Ethics- generally speaking about matters such as good thing.

KINDS OF VALUATION
1. AESTHETICS
2. ETIQUETTE
3. TECHNIQUE
Aesthetics- is derived from the Greek word aesthesis “sense” or feeling” and refers to judgments
of personal approval or disapproval that we make about what we see, hear smell or taste.
Example: I may maintain that it is wrong to wear over a barong Tagalog
Etiquette- which is concerned with the right and wrong actions.
Example: Somebody may approve the child who knows how to ask for something properly by
saying “please” and approve otherwise disapproved of a woman that I see picking her nose in
public.
Technique- derived from the Greek word “techne” the English words “technique” and
“technical” which are often used to refer to a proper way or right of doing things.
Philosophy- refers to the “love of Wisdom”
Branches of Philosophy
1. Metaphysics
2. Epistemology
3. Axiology
Metaphysics – wonders as to what constitutes the whole reality
Epistemology- ask what is our basis for determining what we know.
Axiology- refers broadly to the study of value and of value judgement Especially in ethics
Descriptive study of ethics- reports how people, particular groups, make their moral valuations
without making any without making any judgements either for or against these valuations.
Normative study of ethics- is often done in the philosophy of moral theology.
Example
Descriptive- nothing how filial and obedience are persuasive characteristics of Chinese culture.
Normative- Studying how confusion ethics enjoins us to obey our parents and show filial piety.
Issue- is also often used to refer to those particular situations that are often the source of
considerable and inconclusive debate.
Example: capital punishment and Euthanasia As moral issues.
Decision- when one is place in a situation and confronted by the choice of what act, to perform is
called moral decision. For instance, I choose not to take something I did not pay for.
Judgement- when one person is an observer who make an assessment on the actions or behavior
of someone. She is making a moral judgement. For instance, a friend of mine chose to steal from
a store, and I make an assessment that it is wrong.
 Dilemma- going beyond the matter of choosing right over wrong, or good over bad, and
considering instead the more complicated situation wherein one is torn between choosing
on between the lesser of two evils: this is referred to as a moral dilemma.
Moral Dilemma- when an individual can choose over only one from a number of possible
actions.
Two Types of Ulititarianism
 Act- An action right if and only if it produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain
for the greatest number.
 Rule – An action is right if and only if it conforms to a set of rules the general acceptance
of which would produce the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for the greatest
number.
Jhon Stuart Mill