensation schemes and benefit plans that Organisation provides must enhance the
loyalty and productiveness of workforces.
 In terms of leadership among superiors, evaluation of the employees indicated that power and
hierarchal distinctions can be set so that there will be efficient interaction between the heads
and followers within the organization.
 The management can be able to foster workplace setting which upholds team effort and
recognizes individual contribution of the employees to enhance healthy working competition
among the members of the organization.
 The new concepts can be added to the existing motivational concepts in the Organisation so
that the employees can be motivated to achieve their personnel as well as organizational
objectives and goals.
REFERENCES:
BOOKS:
 Aswathappa.k:- Human Resource Management – Tata Mc Graw-Hill publications (Fourth

Edition) 2005
 Fred Luthans:- Organization Behviour – Tata McGraw-Hill publications (TentthEdition)
 Seema Sanghi:- Organizational Behaviour - Pearson‟s Education publications.
 Stephen P.Robbins:- Essential of HRM & IR Himalya Publishers house,Delhi – 1999.
 Subba Rao:- Personnel and HRM Himalya Publishers house,Delthi – 2002.
WEB RESOURCES:
 www.mcrbms.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivationphttp://humanresources.about.com
 www.ssrn.com

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00075.6
DETECTING CAUSALITY BETWEEN NET FDI INFLOWS

AND GDP IN INDIA
Divya Aggarwal *
*FPM Scholar
(Fellow programme in Management) in Finance,
Jharkhand.
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This paper empirically examines the association and causality between GDP (Gross Domestic
Product) and FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) net inflow in the Indian economy from 1979 to
2015. A variety of econometric toolsfor stationarity tests are employed including serial
correlation, unit root tests of ADF, KPSS, and PP along with Zivot Andrews to test for any
structural change in the series. To examine the existence of association, residual and system
based cointegration tests are applied. For assessing the long and short run causality, vector
error correction mechanism and granger causality tests are used. The results show that there is
long run association between net FDI inflow and GDP. There also exists long run causality
between them, however, in the short run GDP causes net FDI inflow and not vice versa. The
presence of long run causation is empirically more sound for GDP led FDI instead of FDI led
GDP. However, both GDP and FDI do not granger cause each other, they are not mutually
reinforcing. The results have significant implications for policy development. The impact of FDI
on GDP still needs to reach a consensus opinion to state whether there is more than association
between the two.
KEYWORDS: Cointegration, FDI, GDP, Granger Causality.

______________________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION

This paper examines the relation between GDP (Gross domestic product) and foreign direct
investment (FDI, net inflows) over the time frame of 1979-2015. It aims to analyze the empirical
issues and time series properties of the data to understand the stability and cointegration in their
relation. It tests whether there is FDI led growth, growth led FDI or a bivariate relation among
the two variables. It also examinesthe long run association and causality between them.
The relation between FDI and economic growth can help in forming development strategies. If
FDI leads to income growth then it can be considered as an agent for growth. However, if the
relation runs in an opposite direction then it would imply that economic growth is essential to
attract FDI inflows. The objective of this paper is to examine whether FDI and GDP exhibit a
causal relationship. With presence of causality and FDI leading to economic growth, favorable
FDI policies can be developed.
This paper studies the causal relationships by using econometric tools of cointegration, error
correction mechanism (ECM) and granger causality tests. It founds that there is long run
association between GDP and FDI. Both of them move together. When tested for causality both
do not granger cause each other. In the long run both FDI and GDP have a causal relation but in
the short run it was observed that there is GDP led FDI and not the other way around. The casual
results for GDP led FDI are more statistically significant in comparison to FDI led GDP.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Post liberalization, privatization and globalization (LPG) policy in 1991, FDI has been a major
source of funds flow for the Indian economy. FDI flows are less volatile and more stable in
comparison to other foreign inflows. However the benefits of FDI are debatable as it is also
accused of leading to deteriorating balance of payments since the profits are repatriated back to
the investing company. Numerous studies have been done examining the impact of FDI on
growth of an economy. A comprehensive survey of relation between FDI and growth has been
done by De Mello (1997)(1999). Various studies have also been done to critically assess the
empirical literature on examining the relation between FDI and growth at country and firm
levels. Few of them are (Asiedu, 2002), (Balasubramanyam, 1999), (Borenztein, 1998),
(Chowdhury, 2005) and (Nair-Reichert, 2001). However a universal consensus is still to be
achieved to examine the impact of FDI on growth of an economy.
The literature examining the relation between foreign direct investment (FDI) and growth is
primarily divided into two broad categories. One category examines the role of FDI as an agent
in economic growth. The other looks at FDI flows as dependent upon market size and income
level of respective countries. Various studies have been done examining the effect of FDI,
growth and market size in context of cross country data as well(Zhang, 2001).
3. METHODOLOGY AND DATA

The data is sourced from World Banks online database WDI online (World development
indicators). The definition of the data series as defined in the database is given in Appendix.
Both the series are expressed in USD. Hence it negates the influence of exchange rate as same
exchange rates was used in the database to calculate the series. The data series are of annual

frequency and tests are carried over the time frame of 1979-2015. The wider time frame is taken
to study a long run association between GDP and net FDI inflow.
The empirical tests used to assess the relation are done in various steps using Eviews software.
The first step involves conducting the serial correlation and unit root tests of Augmented Dickey
and Fuller (ADF) (1979), (1981), Phillips Perron (PP) (1987) and Kwiatkowski, Phillips,
Schmidt and Shin (KPSS) (1992). Zivot Andrews (1992) tests are used for detecting unit roots in
presence of structural break in the data as they endogenously determine a break date in the data.
After checking for stationarity in the data, the cointegration residual based and systems based
tests are performed to check for long run association in the series. Residual based cointegration
tests of Engel Granger(1987), Phillips Ouliaris(1987) and Hansen instability test(1996) are used.
For systems based cointegration test, Johansen Juselius(1994) test is used. Along with
association the paper also studies the nature of causality between the two data series using the
conventional tests of vector error correction mechanism and granger causality.
For detailed specifications of the econometric tests, one may refer to the original papers as these
are very well standardized in literature.
4. EMPIRICAL RESULTS
4.1 DATA PROPERTIES

Figure a below shows the time series plot of the data series.
50,000 2,500,000
45,000
40,000 FDI GDP 2,000,000
35,000
30,000 1,500,000
25,000
20,000 1,000,000
15,000
10,000 500,000
5,000
- -
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Source: WDI online
NOTE: DATA IN USD MN

It shows an upward trend in GDP over the years. With FDI there seems to be an upward trend
with fluctuations around the years of financial crises.
To analyze the series the natural logarithm of the data series is taken as it gives a scale free
measure and is easier to work with (Campbell, 1997). It is calculated as below:

LNFDIt = log (FDIt) – log (FDIt-1)LNGDPt = log (GDPt) – log (GDPt-1)
The descriptive statistics of the series along with five year growth rates is given in Table 1 and
Table 2 below.
TABLE 1 - THE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:

Parameters LNFDI LNGDP
Mean 0.210846 0.072904
Median 0.266335 0.068457
Maximum 1.707296 0.266285
Minimum -2.547893 -0.172564
Std. Dev. 0.747606 0.079677
Skewness -1.208581 -0.213142
Kurtosis 6.609054 4.517980
Jarque-Bera 29.08807 3.832556
Probability 0.000000 0.147154
The standard deviation is high for LNFDI indicating volatility in inflows. With negative
skewness and high kurtosis implying heavy tails, it shows that the data series have exhibited
large downward movements instead of large upward movements. The Jarque bera test for
normality shows that LNGDP is normally distributed with p values of more than 5% (leading to
rejection of null hypothesis of no normal distribution), whereas LNFDI is not normally
distributed.
The average 5 year period FDI net inflows and growth trend are given in Table 2 below.
TABLE 2 – AVERAGE GROWTH AND TREND IN FDI AND GDP MOVEMENT:

1980-85 1986-90 1991-95 1996-00 2001-05 2006-10 2011-15
Avg FDI net
inflows ($ Mn) 62.4 182.0 803.5 2,878.2 5,343.5 30,328.3 33,345.4
FDI growth % 7.6% 19.1% 132.4% 10.2% 9.1% 8.1% 4.9%
GDP growth % 5.7% 6.6% 7.5% 4.5% 14.0% 15.8% 3.4%
FDI (% GDP) 0.03% 0.06% 0.26% 0.66% 0.84% 2.34% 1.73%
The period of 1991-95 shows a tremendous growth in FDI inflows indicating the impact of
liberalization. Overall the share of FDI as % of GDP has increased.
4.2 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

The data series are analyzed for serial correlation with 16 lags. As the p values are more than 5%
for all lags of LNFDI (except for lag 8) and LNGDP, it can be assumed that the data has no serial
correlation.
TABLE 3- SERIAL CORRELATION COEFFICIENT TESTS

LNFDI LNGDP

AC PAC Q-Stat Prob AC PAC Q-Stat Prob

1 -0.082 -0.082 0.2716 0.602 0.031 0.031 0.0378 0.846
2 -0.233 -0.242 2.5123 0.285 0.182 0.181 1.4001 0.497
3 -0.070 -0.121 2.7186 0.437 0.049 0.040 1.5012 0.682
4 -0.285 -0.394 6.2651 0.180 -0.007 -0.043 1.5032 0.826
5 0.232 0.108 8.7008 0.122 -0.093 -0.112 1.8903 0.864
6 -0.201 -0.459 10.586 0.102 -0.147 -0.143 2.8949 0.822
7 0.024 0.007 10.614 0.156 0.239 0.302 5.6407 0.582
8 0.317 0.014 15.608 0.048 -0.082 -0.033 5.9736 0.650
9 -0.141 -0.057 16.640 0.055 0.036 -0.062 6.0420 0.736
10 -0.018 -0.183 16.658 0.082 -0.026 -0.065 6.0792 0.809
11 -0.018 0.128 16.675 0.118 -0.087 -0.116 6.5017 0.838
12 -0.070 -0.149 16.958 0.151 -0.172 -0.119 8.2008 0.769
13 0.046 -0.081 17.084 0.196 -0.120 0.002 9.0702 0.768
14 -0.017 0.060 17.102 0.251 -0.147 -0.190 10.423 0.731
15 0.051 0.006 17.271 0.303 0.015 0.110 10.438 0.791
16 0.090 -0.033 17.826 0.334 -0.140 -0.149 11.776 0.759
A. UNIT ROOT TESTS

Table 4shows the unit root tests performed on the data assuming no break in the series.
TABLE 4: ADF, PP, KPSS TESTS FOR LNFDI AND LNGDP

At Level ADF Tests PP Tests KPSS Tests
t statistic P value t statistic P value LM statistic
LNFDI
No trend no intercept -6.108212 0.0000 -6.223866 0.0000
With trend and intercept -5.417730 0.0000 -8.707432 0.0000 0.181325
Intercept -5.272709 0.0000 -8.936632 0.0000 0.209510
LNGDP
No trend no intercept -2.279112 0.0000 -3.611367 0.0000
With trend and intercept -5.657077 0.0000 -5.668670 0.0000 0.097359
Intercept -5.623625 0.0000 -5.646174 0.0000 0.159314
Notes: The optimum lag length was set at 9 in the software, based on Campbell and Perron
(Campbell, 1991) . The truncation for PP test is 15%. For KPSS the test critical values for LM
statistics at 1%, 5% and 10% level 0.216000, 0.146000, 0.119000; 0.739000,
0.463000, 0.347000; for with trend and intercept and with intercept respectively
The ADF tests and PP tests, assume the null hypothesis as containing unit root whereas, the
KPSS test assume the null hypothesis as containing no unit root.
The ADF and PP tests with p values of less than 5% lead to rejection of null hypothesis. Hence
the series are stationary at logarithm level. It shows that both the series are integrated of order 1
i.e. I (1). In KPSS test for LNGDP data the null hypothesis is not rejected at all significant levels
since p values are less than the critical values. Whereas for LNFDI series, the p values lead to
rejection of null hypothesis of stationarity at 5% and 10% significance level for trend and
intercept data. The series are also tested for presence of structural breaks since unit roots can
give misleading results when the data is subjected to structural breaks. Table 5 below gives the
breakpoint unit root testsusing Zivot Andrews (1992)as they endogenously determine a break
date in the data.
TABLE 5. BREAKPOINT UNIT ROOT TESTS

a. LNFDI – Break tests
Trend Intercept only Trend and Intercept
Specification
Break Specification Intercept only Intercept only Trend and Intercept Trend
Break Date 1991 1991 2005 1996
Innovational outlier (LN FDI)
ADF t statistic -6.699654 -6.758830 -6.121595 -5.772373
P value < 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Model Additive outlier (LN FDI)

ADF t statistic -6.888337 -7.023207 -6.121596 -5.772373
P value < 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
1% critical value -4.949133 -5.347598 -5.719131 -5.067425
5% critical value -4.443649 -4.859812 -5.175710 -4.524826
10% critical value -4.193627 -4.607324 -4.893650 -4.261048
b. LNGDP – Break tests

Trend Intercept only Trend and Intercept
Specification
Break Specification Intercept only Intercept only Trend and Intercept Trend
Break Date 1991 2002 2002 2011
Innovational outlier (LN FDI)
ADF t statistic -6.403307 -6.437309 -6.928723 -6.026926
P value < 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Model Additive outlier (LN FDI)

ADF t statistic -6.531348 -6.437309 -6.928723 -6.026926
P value < 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
1% critical value -4.949133 -5.347598 -5.719131 -5.067425
5% critical value -4.443649 -4.859812 -5.175710 -4.524826
10% critical value -4.193627 -4.607324 -4.893650 -4.261048
Notes: The maximum lag length taken was 9 days.

All the tests give the same conclusion for both the series. They lead to rejection of null
hypothesis of presence of unit root as p values are less than 5%. It can be concluded that both
LNGDP and LNFDI were not subjected to any permanent shocks due to structural changes
within the time frame of 1979 to 2015.
B. COINTEGRATION TESTS
To analyze the long run association between the two series, it is necessary that the series should
be non-stationary and must be integrated of same order. When tested through unit root tests, both
LNFDI and LNGDP came out to be non-stationary at log levels. The series in level form are
integrated of order 1 whereas in log difference they are integrated of order 0. As the series are of
the same integrated order, variouscointegration tests are used on them to test for long run
association.
To run the cointegration tests the equation with LNFDI as dependent variable and LNGDP as
independent variable is tested in Eviews using cointegration regression. The equation is then
subjected to various cointegration tests falling under two broad categories of residual tests and
system based tests. The result of the equation is shown in Table 6a below.
TABLE 6A: COINTEGRATION EQUATION:
Dependent Variable: LNFDI

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
LNGDP 0.760986 1.082357 0.703082 0.4868
C 0.145379 0.115999 1.253283 0.2187
R-squared 0.007503 Mean dependent var 0.189268

Adjusted R-squared -0.021688 S.D. dependent var 0.746435
S.E. of regression 0.754485 Sum squared resid 19.35444
Long-run variance 0.266238
The result of the cointegration tests are shown in Table 6b and 6c below.
TABLE 6B: COINTEGRATION TESTS – RESIDUAL BASED

Method Null hypothesis Statistic Z statistic Decision
Engel Series are not Tau: -6.660295 -39.75032 Reject null
Granger(1987) cointegrated (0.0000) (0.0000)
Phillips outlier Series are not Tau: -7.126036 -33.45616 Reject null
(1990) cointegrated (0.0000) (0.0002)
Hansen Series are Lc: 0.207216 Cannot
Instability(1996) cointegrated (>0.2) reject null
The above tests examines the presence of unit root in residuals with null hypothesis no
cointegration in the data. These tests are single equation tests and are residual based using
ordinary least squares (OLS) method. The Engel Granger and Phillips outlier uses ADF and
variance tests for unit roots, Hansen instability tests checks for structural breaks also. TestsIn all

the tests above the conclusion is the same leading to presence of cointegration in the data series.
Hence there is presence of long run association between LNFDI and LNGDP.
The cointegration tests are also performed in vector auto regressive framework (VAR) and such
tests are classified as systems based tests. To test the long run association between the two series,
Johansen (1991), (1994) cointegration test is used at 5% significance level. The series have to be
at level when running the test i.e. the data should be raw data without any difference. The tests
are done by allowing for linear deterministic trend in data as from the time series plot it showed a
trend in the data. The lag interval chosen is 1. Below are the results for the test.
TABLE 6C: COINTEGRATION TESTS – SYSTEM BASED
Null Hypothesis Trace Statistic Critical Value P value Decision
No cointegration 23.50779 15.49471 0.0025 Reject null
Atmost 1 cointegration 1.503128 3.841466 0.2202 Not reject null
Null Hypothesis Max-Eigen Statistic Critical Value P value Decision

No cointegration 22.00466 14.26460 0.0025 Reject null
Atmost 1 cointegration 1.503128 3.841466 0.2202 Not reject null
The two tests of trace statistics and maximum eigenvalues show the same result. The first null
hypothesis of no cointegration is rejected in both the tests. The null hypothesis of Atmost 1
cointegration cannot be rejected in both tests. Hence there is long run association between the
two series. It can be said that in the long run LNGDP and LNFDI move together. Apart from
long run association, the paper also examines presence of causation and granger causality in the
data. When the series are cointegrated at level data, the vector error correction model and
Granger model can be used on them to test for long run and short run causality respectively.
C. VECTOR ERROR CORRECTION MECHANISM

With presence of cointegration, the VECM model is run for causation of GDP on FDI and FDI
on GDP instead of VAR. Below are the two equations are their results in table 7.
Cointegration equation for causation of GDP on FDI:
D(FDI) = C(1)*( FDI(-1) - 0.018474291864*GDP(-1) + 3350372817.27 ) + C(2)*D(FDI(-1)) +
C(3)*D(FDI(-2)) + C(4)*D(GDP(-1)) + C(5)*D(GDP(-2)) + C(6)
Cointegration equation for causation of FDI on GDP:
D(GDP) = C(1)*( GDP(-1) - 54.1292736609*FDI(-1) - 181353247092 ) + C(2)*D(GDP(-1)) +

C(3)*D(GDP(-2)) + C(4)*D(FDI(-1)) + C(5)*D(FDI(-2)) + C(6)
TABLE 7: ECM CAUSATION EQUATION

GDP on FDI FDI on GDP

Dependent variable FDI GDP
Coefficients T-statistic P value Coefficients T-statistic P value
Long run ECM -0.834219 -4.893092 0.0000 -0.171876 -2.413041 0.0226
Short run
FDI (-1) 0.569176 3.675562 0.0010 -2.076737 -0.593025 0.5579
FDI (-2) 0.415714 2.861256 0.0079 -1.346525 -0.409819 0.6851
GDP (-1) 0.045401 5.917370 0.0000 0.271037 1.562089 0.1295
GDP (-2) -0.010445 -1.033705 0.3101 -0.220321 -0.964191 0.3432
R square 0.693177 0.295712
Adj R square 0.638387 0.169947
F statistic 12.65155 2.351295
F statistic (p value) 0.000002 0.066760
Serial correlation
LM test Prob. Chi-Square - 0.0182 Prob. Chi-Square - 0.0292
Heteroscedasticity
test Prob. Chi-Square - 0.0006 Prob. Chi-Square - 0.0301
Normality test JB – p value – 0.535158 JB – p value – 0.021468
Wald coefficient GDP(-1)=GDP(-2)=0 FDI(-1)=FDI(-2)=0
Chi square p value = 0.0000 Chi square p value = 0.8230
The long run ECM coefficient must be negative in sign and significant. It shows the speed of
adjustment when there is deviation in the long run equilibrium. The short run coefficients are the
lagged 1 and 2 values of FDI and GDP. In both the equations the long run ECM coefficient is
negative and significant indicating the presence of long run causation. For short run causation the
Wald tests are performed for both the equations. The short run coefficients are significant for
GDP on FDI unlike for FDI on GDP. It indicates that there is short run causation of GDP on FDI
but not vice versa. Performing diagnostic tests on both the equations, it seems that the models are
not perfectly desirable and suffer from problems. While the model GDP on FDI has a high R-
square and follows normal distribution, it suffers from problems of serial correlation and
heteroscedasticity. On the contrary the model FDI on GDP has low R-square and suffers from
the problem of non-normal distribution, serial correlation and heteroscedasticity. Hence the
models are not desirable and need to be improved by incorporating other variables when testing
for causation.
D. GRANGER CAUSALITY TESTS

To examine the causation relation between FDI and GDP, conventional granger causality tests
are also used. Since the data needs to be stationary for granger causality test, LNFDI and
LNGDP are used. The pairwise granger causality test at 5% significance level is used with lag
value of 2. The results are given below in Table 8.
TABLE 8: PAIRWISE GRANGER CAUSALITY TESTS

Null Hypothesis: F-Statistic Prob.
LNGDP does not Granger Cause LNFDI 0.00992 0.9901

LNFDI does not Granger Cause LNGDP 0.93021 0.4056
As the p value are greater than 5% the null hypothesis are not rejected. Hence LNFDI and
LNGDP do not granger cause each other.
5. CONCLUSION
By examining the association and causal relationship between FDI and GDP over the time frame
of 1979-2015 it was found that there is long run association between the two. Over the years FDI
and GDP have moved together. The long run causal coefficients were found to be significant for
both FDI and GDP. In the short run it was studied that GDP causes FDI and not vice versa. The
effects of causation need to be examined more carefully as the causality models failed serial
correlation and heteroscedasticity diagnostic checks. Moreover, in the long run both do not
reinforce each other. Hence though FDI is believed to be an engine for economic growth, the
relationship between FDI and GDP still needs to be clarified. Though in the study FDI and GDP
move together the long run causality is more empirically sound for GDP led FDI. Analyzing
impact of trade and financial restrictions can offer more interesting results on FDI flow and their
impact on GDP.
REFERENCES:
A. Gregory, B. H., 1996. Residual based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts.
Journal of Econometrics, Volume 70, pp. pp.99-126.
Asiedu, E., 2002. On the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries: Is
Africa different?. World Development, 30(1), pp. 107-19.
Balasubramanyam, V. N. M. S. a. D. S., 1999. Foreign Direct Investment as an Engine for

Growth. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, Volume 8, pp. 27-40.
Borenztein, E. D. G. J. a. L. J.-W., 1998. How does foreign direct investment affect economic
growth. Journal of International Economics, Volume 45, pp. 115-135.
Campbell, J., 1997. The econometrics of financial markets. Vol 2 ed. Princeton NJ: Princeton
university press.
Campbell, J. P. P., 1991. Pitfalls and opportunities: What macroeconomists should know about
unit roots. National Bureau of Economic Research. In: Macroeconomics Annual. MIT Press,
Cambridge MA, p. pp. 141–201.
Chowdhury, A. a. M. G., 2005. FDI and Growth: A Causal Relationship. United Nations
University, WIDER Research Paper, Volume 25.
De Mello, L., 1997. Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries and Growth: A selective
survey. Journal of Development Studies, Volume 34, pp. 1-34.

De Mello, L., 1999. Foreign direct investment-led growth: Evidence from time series and panel
data. Oxford Economic Papers, Volume 51, pp. 133-151.
Dickey, D. F. W., 1979. Distribution of the estimators in autoregressive time series with a unit
root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Volume 74, pp. 427-431.
Dickey, D. F. W., 1981. Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root.
Econometrica, Volume 49, pp. 1057-1082.
Engle, R. a. G. C., 1987. Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and
testing. Ecconometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 55(2), pp. pp.251-276.
Johansen, S., 1991. Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector
autoregressive models. Econometrica, Volume 59, pp. pp.1551-1580.
Kwiatkowski, D. P. P. P. S. a. Y. S., 1992. Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the
alternative of a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, Volume 54, pp. 159-178.
Nair-Reichert, U. a. W. D., 2001. Causality Tests for Cross-Country Panels: A New Look on FDI
and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,
Volume 63, pp. 153-171.
P.C.B. Phillips, S. O., 1990. Asymptotic properties of residual-based test for cointegration.
Econometrica, Volume 58, p. pp. 165–193.
Phillips, P. C. B., 1987. Time Series Regression with a Unit Root. Econometrica, Volume 55, pp.
277-301.
S. Johansen, K. J., 1994. Identification of the long-run and the short-run structure: An application
to the ISLM model. Journal of Econometrics, Volume 63, pp. pp.7-36.
Zhang, K. H., 2001. Does foreign direct investment promote economic growth? Evidence from
East Asia and Latin America. Contemporary Economic Policy, 19(2), pp. 175-185.
Zivot, E. A. D., 1992. Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unitroot
hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, Volume 10, pp. 251-270.
APPENDIX:
TABLE 1: DEFINITION OF DATA SERIES AS DEFINED IN THE WDI ONLINE

DATABASE
Indicator name Long Definition
GDP (current US$) GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all
resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus

any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated
without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for
depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current
U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic
currencies using single year official exchange rates.
Foreign direct Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in
investment, net the reporting economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of
inflows (BoP, current earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-
US$) border investment associated with a resident in one economy having
control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an
enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10
percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion
for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. Data
are in current U.S. dollars.

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00076.8
CONSCIOUSNESS: MERGING OF OPPOSITES
Ginish cheruparambil *
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Unveiling of the mysteries and all secrets of human race is revealed through the self –
experience extending into the world. All transmutations matter has undergone during the last
two centuries are obviously the work of human consciousness. The discussions about this
consciousness occur in several texts. Here I look it basically from Indian philosophy. Later
western thinking is also used to merge both to have a better outlook. The Upanisadic
consideration is the main area of study. Consciousness though emerged or known in the context
of tradition also calls for a move out of the tradition and authority. Consciousness is not known
or unknown, then how we know it. There a different dimensional approach is needed, which is
not defined but spontaneous.
KEYWORDS: Consciousness, Upanisads, cit, jñāna, vijñāna, ātman, Antharyām. Drastā,

purusa, Paingala Upanisad, aham brahmasmi, tat tvam asi, ayam ātmā brahma
________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Consciousness is the most mysterious part of the mystery that is universe. While things other
than consciousness are objective and extensive in the space-time continuum, consciousness is a
matter of sheer subjective experience bound neither by spatial nor by temporal parameters. Any
real individual in himself is just a streak of consciousness darting in space and time through the
eventuation of events which happen to make the streak tangible. This streak is not a basis in itself
but a result of eventuation of the point of consciousness shorn of all measurements, including
length, breadth, depth and weight.

All disciplines of knowledge seeking to explain the universe as it is, in the last analysis, are sheer
points of self-experience extending themselves into the world. With the arrival of Cartesian
principles and Newtonian mechanics, in the structural development of knowledge, if anything
besides consciousness is involved, that is matter. Then the division of matter and energy began to
take place. The emergence of Quantum physics proves this fact. All these transmutations matter
has undergone during the last two centuries is obviously the work of human consciousness. All
this work is done by the extremely tiny consciousness of the scientist. Schrödinger, the Quantum
Physicist, at one point turns towards Vedanta and uses tat tvam asi. This was not incidental but
necessitated by his breaking through the bounds imposed upon scientists by the Cartesian
principles and Newtonian mechanics.
ETYMOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS
Each word arises in the context of a culture so the etymology of a word is very important. The
nature and availability of a concept in a tradition cannot be separated from the words by which
the concept is expressed in that tradition. Consciousness in Upanisads arises in different places in
different names. The need of etymology comes in when the real meaning of a word is lost or
distorted by the usage of it for a long time or in the long run in got another meaning. In Indian
context consciousness is used in different ways and also varies in different school so etymology
is very important to locate the real meaning.
The Sanskrit word for consciousness is cit. The other two terms found are jñāna and vijñāna. “In
the beginning, ātman, verily, one only, was here no other winking thing whatever. He bethought
himself: „Let me now create worlds‟………..”1 As the etymology suggests, ātman would then be
breathe soul, self and also then inner self. The Upanisadic consideration then will be ātman as the
ultimate source of the universe as well as vital breath of human beings.
The word cit comes from the root verb cit it means “to observe, to perceive, think, beware and
know.”2 It carries a lot meaning in different context. It refers “to spirit, consciousness, the inner
self, reality, thought and non-thought, mind and matter, intention mind and attention.”3 A single
word carries a lot of meaning so in a context when it is used it can be interpreted in different
levels. Sometimes the meaning itself can be changed in a totally new dimension. This shows the
complexity involved in the meanings and interpretation. Paingala Upanisad says “With a purified
mind, with a purified consciousness, full of forbearance…”4 here the word cit is referred to
purified consciousness.
The other words used in Sanskrit to give the meaning of consciousness are drastā which means
“the pure consciousness corresponding to all objects, seer and purusa.” 5 Antharyāmi is used to
point out the meaning “the indweller, inner guide, inner ruler, the spark of divinity and the
witness who dwells within every living being.”6 It came from the root verb antar that is within or
inner and yamin means guide. Vijñānā brings the meaning of “wisdom, cognition, intellect,

consciousness and stream of consciousness.”7 It came from the root verb jna that is to know and
vi means apart hence this gives another dimension of meaning to discern. This can be considered
as a different kind of jñāna.
There are quite a few more words to be considered jñāna which came from the root verb jna. It
has got the meaning of “knowledge, wisdom and comprehension.” 8 Svayamjyothi which shows
the characteristic feature of Indian understanding of consciousness that “is self-luminous.”9
Brahman, the root verb is brh that is to expand. The word Brahman means the ultimate reality
and the ground of universe. The last consideration is the mahāvākya found in Aitareya Upanisad,
prajñānam brahma means “consciousness is the absolute, that is Brahman.”10
SCIENTIFIC VIEW
Albert Einstein in his theory of relativity gave a respectable position to the idea of a
cosmological constant (“The cosmological constant is independent of space and time. In the idea
of expanding universe this constant has non-zero value but one of the greatest challenges facing
theoretical physics today is explaining this non-zero value of this constant.”11) attributing to it
the significant function of keeping the universe in an overall static state. Humans though
understood some of the secrets of nature and explorations still going on, have obliged to admit
the role of Mind of God on the cosmic scale as the architect of it. But scarcely does it occur to
him that even the Mind of God cannot afford to work without consciousness. If tiny spark of
human consciousness could comprehend a particle to supernova in magnitude then the real
consciousness is a great wonder. Can mahāvākyas of the Indian thought take us out of this
puzzle?
I know what is good when I know what is evil; understanding is merging of opposites at the
same time merged ones are categorized. So knowing is ultimately drawing a boundary between
such and such is or is not the case. To some extent knowledge is possible because of opposites.
When the boundary line between the opposites breaks down what happens to knowledge, is
knowledge possible? Then how we teach good and bad, heaven and hell is possible because of
this division itself. On the other hand the development of science, from a macro world to micro
and at present it has crept into a realm of nano world. For the purpose of understanding a giant
supernova is broken into its atomic level and again the wonder returns. How such a
comprehension is possible without the help of conscious act and without consciousness. Recent
scientific study says one who observes is not different from experiment; he is also part of the
experiment. Though sounds like subject object relation, the object is revealed only in the
conscious effort of the observer. That shows a merging of the duality to a certain points. The
Journal of Religious Studies has published an article named “Matter is Consciousness” by S.C.
Malik, this shows the shift of directions and the merging of different disciplines. What we
thought not spiritual began to be spiritual and what we thought spiritual also can be material. Can

the opposites be merged that a spiritual aspect of materiality and material aspect of spirituality, a
complementary approach. Might be this is calling for a redefining of our understanding.
SELF
Enquiry into the question of self, lies at the heart of the Indian philosophy which is clearly seen
in the saying, ātmavidyā hi paramā vidyā. This saying has brought out the aspect that man had
began to reflect on his own being, the fact of his consciousness or the cognitive relation in which
he stood to the world, has drawn his persistent attention. Though similarities with plants and
stones exist in man still unmistakable way he is different from those things. Man began to
wonder at the mystery of cosmos where he is also a part of it. This wonder has taken man to a
larger extent. In one aspect self having withdrawn itself from its involvement in affairs of the
world outside and comes to itself and begin to start operating in its own light of its innate
consciousness. It becomes concentrated in itself and became creative. As a result of this
awareness of a situation and the capacity to reflect began to raise questions where none existed.
UPANISADIC CONSCIOUSNES
Discussion of consciousness in the Upanishads arises in the context of explaining the nature of
atman or the self. In Upanisads, both cit and atman refer to pure consciousness, a kind of trans-
empirical consciousness, which not only is different from the empirical consciousness but also
form the basis of latter. To express their vision of unity of things, most Upanisads, identify a
single fundamental principle which underlies everything that is Brahman. This fundamental
principle is also core of each individual that is atman. “The oneness between the atman and
Brahman express the quintessence of the Upanisadic teaching.”12 The secret of atman lies in the
first principle that is the atman and Brahman are one. This teaching is repeated variously through
mahāvākyas, „tat tvam asi‟13, „aham brahmasmi‟ 14 and „ayam ātmā brahma‟15 it means this
atman is Brahman. These mahāvākyas clearly say that outer and inner are one. Upanisads bring
in various concepts to specify the nature of atman, for example seer, self light, inner controller
and self luminous. No single Upanisad provides a systematic and comprehensive account of the
nature of atman so one must discuss materials from different Upanisads and piece them together
to get a complete picture. Through realization an individual realizes that atman and Brahman are
one, the subjective and the objective are one.
BRHADARANYAKA UPANISAD:
In this Upanisad especially madhu kanda expounds the teaching the basic identity of the
individual self and the universal self. “The supra-physical can be reached only when we have a
firm hold of the physical. The thinkers of the Upanisads reach their conclusion by a study of the
sensible fact, of the concrete realities of the physical world.” 16 So the seers began the search for
the nature of ātman by asking questions, those questions are pertaining to daily life. The creation
itself shows that ātman divides him and brings the existence of other beings. “The original being,

atman or self looks around and sees nothing else but him.” 17 This creation aspect brings into
picture the concept of nama-rupa: name-shape. The nama is not the name but the idea, the
essential character and the rupa is the existential context, the visible embodiment of the idea.
These two aspects are intertwined in every object a principle which is grasped by intellect and
the envelope which is apprehended by the senses. In other words it can be said as nama is the
inner power and rupa the sensible manifestation. “The different nama-rupas are the differentiated
conditions of the one nama, the world consciousness.”18 This is explained in these words “Verily
at that time the world was undifferentiated. It became differentiated just by name and form….” 19
The discussions about the states of consciousness occur twice in Brhadaranyaka Upanisad. The
dialogue between Ajatasatru and Gargya is the first time when the discussion about
consciousness occurs. “When this man fell asleep thus, where then was the person who consists
of intelligence (vijnana)? Whence did he thus come back?”20 Gargya could not answer this
question so he took Ajatasatru to a person who is asleep. During sleep the empirical person rests
in the space within the heart. “In dream, the mind and the senses are not restrained and a person
moves as he pleases, he becomes a king or a brahmin as it were.” 21 Round the heart are veins
72,000 in number. These are of five colours uniting with the rays of the sun similarly coloured.
The sun and the heart are said to be connected with each other. In deep sleep the soul glides into
the veins and through them it becomes one with the heart.
The other dialogue occurs between Yajnavalkya and king Janaka. Yajnavalkya describes self as
its own light, then King Janaka asks about light; the source of illumination that makes it possible
for human beings to function in this world. The answer moves from sun to the light of moon then
to light of fire then vac or word. Then king asks when vac also rests what gives light? Then the
response of Yajnavallkya is “The ātman, indeed, is his light, for with ātman as his light one sits,
moves around, does his work and returns.”22 Then he describes the three different levels of
consciousness. In the waking state, a person moves and functions on account of external physical
light. Then the dream that is he goes beyond the waking world and the forms of death. An
individual moves about in this state with a to and fro motion. “As a great fish goes along both
banks of a river just so this person goes along both the conditions.” 23 In these two states the
presence of duality is there. The third state is deep sleep, where consciousness passes into a state
where there are no dreams, no desires, and no pleasure. “In this state, there is no desire, because
the self is his desire so to speak, because everything other than self is forgotten” 24 Here
yajnavalkya proves that in deep sleep consciousness alone is present it is not an object of
thought. The self by nature is free, pure and eternal.
CHANDOGYA UPANISAD:
One of the attempts to specify the nature of ātman occurs in the context of the famous
mahāvākya „tat tvam asi‟. “It is not an exaggeration to say that this saying embodies the
Upanisadic doctrine of unity and coherence of all things.”25 The Advaitins attach great

importance for this mahāvākya because this expresses the oneness of the atman and Brahman.
The context in which it takes place is the dialogue between father, Aruni Uddalaka and his son
Svetaketu. Svetaketu left house at the age of twelve to learn the Vedas and came back home at
the age of twenty four. His father observed the arrogance of his son and asked him: “Do you
understand the implication of that teaching by which the unheard becomes heard, the
unperceived becomes perceived, and the unknown becomes known?”27 Svetaketu understood his
arrogance and became a disciple then the father revealed the great teaching to his son. “My dear
by one piece of clay everything made of clay may be known the modification is merely a verbal
distinction, a name: the reality is just clay.” With the analogy of clay Uddalaka tries to convey
that the qualities of the modification in diverse forms reflect the quality of the stuff of which they
are made.
The Upanisads suggests that all modifications are based on the reality of clay and not that change
rests simply on a word, that it is a mere name. This thought can lead as into Taoistic way of
looking that naming is the mother of thousand things. Through this question the point he try to
draw was whether svetaketu knows about the reality of which all things were made and through
which they were known. Previous to creation all this was being, one only without a second, name
and form were not there. He does not have „being‟ as other things have being. He is his own
being. Being is, is God. “Being is above all conceptions and conceptual differentiations. It is
prior to all things. All other things are from being, live in it and end in it.” 28 This being
compelled by the inner necessity became many. Thought and by thought arose heat which gave
rise to water then to food. Heat can be felt, water can be both felt and seen and food combines
both aspects along with taste. These form the foundational elements of the universe. The
evolution process shows that human beings are the products of these three elements in different
proportions. Upon death, people first lose consciousness, though they still breathe. This
constitutes the reabsorbing of food by water, water by heat and when heat dissipated into the
being death is complete. Through this the evolution of everything out of and involution of
everything into one being is stated.
Then Uddalaka asks his son to bring a fruit from the nyagrodha tree and asks him to cut it open.
Then he explains to him that the entire tree comes from the invisible essence that exists within
the seeds. “That which is the finest essence –this world has that as its soul. That is Reality. That
ātman (soul) That art thou, svetaketu.”29 The source of everything is the self which is not
different from atman or consciousness. This consciousness thus not only underlies the empirical
consciousness but it is also the consciousness that underlies the world. “This consciousness
which lies beyond the plurality of names and forms is not accessible through empirical modes of
knowing but it serves as the foundation of all experiences; however, it remains uncontaminated
by any experiences whatsoever.”30

Indra and Virocana approached Prajapati for the knowledge of the immortal self. Prajapati
informs them that the true self is nothing but the self seen in reflection, that the self is same as
the body. Virocana leaves with the notion that body is the self but Indra was not satisfied because
if the body is blind the self also is blind and lame. So he approached Prajapati then he told Indra
that the self seen in dream is the atman because in that state self can roam independent of the
body. Then Prajapati informs Indra that self experienced in the deep sleep is atman still Indra
was not satisfied then Prajapti reveals to Indra the true nature of atman. “The body is the support
of deathless and bodiless self. Embodied self is affected by pleasures and pains; however,
pleasures and pains do not touch the bodiless self.”31 In embodied existence, self is vulnerable to
likes and dislikes; the bodiless self, on the other hand is untouched by these. “The bodiless self is
untouchable essence of the empirical self, the I-consciousness; it is immortal. It is the highest
light (parama jyothi), the light of lights.”32
MANDUKYA UPANISAD:
Till now the consciousness defined by other Upanisads had three stages but in Mandukya
Upanisad the proper states of consciousness is defined. This Upanisad states there are four stages
of consciousness. “This Upanisad identifies aum with all that is there; it refers to what was, what
is and what will be.”33 The three letters of the word aum; a, u, and m corresponds to the three
forms in which the self appears respectively, in the states of walking, dreaming and dreamless
sleep. The supreme self is manifested in the universe in its gross, subtle and causal aspects. The
four states of consciousness, wakefulness, dream, dreamless sleep and transcendental
consciousness are aspects of the Godhead, the last alone being all inclusive and ultimately real.
The absolute of mystic consciousness is the reality of the God of religion.
VAISVANARA:
“The first quarter is Vaisvana, whose sphere is the waking state, who cognizes external objects,
who has seven limbs and nineteen mouths and who enjoys gross objects.” 34 These seven limbs
are mentioned in Chandogya Upanisad, 5.18.2. then the nineteen mouths are five sense organs,
the five organs of action, the five vital breaths, the mind, and the intellect, the self-sense and
though. These seven limbs and nineteen mouths indicate the essential correspondence between
the microcosm and the macrocosm. “He is called Vaisvanara because he leads all creatures of the
universe in diverse ways to the enjoyment of various objects, or because he comprises all
beings.”35 The waking state is the normal condition of the natural man, who without reflection
accepts the universe as he finds it. The same physical universe bound by uniform laws presents
itself to all such men. The Visva, which is the subject of the waking state, cognizes material
objects in the waking experiences. This state can be considered as the outward-moving
consciousness. In this state the empirical I take the central stage. Whatever I come across is seen
in relation to me. Here the aspect of mine and not mine comes into play. “In waking state we are
bound by the fetters of sense-perception and desire.”36

TAIJASA:
“The second quarter is taijasa, whose sphere is the dream state, who cognizes internal objects,
who has seven limbs and nineteen mouths, and who enjoys the subtle objects.” 37 The taijasa is
conscious of the internal or the mental states. The taijasa experiences mental states dependent on
the predispositions left by the waking experiences. In this state the soul fashions its own world in
the imagining of the dreams. Here also the basis of duality operates the one that knows and the
object that is known. Though from the standpoint of the dream, the dream objects are
experienced as the external, they are said to be subtle because they are different from the objects
of the waking state which are external. This state can be considered as the inward-moving
consciousness. In the dream state we have a greater freedom as the self makes a world of its own,
out of the materials of the waking world.”38 When we come across a beautiful flower or the
chirping of a bird it can remind as of the beautiful experience we had when we were in some
other place. Some incidents in the present can take as back to the past memories. It shows that
there is an external world and an internal world in us. This internal world can be the product of
our sense perception and desire. The inner world is at our disposal the aspect of freedom plays a
role in it.
PRAJNA:
“The third quarter is prajna, whose sphere is the state of deep sleep, who has become one, who is
verily, a mass of cognition, who is full of bliss and who enjoys bliss, whose face is thought.”39
The third is the state of deep sleep where the consciousness enjoys peace and has no perception
of either external or internal objects. The transitory character of sleep shows that it is not the
ultimate state. It is a state of knowledge, though the external and internal states are held in
abeyance. This third state is said to be the conceptual self. “All precepts become a mass of
darkness in the state of deep sleep all (objects) of consciousness, verily become a mass (of
consciousness). In deep sleep no desire, no thought is left, all impressions have become one; only
knowledge and bliss remains.”40
The apparent absence of duality has led to the view that it is the final state of union with
Brahman. It is the doorway to the cognition of the two other states of consciousness known as
dream and waking. It is not bliss but the enjoyer of bliss. “Though in the dream state we take the
dream images of delight and oppression as real, we produce them out of ourselves. In dreamless
sleep the self is liberated from the empirical world, indeed from the person as a self-contained
unit.”41
TURIYA:
“This is the lord of all, this is the knower of all, this is the inner controller; this is the source of
all; this is the beginning and the end of beings.”42 “That which is designated as prajna (when it is
viewed as the cause) will be described as turiya separately when it is not viewed as the cause,

and when it is free from all phenomenal relationship, that is in its absolute aspect.” 43 It is the
first time in the history of thought that the distinction between absolute and God, Brahman and
Isvara, turiya and prajna is elaborated. Brahman becomes Isvara or personal God with the quality
of prajna or pure wisdom. “Gaudapada says that this Brahman is birthless, free from sleep and
dream, without name and form, ever effulgent, all thought; no form is necessary for it.” 44
Though objective consciousness is absent in both the prajna and turiya consciousness the seed of
it is present in the state of deep sleep while it is absent in the transcendent consciousness. The
transcendent consciousness is free from three other states and its interruptions but deep sleep is
not free from these aspects. “Deep sleep terminates and the self returns to the dream and the
waking states. In turiya there is a permanent union with Brahman. The metaphysical reality is
cognized in turiya, if such an expression can be used for the transcendent state.” 45 Visva and
taijassa are conditioned by cause and effect. But prajna is conditioned by cause alone .cause an
defect do not exist in turiya. In turiya the mind is not simply withdrawn from the objects but
becomes one with Brahman. “In both deep sleep and transcendental consciousness of objects but
this objective consciousness is present in an unmanifested „seed‟ form in deep sleep while it is
completely transcended in the turiya consciousness.”46
“Turiya is not that which cognizes the internal not that cognizes the external, not what cognizes
both of them, not a mass of cognition, not cognitive, not non-cognitive. It is unseen. Incapable of
being spoken of, ungraspable, unthinkable…”47 The reality mentioned here is beyond the
distinction of subject and object and yet it is above and not below this distinction. Here we
cannot use the term all-powerful and all-knowing because the reality cannot be treated as having
objects of knowledge or powers. This verse takes us into a very difficult position. This reality is
beyond the grasp or any tradition or authority. “If we walk on the path of authority and tradition,
which is knowledge, we will experience only what we desire to experience, helped on by
authority and tradition. It will not be a discovery; it will be already be known, a thing to be
recognized and experienced.”48 If mind is free from all such tradition and authority then only the
real search and discovery begins. Freedom is not an opposite; not free from something or a state
of release from bondage. The desire to be free also can breed its own bondage. “Freedom is a
state of being, which is not the outcome of the desire to be free. When the mind understands this,
and sees the falseness of authority and tradition, then only do the false wither away.” 49
The motive of search is of greater significance than the search itself. Each search has a motive if
the motive of search is to experience the unknowable and to know the bliss and the immensity of
it. This desire has brought the experience who craves for experience. There the duality emerges
the duality of the knower and known. Thus the conflict is set going between the pursuer and the
pursued. So this is a state where the theism and atheism speak to you, let the structures of
opposites collapse. Let us not define and put structures so that the mind is free from structures of
desire where a real search begins.

The first two Upanisads referred here speaks about three stages of consciousness but Mandukya
Upanisad speaks about four stages of consciousness. Most often these are revealed to the student
in stories and incidents. Here not very logically proved but the philosophical implications are
told in the metaphorical way so that one has to think for oneself. We are not something apart
from consciousness but we are consciousness. As the analogy says as the fish swims from one
shore to the other and does it again and again so is our states also.
MERGING OF OPPOSITES:
The first main issue about consciousness is the independence of its existence. This can lead us to
understand the modern psychology from the Indian point of view in an entirely different manner.
Consciousness has been taken to be a separate part of experience the whole of which is regarded
as partly sub-conscious and partly unconscious. Experience is regarded as a deep ocean of
unconsciousness with just its upper most layers as consciousness. From Indian philosophical
point of view it can be as the pure consciousness which is the inherent „svarupa‟of the entire
reality, so that, the supposed phenomenally conscious, the subconscious and the unconscious are
only just undiscovered consciousness of the „Brahmajnana‟. This consciousness though emerged
or known in the context of tradition it also calls for a move out of the tradition and authority.
Consciousness is not known or unknown, then how we know it. There a different dimensional
approach is needed, which is not defined but spontaneous.
The aspect of consciousness emphasizes the need to change the basic paradigm globally from a
mechanistic one to holistic one in the physio-psychic realm. Through evolution everything is
created in a way it dignifies every creature and each person as well as the creatures are no just
individuals but a wave in the ocean of consciousness. The aspect of wetness is not more or less
in any individual this calls for a respect and understanding of each other. “A human being is a
part of this whole, called by us the universe, a part limited in space and time. He experiences
himself, his thoughts and feelings as somethings separated from the rest, a kind of optical
delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal
desires and to apportion for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from
this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of
nature in its beauty-Albert Einstein.”50
Consciousness is a transcending principle which transcends the principle of contradiction. When

we are conscious of heat, we can feel heat only how far cold is absent, absent prevails presence.
Most often in life what we value is one of the opposites. All spatial and directional dimensions
are opposites; up and down, outside and inside and north and south. Our social and esthetic
values are put in terms of opposite, success and failure and beautiful and ugly. In real terms
opposites exist in the universe small and big frog, life and death and ripe and unripe oranges.

outside inside
The opposite of inside and outside did not exist in themselves until we drew the boundary of the
circle. It is the boundary line itself creates a pair of opposites. In short, to draw boundaries is to
manufacture opposites. The problem of solving is not by eradicating one of the opposites. We
handle the problem of good vs evil by trying to eradicate evil; the problem of death vs life by
trying to hide death under symbolic immortalities. We always tend to treat the boundary as real
and then manipulate the opposites created by the boundary. Boundaries are most often for the
better understanding.
CONCLUSION:
Consciousness is Brahman helps us to transcend the boundaries. It is of the timeless moment ant
it is entirely present now. There is no way to arrive at that which already present. It is all
inclusive in the most radical way, much as a mirror is equally includes all the objects it reflects.
In Buddhism emotions are used to get enlightenment, anger can lead you to enlightenment.
Consciousness is not a state or apart from other states, but the condition and true nature of all
states. Consciousness is not so much a particular wave as it is the water itself. And there is no
boundary, no separation, no difference between water and any of the waves. That is the water is
equally present in all waves, in the sense that no wave is wetter than another. Only crust and
tough can make a wave both are opposites but the union of them make a wave possible. Reality
is beyond these dualities; today science says matter can be converted to energy and vice versa.
Then reality is the culmination of both, in opposite we might be seeing the part of reality.
Nirvana is defined in three terms: “1. Negative meaning: it is not suffering – not rebirth.
2. Positive meaning: A state of bliss – state of permanence. 3. Indescribable: Thus gone – he has
gone but cannot point in which way has gone – like that only.”51 Consciousness is Brahman is
associated mainly to this third state which is indescribable. But when we say all these things
Upanisads reminds us of the saying that from Brahman all words turn away.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
1. Burns, Robert M., and Hugh Rayment-Pickard. Philosophies of History. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers Ltd, 2000.
2. Daintith, John. Dictionary of Physics. Delhi: A. P. Offset Pvt. Ltd., 2006.

3. Fernandes, Joaquim. Psychology class notes. Pune: Jnana Deepa Vidyapeeth, 2010.
4. Grimes, John. A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy. Varnasi: Indica Books, 2009.
5. Gupta, Bina. Cit Consciousness. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003.
6. Hume, Robert Ernest. The Thirteen Principle Upanishads. London: Oxford University Press,
1949.
7. Panikkar, Raimundo, ed. The Vedic Experience. Pondicherry: All India Books, 1983.
8. Radhakrishnan, S., ed. The Principal Upanisads. London: George Allen &Unwin LTD, 1953.
9. Rajagopal, D., ed. Commentaries on Living from the Notebooks of J. Krishnamurti. Bombay:
B. I. Publications PVT. LTD, 1986.
10. Reynolds, Brad. Embracing Reality: The Integral Vision of Ken Wilber. New York: Jeremy
P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2004.
11. Saksena, S. K. Nature of Consciousness in Hindu Philosophy. Baneras: Nand Kishore &
Bros, 1944.
12. Sheith, Noel. Buddhism class notes. Pune: Jnana Deepa Vidyapeeth, 2010
13. Wilber, Ken. No Boundary. Boston: Shambhala, 2001.
ARTICLES
1. Bukala, S.J. C. R., “Consciousness: Creative and Self-Creating.” Philosophy Today, Spring
1991, 14-25
2. Malik, S. C., “Matter is Consciousness.” The Journal of Religious Studies, June 1995, 78-89.

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00077.X
“ IMPACT OF TRAINING ON PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES

STUDY OF KAKATIYA THERMAL POWER STATION”
A.SUNITHA *
* Assistant Professor,
Chaitanya PG College, Hanamkonda
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The organizational effectiveness depends on the performance and excellence of their employees.
The employees maybe inexperienced or lacking in some of the skills knowledge required to
perform the given task or even organizational culture demands the flexibility of attitude and
awareness of the job. These deficiencies need to be rectified and the employees morals to be
boosted to perform his task effectively. In the present concept of HRD the role of training and
Re-training really an essential and a compiles one as it is conditioned by the combination of the
objectives and climate of the organization and the subjective and personal elements brought out
by the managers. In addition to technical training with regard to their job and machines.
Developmental programs are being conducted in additional, behavior and self-development
areas, for the white-collar employees. The belief in organization development program for
workers are taken root after. The grow in realization by corporate some of the people are
workers, and they can make or break the organization. Hence, most of the forward-looking
organizations have focused on development programs, using them “training” to also signified
development program.The present study focusses on training and its importance in increasing
the performance of employees.
KEYWORDS: Employee Relation ,recruitment, man power planning, efficiency, appraisal

training programs, employees motivation, organization environment.
______________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION
The organizational effectiveness depends on the performance and excellence of their
employees. The employees maybe inexperienced or lacking in some of the skills knowledge
required to perform the given task or even organizational culture demands the flexibility of
attitude and awareness of the job. These deficiencies need to be rectified and the employees
morals to be boosted to perform his task effectively. In the present concept of HRD the role of
training and Re-training really an essential and a compiles one as it is conditioned by the
combination of the objectives and climate of the organization and the subjective and personal
elements brought out by the managers.
To keep place with the changing scenario every organization is Re-defining it‟s objective
and the strategies to utilize the potential of all those who form an organization. For this training
can be used as a tool to develop human resources. Training is multifaceted and multi dimension
phenomenon for individual it provides an opportunity for learning and development and for
organization it contributes to increasing the efficiency and productivity. Considering the present
practices in the corporate sector. We may say that the term “training” is being used for all types
of development program have not can find to management development. Companies are
organizing development programs. For not only white-collar employee but also for blue-collar
employees like shop-floor operator clerical and support staff even for unskilled workers.
In addition to technical training with regard to their job and machines. Developmental
programs are being conducted in additional, behavior and self-development areas, for the white-
collar employees. The belief in organization development program for workers are taken root
after. The grow in realization by corporate some of the people are workers, and they can make or
break the organization. Hence, most of the forward-looking organizations have focused on
development programs, using them “training” to also signified development program.
There is no depth of training each one giving it different emphasis and focus. In order, to
arrive at a better understanding of the concept of training. Let us, consider response that the
participants of training for trainers, gave in this regard. Some sample response are as follows.
The aim of training is to develop potential knowledge an skills of the trainees to carry out
defined task out responsibilities.
It formalizes a participant with the most effective ways of using the existing knowledge
and competencies, thus, helping him to maximize the result from his effort. In some cases this it
could help in improving the level at performance. There is no depth of training each one giving it
different emphasis and focus. In order, to arrive at a better understanding of the concept of
training. Let us, consider response that the participants of training for trainers, gave in this
regard. Some sample response are as follows. The aim of training is to develop potential
knowledge an skills of the trainees to carry out defined task out responsibilities.It formalizes a
participant with the most effective ways of using the existing knowledge and competencies, thus,
helping him to maximize the result from his effort. In some cases this it could help in improving
the level at performance. Almost all the employees have attended during training

period.Development activities taken by the organization was good. Counseling is an important
mechanism to provide timely guidance to the employees and help them learn from their own
mistakes.
NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING:

1. Training provides solutions to work reflected to the problems like
(a) operations problems
(b) supervisory problems
(c) turnover, absenteeism
(d) grievance rates, etc.
2. Training is an act of increasing knowledge and skills of an employees international labour
organization training activities which essential aim at providing the knowledge and skills
required for employee for exercising function in any field economic activities.
3. Change in the style of management.
4. For higher motivation and productivity.
5. To make the job challenging and interesting.
6. For self development the survival and growth of the Organization and Nation.
The organizational effectiveness depends on the performance and excellence of their employees.
The employees maybe inexperienced or lacking in some of the skills knowledge required to
perform the given task or even organizational culture demands the flexibility of attitude and
awareness of the job. These deficiencies need to be rectified and the employees morals to be
boosted to perform his task effectively. In the present concept of HRD the role of training and
Re-training really an essential and a compiles one as it is conditioned by the combination of the
objectives and climate of the organization and the subjective and personal elements brought out
by the managers.
To keep place with the changing scenario every organization is Re-defining it‟s objective
and the strategies to utilize the potential of all those who form an organization. For this training
can be used as a tool to develop human resources. Training is multifaceted and multi dimension
phenomenon for individual it provides an opportunity for learning and development and for
organization it contributes to increasing the efficiency and productivity.
Considering the present practices in the corporate sector. We may say that the term “training” is
being used for all types of development program have not can find to management
development. Companies are organizing development programs. For not only white-collar
employee but also for blue-collar employees like shop-floor operator clerical and support staff
even for unskilled workers.
In addition to technical training with regard to their job and machines. Developmental programs
are being conducted in additional, behavior and self-development areas, for the white-collar
employees. The belief in organization development program for workers are taken root after. The

grow in realization by corporate some of the people are workers, and they can make or break the
organization. Hence, most of the forward-looking organizations have focused on development
programs, using them “training” to also signified development program.
There is no depth of training each one giving it different emphasis and focus. In order, to
arrive at a better understanding of the concept of training. Let us, consider response that the
participants of training for trainers, gave in this regard. Some sample response are as follows.
The aim of training is to develop potential knowledge an skills of the trainees to carry out
defined task out responsibilities.
It formalizes a participant with the most effective ways of using the existing knowledge and
competencies, thus, helping him to maximize the result from his effort. In some cases this it
could help in improving the level at performance.
Every organization needs to have well-trained and experienced people to perform the activities
that have to be done. If the current or potential job occupant can meet this requirement, training
is not important. But when this is not the case, it is necessary to raise the skill levels and
increase the versatility and adaptability of employees.
After selecting the employees, the next task of management is to give them proper training.
Some employees may have some previous knowledge of jobs while others may entirely be
new. Both type of workers will need some kind of training to acquaint themselves with the jobs
though it is more necessary for the later category of employees. Every concern has to arrange
some thing of training for preparing workers for jobs and also keeping them acquainted with
latest technological advancements.
KTPS is located at Paloncha near Kothagudem, Khammam dist, AP. and 280 KM from
Hyderabad. KTPS is comprising of 8 units among which four units of each 120MWeach and
four units of 60 MW each has an installed capacity of 720 MW.The commissioning of units 1
to 4 (Stages-I & II) was successfully completed during the year 1966-67.The commissioning of
units 5 & 6 (Stage-III) was successfully completed in 1974 .The commissioning of units 7 & 8
(Stage-IV) was completed during the year 1977-78.The large reservoir created by the
Kinnerasani Project near 10KM from the plant provides water requirement for the plant in
addition to the requirement of 8 Units of KTPS and KTPS (V Stage) and is linked to Singareni
Collieries Company limited (S.C.C.L.) for supply of Coal. The average distance of S.C.C.L
Coal fields by train is about 35km. Lack of motivation shows lack of enthusiasm, zest and
ambition, whereas the possession of motivation makes one full of life, and willing to do
whatever it takes to achieve what one sets out to do. A motivated person is a happier person,
more energetic, and sees the positive end result in his/her mind.
(IV) REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Pereekudai discussed the Periodical training programmes should be conducted for keeping the
staff with latest developments on hand.

Hackman has developed Counseling is an important mechanism to provide timely guidance to
the employees and help them learn from their own mistakes. The counseling effort needs to be
well meaning and serious and it is preferable if it is initiated by trained counselors. Timely
counseling can help avoid many conflict situations and eventually help employees both in their
personnel and job life.
(V) OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
1.To identify and suggest measures for the improvement of the training programmes.
2.To examine the policies and methods implementing in the organisation.
3.To Compare and contrast the overall effectiveness training motivating practice and their
performance levels.
(iii) METHODOLOGY:
SAMPLE: In Andhra Pradesh, Warangal district is selected for the study, since such a study has
not been conducted so far in the district. Kakatiya Thermal Power Station (KTPS) is selected for
the study. KTPS has three branches in Warangal, Bhoopalpally The two branches is selected for
the study. From each branch 150 employees will be selected. Thus, the Sample Size will be 300
employees.
SOURCES AND TECHNIQUES OF COLLECTION OF DATA: To achieve the above

objective both primary as well as secondary data will be collected. The Primary data source is
individual respondents. The data will be collected by using a structured questionnaire. The
Secondary data sources are company records, library and internet. The data will be collected by
referring records and books.
1. ON - THE - JOB TRAINING METHODS
This type of training, also known as job instruction training, is the most commonly method, the
individual is placed on the regular job and taught skills necessary to perform the job. The trainee
learns under the supervision and the guidance of a qualified worker or instructor. On- the- job
has advantage of giving first hand knowledge and experience under the actual working
conditions. While the trainee learns how to perform a job, he is also a regular worker rendering
the services for which he is paid. On the job methods include as follows:
A) JOB ROTATION
This type of training involves the movement of trainee from one job to another. The trainee
receives job knowledge and gains experience from his supervisor or trainer in each of the
different job assignments. Though this method of training is common in training managers for

general management positions, trainees can also be rotated from job to job in workshop jobs.
This method gives an opportunity to the trainee to understand the problems of employees on
other jobs and respect them.
B) COACHING
The trainee is placed under a particular supervisor functions as a coach in training the
individual. The supervisor provides how feed back to the trainee on his performance and offers
him some suggestion for improvement. Often the trainee shares some of the duties and
responsibilities of the coach and reveals him of his burden. A limitation of this method of
training is that the trainee may not have the freedom or opportunities to express his own ideas.
C) JOB INSTRUCTION
This method is also known as training through step by step. Under this method, trainer explains
the trainee their way of doing the jobs, job knowledge and skills and allows him to do the job.
The trainer appraises the job performance of the trainee, provides feed back information and
corrects the trainee.
D) COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Under the committee assignments, group of trainees are given and asked to solve an actual
organizational problem. The trainees solve the problem jointly. It develops team work.
2. OFF- THE - JOB METHODS
Under this method of training, trainee is separated from the job situation and his attention is
focused up on the learning the material related to his future job performance. Since the trainee is
not distracted by the job requirements, he can place entire concentration on learning the job
rather than spending his time in performing it. There is an opportunity for freedom of
expressions for the trainees.
A) VESTIBULE TRAINING
In this method, actual work conditions are simulated in a class room. Material, files and
equipment those are used in actual job performance are also used in training. Type of training is
commonly used for training personnel for clerical and semi skilled jobs. The duration of this
training ranges from days to a few weeks.
B) ROLE PLAYING
It is defined as a method of human interaction that involves realistic behaviour in imaginary

situations. This method of training involves action doing and practice. The participants play the
role of certain characters, such as the production manager, mechanical Engineers, maintenance
Engineers, Foremen etc. this method mostly used for developing inter personnel interactions and
relations.
C) LECTURE METHOD
The lecture is a traditional and direct method of instruction. The instructor organizes the
material and gives it to a group of trainees in the form of a talk.
D) PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTIONS
In recent years this method has become popular. The subject matter to be learned is presented in
a series of care fully planned sequential units. These units are arranged from simple to more
complex levels of instructions. The trainee goes through these units by answering questions or
fills in the blanks. This method is expensive and time consuming
E) APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING
In apprenticeship training, a worker is attached to an experienced or senior worker. The worker
learns while observing his senior and helping him in the task. The period of apprenticeship is
generally long, ranging from two to five years. The trainees are paid only nominal wages as
apprentices during training. This method of training is generally used in technical jobs.
Mechanics, Electricians, Plumbers learn their jobs by working with trained persons.
F) REFRESHER TRAINING
Refresher training is helpful in acquainting personnel with latest improvements in their work.
The changing technological methods require fresh training to existing employees even if they
are well trained or qualified.
G) VESTIBULE TRAINING
The word meaning of „Vestibule‟ denotes a room between the outdoor and the interior of a
building. It means that workers are trained at some place in the factory. when large numbers of
workers are to be given training, then a separate training department is set up. This method is
similar to that of on-the-job training. The difference is only of place and trainers.
ANDHRA PRADESH POWER GENERATION CORPORATION (APGENCO)
 AP. Power generation is a company incorporated on 29 th Dec. 1998.
 AP. Power generation companies business operations as a commercial
entity effected from 01 st Feb 1999.
 Its prime activity is power generation in the Andhra Pradesh state.
 60% of total installed capacity in Andhra Pradesh.
TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR MANAGERIAL CADRE:

For managerial cadre, they will give training in the following areas:

1. Communications
2. Diversity
3. Ethics
4. Human Relations
5. Computer Skills
6. Quality Initiatives
7. Safety
8. Leadership skills
9. Administrative
10. Problem Solving Skills
11. Work Process Improvement
12. Team Play
13. Strategic Leadership
14. Cost Consciousness
In the above- mentioned areas, the employers will be trained so that they can perform the work
quickly and perfectly which in turn leads to increase in productivity and profits.
TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR NON-MANAGERIAL CADRE :
In KTPS, Paloncha, for non-managerial cadre, they will give training in following areas :
1. Quality Control
2. Initiativeness
3. Attitudes
4. Personality
5. Attendance
6. Potential
7. Supervisory Ability
8. Psychology of Winning
9. Hygiene
10. Team Building
11. Anticipating Change
Through this programmes, the employees will improve their skills and shows interest in doing
the work.
ACTIVITIES OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT IN KTPS

 To collect the training needs of the employees from the Divisional Heads

 To furnish the data on training needs to the Head Quarters/APGENCO and Corporate
Training Institute/VTPS/Ibrahimpatnam.
 To depute employees for the Training/Development Programmes organized by APGENCO at
Corporate Training Institute/VTPS/Ibrahimpatnam.
 To depute employees for various skill and competence development programmes organized
by external agencies – outside APGENCO – as per APGENCO orders.
IDENTIFICATION OF TRAINING DEMANDS OF DEPARTMENTS:
 To collect the data of training demands of the employees in the prescribed proforma form the
divisional heads.
 To review with circle heads on the training demands received from the divisional heads.
 To prepare the abstract of training demands and submit to the Corporate Training
Institute/IbrahimPatnam and head quarters/APGENCO for arranging training and
development programmes.
Deputing Employees for the Training / Development Programmes Organized By APGENCO at
Corporate Training Institute /VTPS:
Various types of training /development programmes organized by APGENCO at
corporate training institute/VTPS are:
 Induction training programmes for the newly recruited employees.

 Retraining and Refresher programmes for the existing employees.
 Special training and development programmes for acquiring skills.
 Depending on the type of the programme the employees to be deputed are identified with the
consent of their controlling officers.

TO DEPUTE EMPLOYEES FOR VARIOUS TRAINING/DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMMES ORGANIZED BY EXTERNAL AGENCIES
 APGENCO‟s approval is required for deputing employees for various training development
programmes organized by external agencies. As per the orders/approvals of APGENCO the
required number of employees are being deputed for various programmes.
IDENTIFICATION OF INTERNAL RESOURCE PERSONS (IRPS)
 To issue circular to the divisional heads to identify the competent and experienced in internal
resource persons (IRPs) to impart training to employees on discipline management,
personality development, health & safety consciousness programmed, and code of conduct
etc.

 To keep the record of IRPs
ORGANIZING INTERNAL TRAINING PROGRAMMED:
 To prepare training calendar for internal training in consultation with IRPs.

 To conduct the internal training a scheduled
 To mark the attendance of the participants counter singed by the trainer.
 To get the feedback from the participants
 To evaluate the effectiveness of training within a week
 To coordinate the training programmes/seminars/workshops etc., conducted by other than
training and development division.
TRAINING REGISTER AND CORRESPONDENCE FILE:
The record pertaining to various training programmes undergone by employees are maintained in
prescribed training register.
FEEDBACK BY THE PARTICIPANT AND EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF

THE TRAINING PROGRAMME BY THE CONTROLLING OFFICERS
The feedback by the participant and evaluation of effectiveness of the training by the controlling
officers will be completed in 4 weeks after attending the training programme by the employee.
REGISTERS & RECORDS ETC., OF THE TRAINING:
 Employee induction training record

 Identification of training demands record
 Register of training development programmes undergone by various employees
 In house training calendar
 Record of internal resource personnel
 Feedback by the participant and evaluation of the effectiveness by the controlling officers‟
report.
TRAINING IMPROVES SKILLS OF EMPLOYEES
PERFORMANCE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 Induction training 13 26

2 On –the-job training 18 36
3 In- house training 27 54
4 External training 9 18
From the above analysis it has been observed that 36% of the respondents have attended on –the-
job training 26% of respondents have attended induction training 54% of the respondents have
attended In house training and 18% of the respondents have attended external training
1. WHAT IS YOUR OPINION ON TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

CONDUCTED IN YOUR ORGANIZATION?
Sl.No. PERFORMANCE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
2 Excellent 40 6
3 Very good 46 15.4
4 Good 48 16
5 Satisfactory 52 17.4
6 Not satisfactory 64 21.4
Total 300 100
From the above analysis it has been observed that 17% of the respondents considered that the
training and development programmes provided by the organization are satisfactory and 21% of
the respondents said that the programmers are good, 16% of the respondents considered that the
training and development programme are not satisfactory, 17% of the responded that training and
development programmes are very good and also 31% respondents said that the programmes
provided by the organization are excellent

2) HOW IS THE PERFORMANCE OF IN-HOUSE TRAINING FACULTY?
PERFORMANCE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 Excellent 48 16
2 Very good 40 13.3
3 Good 64 21.4
4 Satisfactory 52 17.4
5 Not satisfactory 50 16.7
Total 300 100
INTERPRETATION:
From the above analysis it has been observed that 300 of respondents feel good with the in-house
training faculty, 16% of the respondents people satisfactory with the performance of in-house
training faculty, 15.4% of the respondents feel very good with the performance of in-house
faculty and 17% of the respondents feel excellent with the performance of in-house training
faculty. Remaining 10% of the employees have not responded.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The study to evaluate the the responses of the employees with respect92% of the employees
are satisfied with the training &development programmers in the organization.
2. 78% of the employees says that the training program have some impact on organizational
development as well as individual personal development.
3. 70% of the employees say that they are satisfactory with the performance of the external
faculty.
4. 94% of the employees say that they are satisfactory with the performance of the in house
training faculty.
5. 26% of the employees attended induction training programs.
6. 36% of the employees attended the on-the-job training program.
7. 54% of the employees attended to the in-house training program and

8. 18% of the employees attended the external train in Almost all the employees are sponsored
for training, they take it seriously and try to learing.
SUGGESTIONS
1. The training period for the employees should be increased depending upon the requirements
of the job.
2. It is better for the organization to concentrate more on induction program, so that the
candidate can get acquainted with the organization easily.
3. HR department shall collect training needs from various divisions and arrange in house
training with good faculty members.
4. A training evaluation be carried out in order to assess the need of further training if any
required by the individual.
5. Training is result oriented, so it should be given by the field expert but not by any
academicians.
6. Extend the training period for those who do not acquire thorough knowledge about the
training concepts and aspects.
REFERENCES:
1. Human resources management-Subba Rao
2. Human resources management- K. Ashwathappa
3.HumanResourcesDevelopment - Werner
4.Organizational Behaviour- L.M.Prasad
5. International journal of Training and Development –JohnWiley &SonsLtd.

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00078.1
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS: AN

ANALYTICAL STUDY
Dr. Amar Upadhyaya*
*Asst. Professor,
Dept. of Education.
Dibrugarh University, Assam, India
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Financial management in educational institutions is not only an issue of discussion but also a
challenge to be encountered by the institutions for their healthy growth. This Paper highlights
some ethical Principles of financial management to be followed in educational institutions. The
paper has also aimed to focus on the requirement of financial management in public schools.
The challenges of financial management identified in the small sample of the public schools of
Assam has also analyzed in the paper. Investigator has tried to cope up few suggestions for the
sound financial management practices in the public schools of the state. Due to the
popularization of the concept of School Based Management, the Govt. of India has also initiated
the process of communitisation of schools. So, it has become essential to evaluate the mechanism
of financial management in public schools. The paper is based on both Primary and secondary
data source. The study found that lack of training, lake of computerized mechanism, lack of
human resource were the major challenges for healthy financial management practices in the
investigated schools.
KEYWORDS: Financial Management, Public School, Assam

0.1 INTRODUCTION:
“Money is honey”, this proverb has a significant meaning in context of finance in education
system, specially in the public education system. Financial management in educational
institutions is not only an issue of discussion but also a challenge to be encountered by the
institutions for their healthy growth. Finance plays the role of blood in the educational
institutions. Its timely, accurate and accountable circulation and utilization makes the institutions
healthy and wealthy. The government of our country has been trying to make the whole process
of educational finance in public schools, more transparent and effective through the process of
School Management and Development Committee (SMDC).
School Based Management (SBM) is a new approach initiated by different countries
during present time. School-based management (SBM) is the decentralization of levels of
authority to the school level. Responsibility and decision-making over school operations is
transferred to principals, teachers, parents, sometimes students, and other school community
members. The school-level actors, however, have to conform to, or operate, within a set of
centrally determined policies. SBM programs initiate different activities like budget allocation,
hiring of teachers and other school staff, curriculum development, textbook and other
educational material procurement, infrastructure improvement, setting the school calendar,
Communication with local community, and monitoring and evaluation. SBM also includes
school-development plans, school grants, and report cards etc. The problems of financial
management are still plaguing the educational institutions in our country. The diversity in
accounting system creates problems in understanding the whole accounting procedure in a
scientific way.
The factors indicating the diversity in accounting practices being followed by the educational
institutions1
 Lack of awareness as to
 benefits of adopting sound accounting practices
 applicability of accounting standards formulated by the ICAI.
 ADOPTION OF DIFFERENT BASIS OF ACCOUNTING - Current accounting practices
by various educational institutions vary from that on cash basis, accrual basis to a hybrid
form of accounting i.e. a mix of both cash and accrual basis of accounting.
 IMPACT OF OTHER LAWS - The existing accounting practices in the educational
institutions are generally driven by the requirements of the tax and other laws such as Indian
Trust Act, 1882, Various State Trusts Act, Societies Registration Act, 1860 rather than with a
view to reflect a true and fair view of the state of affairs and results of the activities carried
on by the institution during the year.
The Document of The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has also identified
major ingredients of an accounting framework for educational institutions. . An accounting
framework primarily comprises the following:

 Elements of financial statements basically comprising income, expenses, assets and

liabilities.
 Principles for recognition of items of income, expenses, assets and liabilities.
 Principles of measurement of items of income, expenses, assets and liabilities.
 Presentation and disclosure principles.
So, accounting is an essential tool of the process of financial Management in any educational
institutions. The categorization of income, expenditure, assets and liabilities of financial
resources is highly essential to make the process scientific and realistic.
01. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PAPER: This paper is highly significant in context of Public
education system in India. One way we are more focusing on the School based management
system with higher participation of local community and on the other way the financial
accountability of the institutions is ignored. The Financial management system has to be strong
for the healthy growth of any educational institutions. The institutional level financial
management system should be transparent and scientific for the best utilization of financial
resources. The school system can only be vibrant, when the circulation and utilization of finance
is effective. So, this paper focuses on the basic principle of educational finance along with the
major requirements of educational finance for an institution. The present practices of financial
management in the public schools of Assam have also been highlighted in the paper. The paper
has also been tried to answer few challenges of financial management prevailing in the public
schools of Assam.
02. TITLE OF THE PAPER: The title of the present study is- “Financial Management Practices in
Public Schools: An analytical study”.
03. OBJECTIVES OF THE PAPER:

 To analyze the basic principles of financial management in educational institutions.
 To analyze the basic requirements of financial management in educational institutions.
 To analyze the challenges of financial management in Public Schools of Assam.
 To suggest measures of effective financial management in the public schools of Assam.
04. METHODOLOGY: The paper is based on both Primary and secondary data source. The
secondary data were collected from the reports of local, national and international agencies. The
investigator had also used internet sources to fulfill the objectives stated in the paper. The
Primary data were collected from the Head of the Schools and District offices by using a
questionnaire.
05. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS:

6.1 TO ANALYZE THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: The decision on educational finance should aim to
achieve educational goals and objectives. The educational finance should be designed to
achieve the goals of educational policies. So, to bring effectiveness in the institutional system
of educational finance, the institution has to follow certain guiding principles:
 PRINCIPLE OF EQUITY: Under principle of equity it is realized that the all sections of
the students should be benefitted by the financial provisions made for the educational
institutions. Equity in educational institutions in terms of financial resources signifies the
inclusion of all sections of the society with special provision to the needy learners or learners
of economically and socially marginalized sections. Equity does not mean here equality.
Equity refers to the extra provisions for the economically and socially disadvantaged learners
along with the normal facilities or provisions.
 PRINCIPLE OF ADEQUACY: The principle of adequacy signifies that the adequate
amount of financial resources should be made feasible for the achievement of educational
and institutional goals. This principle stresses that the developmental work should not be
hampered in the educational institutions due to inadequacy of fund. The government funding
should be sufficient to realize the educational needs and aspirations.
 PRINCIPLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY: This principle is highly important while
application of fund is concerned. The Manager must be responsible for the effective
utilization of the institutional fund. He/she should be accountable while dealing with the
financial resources of the institutions.
 PRINCIPLE OF AUTONOMY: Autonomy of budgeting and spending money is another
important principle of Educational finance. The Head of the institution should have the
autonomy of utilizing the fund as he/she can spend it according to the needs of the institution.
 PRINCIPLE OF RECORDS: The principle of record is highly essential in case of
educational finance. All transactions related to the fund should be recorded in a standard and
systematic procedure.
 PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABILITY: Sustainability means using the fund effectively
avoiding the misuse and wastage of monetary resources. The regular circulation and
utilization of fund to achieve the goals of the institution signifies the principle of
sustainability.
 PRINCIPLE OF TRANSPARENCY: This is the vital principle to keep the funding and
utilizing process more transparent to the stakeholders. Regular discussion on the financial
health of the institution, publication of financial statements or report can make the process
more transparent. A strong monitoring mechanism helps to make it more transparent.
These principles are highly essential to make the educational finance more effective in its
functioning. As there is a direct relation between effective system of educational finance and
achievement of educational goals, these principles need to be realized by the Heads of the
educational Institutions.

6.2 TO ANALYZE THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: Financial management is a complicated and
sensitive process to be followed in educational institutions. The educational institutions
should have the following requirements for the effective management of financial resources.
 HUMAN RESOURCE: Requirement of human resources like accountant, assistant, clerk is
essential to maintain the finance of the educational institutions systematically. In Higher
education institutions like universities and colleges a separate set of personals are required. In
secondary schools or elementary schools at least one or two personnel handling financial
matters are essential. The headmaster should not be overburdened with maintenance of
financial as he has to supervise the academic activities too.
 COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM: The educational institutions need
computerized software to handle the finance systematically. Pay roll software is an example
of accounting software.
 EXPERTISE KNOWLEDGE: The personnel handling financial matters should have the
expertise knowledge of planning and budgeting, utilizing fund, recording etc.
 FUND UTILIZATION MECHANISM: The educational institutions should focus on the
transparency principle of financial management. The Head of the institutions should not only
be involved in taking and dealing with financial decisions. The all stakeholders like teachers,
guardians, community, students should be engaged in all the processes of taking financial
decisions. Finance should never be handled with single hand.
 HEALTHY ATTITUDE OF THE HEAD: This is the most important requirement for
effective management of financial resources. The Head of the institution should not have the
corrupted mentality. He should realize the importance of social responsibility and
accountability in managing the educational finances.
 EFFECTIVE TRAINING: In most of situations, the account personnel are appointed on the
basis of theoretical knowledge. They are lacking the practical aspects of financial
management. So, training on the issues and aspects of financial management is highly
required especially for the new comers.
 DECLARATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT: The educational institutions should
declare their annual statements of revenue and expenditure to the public. The schools can
publish such financial statements in the annual magazine also.
6.3 TO ANALYZE THE CHALLENGES OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC
SCHOOLS OF ASSAM: Financial management has always been a crucial issue in the
public schools of Assam. The investigator had enquired the Heads of 30 secondary schools of
Dibrugarh District of Assam to find out the basic challenges of Financial Management
practices in these schools with the help of a questionnaire. The information was analyzed and
found following findings regarding the challenges faced by the Secondary schools under
Govt. Management.

 PREPARATION OF ANNUAL BUDGET OF THE SCHOOL: It was found that only

10% of the schools prepared their annual budget by using a standard procedure. The
remaining schools believe that budget means only the salary requirement prepared by the
school and submitted to the District office as per instruction.
 PREPARATION OF SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT PLAN: The 50% of the sampled

schools prepared their School Development Plan annually. The developmental agendas were
highlighted in the Plan. But it was prepared only because of the strict instructions of the
administration,
 AVAILABILITY OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM: Not a single school
had the facility of computer accounting software. All accountings were maintained manually
in different books. Though the schools had computers but still its large scale use was not
done.
 AVAILABILITY OF HUMAN RESOURCES: It was found that only in 20 schools, the
account related officials are available. Remaining schools were running without account
related persons. The office assistant handles all financial issues under the supervision and
support of Head of the institution.
 FUND UTILIZATION MECHANISM: In all schools, the SMDC was formed. The
decisions of utilization of fund were taken in the SMDC meetings. As per SMDC resolutions
the decision over financial matters were taken up.
 TRAINING FACILITIES: No training was given to the account related persons for
developing their accounting skills and knowledge in their whole career.
 STATUS OF MAINTAINED RECORDS: In all surveyed schools the records were
maintained manually. The account books like cash books, ledger foil, voucher file etc. were
maintained.
 PUBLICATION OF ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT (PRINCIPLE OF
DISCLOSURE): only 10% of the sampled schools publish their annual financial statement
in the school annual magazine or in other forms.
 FUND WITHDRAWAL PROCEDURE: The sampled schools generally maintain their
bank account in the name of SMDC. The SMDC account is handled under joint signature of
Head of the institution and the President of SMDC and accordingly fund is withdrawn under
joint signature.
6.4 TO SUGGEST MEASURES OF EFFECTIVE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE
PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF ASSAM:
The investigator has analyzed the challenges responsible for the poor financial management
practices in the public schools of Assam. The initiative taken by Govt. of India with Public
Fund Management System (PFMS) is really encouraging. But its effectiveness is questionable
in case of the public schools of Assam. Observing the challenges identified in the paper, the
following suggestions are incorporated:
 Training is essential for the Head of the institutions and other official staffs specially who
handles the financial matters.
 The SMDC members need to be empowered though training and information.
 The publication of annual account statement publicly should be made compulsory for the
Schools.
 Each public school should prepare their School Development Plan (SDP) and Annual
budget. SDP should focus on long term and short term goals of the School.
 Computerized system of accounting should be followed to avoid any misappropriation of
fund.
06. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

Finance is a crucial aspect of educational system. The budgetary allocation, disbursement of
fund, utilization of fund and reporting of utilized fund are the essential components of financial
management. In the first two components, government is more accountable and accordingly for
the last two components the institution should be more accountable. So, a sound financial
management practice is highly essential in the public schools of our country. Institutional
efficiency and accountability makes the system more effective. The Head of the Public Schools
has to play a very dynamic and accountable role in making the system more effective.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Sathyarthi, Kailash (2015). Education: putting money where it counts. The Assam Tribune,
12th June, 2015.
2. Tilak, J B J. (2016). Financing Education. Yojana, A developmental Monthly, Vol. 60,
(January issue), pp 12.
3. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, “Report on Implementation of Accounting
Standards in Educational Institutions of Department of Higher Education, Ministry of
Human Resource Development, Govt. of India.” pp 2.
4. Upadhyaya, A. (2014). An analysis of the status of recurring expenditure of Colleges of
Teacher Education in Assam. International Journal of Research in Management & Social
Science. Vol. 2, 4( I), ISSN No. 2322 – 0899, pp 6-13.
5. Upadhyaya, A & Barua NK. (2015). A study to determine the private cost of students for
acquiring secondary teacher education course in Assam, with reference to the Secondary
Teacher Education Institutions under Dibrugarh University. Pratidhwani the Echo (A
Peer-Reviewed International Journal of Humanities & Social Science) ISSN: 2278-5264
(Online). Vol.4 (I), pp 80-87.

ACADEMICIA:
An International
Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00079.3
TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE (TEK): SCOPE AND

CHALLENGES IN THE MODERN WORLD
Deepthi R*; Dr.K.P.Meera**
*Junior Research Fellow,

Department of Education,Calicut University.
**Professor,
Department of Education,Calicut University
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) describes aboriginal, indigenous and other forms of
traditional knowledge regarding sustainability of local resources. TEK serves as a useful factor
to measure the ecological changes over a period of time in remote areas, which have limited
scientific data. TEK plays a significant role in conservation and management of natural
resources by local communities in a sustainable manner. In the present paper, the investigators
focus on the major aspects of TEK, the role of TEK in climate change assessment and the role in
natural resource management. The investigators also wish to explore strategies or practices
which will facilitate the promotion to TEK to our society more effectively.
KEYWORDS: Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Sustainable future, Natural Resource

Management, climate change adaptation
______________________________________________________________________________
1.INTRODUCTION
In the context of global sustainability issues, there is a growing recognition of Traditional

Ecological Knowledge (TEK) all over the world. Environmental experts recognize TEK as an
important factor which can contribute to management of natural resources and solution of
climatic change issues in a wider extent. Despite the growing demand for TEK, it is an area

which is more ambiguous and least explored yet. The disappearing nature of TEK and the
difficulty in harmonizing world views regarding it serve as blocking factors in wide spread
awareness of TEK among diverse societies (Casimirri, 2003). It is a missing dimension also in
the modern educational field.
1.1.WHAT IS TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE (TEK)?
Traditional Ecological Knowledge is a cumulative understanding attained by communities over a

period of time by continuous interaction of man with the environment. TEK is also referred to as
indigenous or local knowledge unique to a culture, society or locality.
BERKES DEFINES TEK AS:
"A cumulative body of knowledge, practices, and belief, evolving by adaptive processes and
handed down through generation by cultural transmission, about the relationship of living beings
(including humans) with one another and with their environment" (Berkes, 1993)
TEK comprises knowledge regarding language, taxonomy of biological systems and sustainable
ways of conservation of natural resources. “TEK is a combination of knowledge, practice and
belief. It refers to people's medicinal, technical and ritual uses of plants, animals and nonliving
things; or to spiritual, cosmological and relational aspects to various presences in an
environment" (Reid et al., 2002). According to Grenier (1998) TEK refers to "Unique and local
knowledge and learning systems existing in and developed by groups of people who are
indigenous to a specific geographical area or region”. It addresses diverse fields of knowledge
like sustainable management of water, land and biodiversity. It also provides significant insights
on therapeutic usage of native plant species, crop improvement and animal health care.
TEK is dynamic and changing in nature (Berkes,1999). The researchers who work on TEK from
different parts of the world raised their concerns on the vanishing nature of indigenous
knowledge and the immediate need to conserve it(Warren et al,1993). Traditional Ecological
Knowledge and Traditional Environmental Knowledge are synonymous words which can be
used inter-changeably.
TEK is also defined as "the unique traditional, local knowledge existing within and developed
around the specific conditions by men and women indigenous to a particular geographic area
(Johnson, 1992). "Indigenous Knowledge contrasts with the international knowledge system
generated by universities, research institutions and private firms. It is the basis for local-level
decision making in agriculture, health care, food preservation, education, natural resource
management and a host of other activities in rural communities" (Berkes et al., 1998; Johnson,
1992; Studley, 1998). According to Berkes(1993) indigenous knowledge is more holistic,
qualitative, subjective, value based and slow to develop as compared to western science. TEK is

gained both by personal experience and by dissemination of information through inter-
generation.
1.2.FACES OF TEK
Researchers in the field of TEK identified 6 different faces of it. These faces are good
indicators of how TEK can be used from different perspectives.
 FACTUAL OBSERVATIONS
This is the first face of TEK which involves identifying, grouping and naming the different
components of environment by specific observations(Antweiler,2004).This type of knowledge is
gained by individual observations over a long period of time. This face reveals information
regarding the behavior, habitat and abundance of different species (Wenzel,2004).
 MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
This is the second face which formulates strategies facilitating the sustainable use and
management of natural resources through systemic planning. This face enables successful
implementation resource management practices like pest management, multiple cropping
patterns and estimating the existing condition of resources (Peters,2003). Management systems
also facilitates the exploration of innovative methods for sustainable resource management.
 PAST AND CURRENT USES

The third face of TEK highlights the conventional (traditional) and existing uses of natural
resources that are transmitted from generation to generation through life stories.
 ETHICS AND VALUES

This is the face which refers to expression of values and generation of the interconnection of
living beings with their non-living environment. It also deals with ethical elements which limits
the exploitation of nature by man.
 CULTURE AND IDENTITY

This is regarding the influence of language of the past on specific cultures. It emphasizes stories,
and social relations which contribute the development of indigenous cultures.
 COSMOLOGY
This final face of TEK that lays the foundation of other faces. This explains how things are
connected and also delivers principles that regulate human-animal relations. It also deals with

the influence of human-animal relationship on social relationships and obligation to community
members.
2.ROLE OF TEK IN CLIMATE CHANGE ASSESSMENT AND ADAPTATION

EFFORTS:
In many climate change incidents of the globe, first hand experiences from indigenous
communities were proved critical in assessing climate change. According to Martinez (2010),
"Western scientists are becoming to appreciate the complementary role of TEK in climate
change assessment". TEK has been proved as a valuable tool for short term and medium term
forecasting of weather (Parrotta and Agnoletti, 2012). Since the indigenous groups have been
closely interacting with nature over thousands of years, the local ecological changes can be
easily caught by them compared to western scientists(Grossman 2008:8).TEK plays significant
role in climate change assessment and adaptation efforts and provides baseline information
regarding history of climate details of a specific locality. Not only TEK holds relevance for
indigenous groups but also it facilitates climate change discussion of local and global levels.
3. ROLE OF TEK IN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:
Indigenous communities are intimately attached with nature for their life ways and survival.
There are a lot of evidences from different parts of the world which confirm vital role played
by various tribal populations in conservation and management of natural resources like soil,
water and biodiversity.
3.1.SOIL CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
Kamta et al’ s(2010)study revealed that some unique methods of soil conservation were used by
tribal farmers of Mizoram state, India. Potholing, mulching and surface seeding and mixed
cropping were some among the indigenous methods adopted by them to conserve and enrich soil.
According to Singh et al(2005). Monapa tribes of North East India used deposits of dried leaves
of Paisang (pine) trees extensively to improve soil fertility, to retain soil moisture and to
control soil erosion. They gave supreme priority to conservation of pesang trees than planting
commercial crops. In order to conserve pesang trees and other local crops the community used to
celebrate Chheskaran festival during March. As reported by Sharma et al (1994)‟Zabo‟ system
of farming practiced by indigenous communities of Nagaland was beneficial in maintaining the
soil fertility. For improving soil fertility the tribes of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve used
conventional practices like tilling of soil, farm preparation by ash from burnt residues and crop
rotation (Kala,2013).
3.2.SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:

An ideal model of water management has been demonstrated by „Apatani‟ tribes of Arunachal
Pradesh in which rice and fish are cultivated together. Kamta et al(2009)revealed that the tribal
farmers of Mizoram followed indigenous methods like traditional ditches, stone bunds,earthern
bunds and pit digging for conserving water. Kenis (sacred wells) and surangas (horizontal
passages to extract ground water)are the signs of indigenous knowledge of water management
practiced by tribes in Wayanadu,Kerala.
3.3.BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PRACTICES:
Ethnic groups have always played an active role in conserving wide varieties of herbs with
unique medicinal properties over a long period (Atran et al,1999).Satyal et al’s(2002) study
revealed that Bhotia tribes of Himalaya used 34 species of local plants for therapeutic purposes.
Another study conducted by Mahapatra and Panda (2002) confimed the use of 215 local plants
by Munda community of eastern India. The ecological ethics of Bisnoi community of Rajastan
promotes conservation of wildlife and restricts cutting of trees(Pandey,2002a).The Sacred
groves, temple forests, monastery forests and royal hunting gardens maintained in Asia and
Africa are best evidences for biodiversity conservation from ancient times itself. Natural
worships and religious practices also played a major role in conserving biodiversity over
thousands of years.
4.PREVAILING DILEMMAS REGARDING TEK
One of the major issues concerning TEK is that the indigenous societies who preserve it are
continuously being interfered by the dominant communities in the particular locality. This will
cause disruption of traditional communities and the unique cultural patterns they followed. As a
result TEK which is a connecting link between traditional and modern communities is being
broken up for ever (Doubleday,1993). Deterioration of indigenous languages also serve as a
major hindrance in smooth transition of TEK to contemporary societies. It is a tedious task to
revive TEK from members of aboriginal communities since the aborigines are often biased in
transacting their indigenous knowledge to non members.
Stevension (2000)pointed out some problems of integrating TEK with the modern knowledge.
One among the major issues is that the indigenous people are not given the due recognition
during the decision making of solving TEK related problems. The new strategies and designs
based on TEK are often determined by a group of researchers who are the prophets of western
knowledge. Moreover the view points of aboriginal people are being marginalized during such
attempts to mainstream TEK.
5.STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTION OF TEK

Rapid growth of Western Science caused significant negligence of TEK. In order to mainstream
TEK in socio-ecological spheres the following strategies can be followed.
 "Maintenance and development of local environmental knowledge is one of the most
important factors influencing human and environmental systems" (Verstraete et al., 2009).
Hence it is essential that government should implement effective policies for mainstreaming
TEK.
 Effective integration of TEK with scientific knowledge shall be used in contemporary
resource management and environmental impact assessment.
 Climatic change adaptation efforts of indigenous communities need to be recognized and
should be conveyed to the society in a holistic manner. TEK should be incorporated in
climate change research and management.
 Researches regarding the role of indigenous communities in natural management should be
encouraged and effectively communicated among various stakeholders of the society.
 Educational institutions can revive indigenous knowledge from elder members of the
community by conducting workshops on the topics like innate medicinal plants and their
uses, healthy recipes that can be prepared from native plants etc.
 Many researchers opined that basic education system is not giving due recognition for
traditional values, cultures and believes (Irwin1997; Brady 1997; Mah 2000; Peter 2000).
Hence it the urgent need that TEK should be meaningfully integrated in to the formal
education curriculum for successful solution of prevailing ecological issues.
 Efforts to revive TEK from indigenous communities and elder people, synthesize it an
transmitting it through inter-generations should be encouraged.
 Due respect should be developed among children towards the values, rituals, ceremonies and
traditions of aboriginal communities by awareness programmes workshops, exhibitions, field
trips and community living camps.
5.CONCLUSION
The mainstreaming of TEK in contemporary Socio-Ecological context needs long term

commitment from diverse spheres of the society. For this networks among Government, NGO's,
Communities and institutions should be strengthened. More opportunities should be provided to
children for meeting with elders and aboriginals to enhance their horizon of wisdom regarding
traditional and local knowledge.
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ISSN:2249-7137 Vol. 6 Issue 10, October 2016 Impact Factor: SJIF 2013=5.

South Asian Academic Research Journals

South Asian Academic Research Journals

SR. DOI NUMBER

OPINION OF RESPONDENTS IN RESPECT TO

Vinod Prakash, Vijay Jaisawal, Arun Kumar

FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMERS

Mrs. N. Zeenath Zarina & Dr. S. John

SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION AMONG THE

MOTIVATION AND ITS IMPACT ON

Yashaswini Mishra & Rabinra Nath Swain

QUALITY EDUCATION FOR ALL: A

S.N. Misra & Sanjaya Ku. Ghadai

South Asian Academic Research Journals

A STUDY ON EMPLOYEES WORK MOTI-

DETECTING CAUSALITY BETWEEN NET FDI

CONSCIOUSNESS: MERGING OF OPPOSITES 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00076.8

IMPACT OF TRAINING ON PERFOR-

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN

TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

Deepthi R & Dr.K.P.Meera

South Asian Academic Research Journals

DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00068.9

OPINION OF RESPONDENTS IN RESPECT TO CROP PRODUCTION

Vinod Prakash*; Vijay Jaisawal**; Arun Kumar Singh***; M. N. Tripathi****

South Asian Academic Research Journals

KEYWORDS: approximately, adaptability, respectively, cultivation,

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

TABLE 1. COST OF CULTIVATION (INPUT AND OUTPUT ANALYSIS) OF POTATO

South Asian Academic Research Journals

TABLE 2. COST OF CULTIVATION (INPUT AND OUTPUT ANALYSIS) OF GARLIC

South Asian Academic Research Journals

South Asian Academic Research Journals

DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00069.0

FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMERS PREFERENCE AND

Mrs. N. Zeenath Zarina*; Dr. S. John Gabriel**

*Assistant Professor, (Research Scholar)

South Asian Academic Research Journals

KEYWORDS: online shopping, customers preferences, customers satisfaction.

 Upakulsarmah and MrinMoy K. Sarma (2013)presents a synthesis of various e-shopping

 Krishnamurthy S. Raman, et.al(2010)have investigated the effects of the demographic

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

 The study reveals the various components of online shopping.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:

TABLE 1:AGE AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING:CHI-SQUARE VALUE

South Asian Academic Research Journals

GENDER AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING: Gender and preference of online

TABLE 2: GENDER AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND PREFERENCE: The educational qualification

TABLE 3: EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE

South Asian Academic Research Journals

TABLE 4: OCCUPATION AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING

MONTHLY INCOME AND PREFERENCE: According to the monthly income of the

TABLE 5: MONTHLY INCOME AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING:

South Asian Academic Research Journals

MONTHLY EXPENSES AND PREFERENCE: According to the monthly expenses of the

TABLE 6: MONTHLY EXPENSES AND PREFERENCE OF ONLINE SHOPPING

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND PREFERENCE: It can

TABLE 7: KNOWLEDGE OF IT AND PREFERENCE

South Asian Academic Research Journals

SURFING/BROWSING DETAILS AND PREFERENCE: Relating to the browsing details

TABLE 8:SURFING HABIT AND PREFERENCE

Vinod Prakash; Vijay Jaisawal; Arun Kumar Singh; M. N. Tripathi****