PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER

Percept - a concept that depends on recognition by the senses, such as

sight, of some external object or phenomenon
Example:One person may perceive a dog jumping on them as a threat,
while another person may perceive this action as the pup just being excited to
see them.
Image - is a visual representation of something
Concept - something conceived in the mind
Example:Examples of concepts include common demographic
measures: Income, Age, Eduction Level, Number of SIblings.
Abstraction - the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events.
Example:Abstraction in real life
 You can drive a car without knowing how the internal
combustion engine works
 you can walk to the shops without knowing how your brain stem is
controlling your walking or breathing rate, and
 you can pay for your groceries using our universal abstraction of
'value': money.
Judgement - the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible
conclusions
Example:An example of judgment is a blonde woman automatically being
treated as dumb. An example of judgment is someone being sentenced to
two months in prison for a crime committed.

Types of Statement

Analytic Statement - a statement or judgment that is necessarily true on

purely logical grounds and serves only to elucidate meanings already implicit
in the subject
Example:

 Frozen water is ice.

 Bachelors are unmarried men.
 Two halves make up a whole.

Emperical Statement - describe what is in the social world, without

evaluating it.
Example:“It will rain tomorrow.”
Tautologous - tautology, in logic, a statement so framed that it cannot be
denied without inconsistency
Example:All humans are mammals

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 Types of Knowledge

Formal Knowledge - Formal knowledge' refers to 'authorised common

knowledge
Example:industry-based standards and agreed schemas

Empirical Knowledge -  in philosophy, knowledge gained from experience

rather than from innate ideas or deductive reasoning
Example:The development of agriculture, the use of fire, and the
domestication of plants and animals are instances of empirical knowledge that
has been passed down from one generation to the next.

Theories of Truths

Coherence Theory - A coherence theory of truth states that the truth of any

(true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of
propositions.
Correspondence Theory - a belief is true if there exists an appropriate entity
– a fact – to which it corresponds. If there is no such entity, the belief is false.
Example:A cat is on a mat" is true if, and only if, there is in the world a
cat and a mat and the cat is related to the mat by virtue of being on it.
Pragmatic Theory - A Pragmatic Theory of Truth holds (roughly) that a
proposition is true if it is useful to believe.
Example:if humans commonly perceive the ocean as beautiful then the
ocean is beautiful.

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Intuition - intuition, in philosophy, the power of obtaining knowledge that
cannot be acquired either by inference or observation, by reason or
experience.
Epistemic - Epistemology is the theory of knowledge. It is concerned with the
mind's relation to reality
Example:
 truth,
 belief and
 Justification

Dogmatism - Dogmatism is defined as "unfounded positiveness in matters of

opinion,
Concepts of Morality
,all three of the triad of (1) harm, (2) purity, and (3) loyalty,

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Morality - Morality seems to be a heavy and broad subject matter for
discussion if we do not have the basic tools for analysis.
Mores - Mores and morals have similar meanings — mores are the morals of
a group or society itself
sanctions - a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule
customs - a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing
something that is specific to a particular society, place or time
habits- a settled or regular tendency or practice, especially on that which is
hard to give up

What is Freedom?

Freedom - the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without
hindrance or restraint.
Instinct - It's the natural ability that makes it conceivable to know something
without any real proof or evidence of such. 
Value Experience - value experience where you are setting which are your
priori ties that you have chosen to pursue. They may also be considered as
imperatives that you have set your mind to do.
Moral Values - takes precedence and priority over other values.
deontological ethics or deontology (Greek word Dein means duty) is the
normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on
whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than
based on the consequences of the action.
Teleological Ethics - Teleology came from the root word telos, meaning end,
goal or purpose., (teleological from Greek telos, “end”; logos,
“science”), theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is
good or desirable as an end to be achieved
Maxim - short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct.
A maxim is simply a moral rule or principle, which can be considered objective
or subjective, and dependent on one's philosophy

7 Common Mistakes in Moral Reasoning