7-12 WEOWAWTERT ENOTHTERIWS_SEFERENSE WaNUAE uation 7.0 ves the standard form ofthe equation of fkyperbola centered at (yl) apd opening tothe ee fd Fae fem _w- a = FF | 782 uation 7.0 gives the standard arm of the equation of 2 fgperbola that entered at (h#) and 6 opening up find So wan woe "The distance between the two foe is 26 ere r86 ‘The eccentrety ofthe hyperbola scaled from Bg. 7.95 and always greater than 1 veee de a 798 ‘The hyperbola f asymptotic to the lines given by Bg, 7.98 and Ba. 7.7, sta eee ‘f= ke 0), then the equations are z* — yf (opens genous ts Ifthe asymptote ae te x and rane, the equation of ‘he hypebol is siply weit 708 2 ‘The genecal and center forme of the equations of a liyperboln ean be reconciled by using Bq. 7.99 through Eq, 7.108, Whether the hyperbola opens left and right for up and down depends on whathar f/A or M/C is Dostive espetivey, where Mis defined by Bay. 7.8, 7100 YEE lores boreal] VTA lope vert ie (ops bert] YO opens verily) Equation 7.104 isthe general equation of «spe, Ty teflon A cannot be 20 Ad 4 Ay 4 AP + Bet Cys Det ra ston 7.106 gives the standard form ofthe stig ‘tape contac at (ke th acts GAN HOW HGP 718 ‘The geveral and center forme of the oquetion fa phos ean be seconced by sing Bq. 7-106 tre Eq 7100 22, MELIX A ls ls curve gooerated by © point moving on ‘ound, and along Seyler soek tat the cst fe point moves parallel to the eyinieal axis Ducoual tothe angle of tation about thats. (S| Fig 716) For eyider of radius, Eq 7.10 thon Bq, {112 dane tho thzee-dimensional postion points along the hls, The quantity 2k is the chal fhe heli roosd on owe 7.96 Hee Differential Calculus atv of Function 2 1 Deets Deratve Opens 5 Gat Peas Fa 5 Si ot Pats ginny 83 £ Pita ileatiton st § fone Diserentinin a Rese Plame Pct. 5 & Grae Veror a £ Dinca Dette te 18, Rav ine Vetoes 7 IL Degen of «Verto Fel u Ib Guile Veoor Feld g 1 Taps Parma es 1 Metin Power Approxitins 200 88 4, DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION In mot cans i pone to transtorm a continioa finan, f(z 225,-), af ove or more Independent sible ino a dervasivefameton.* In simple cose, {he dernative can be interpreted as the lope (langent erate of change) of the curve decribed by the orig Foci, Since the spe of the curve depends on the dave function will also dopend on The deriva tHe, 7'G), of function f(a) is defied mathematically by Ba. 84. Howore, inl thecry la seldom eeed ‘unl caelata daar, 2) Ae f0) a The drvative ot function (2), also own as the fst fs writen in varios Ways, neluding 7 ue : $042), Dyes, v.00) Hosta % co crane may ex ifthe deat Srstrmed on th il crete tit tra devas Miske ce desstveharion Tae ween S. 4 pro, ID, Fo ; LEP FS, Do), DYla) He). 210) I oe pat ate = ini on Neuton’s notation (Hh and 3 generally erly wed ‘eth fnetons of ine A regular (analytic or holomorphic) faction postsses 4 derivative, A point at whieh afwacion’s deivetive tb undefined ts ealed a sigular point, as Fig. 8. Aieteates, ‘igure 8 Oanates aa Sra Panes 2. ELEMENTARY DERIVATIVE OPERATIONS, [Bquation 82 vhrongh Ba. 8.5 summacize che elemen- fy derlvaive opertions on polynomials end expo- ‘eatin. Baunsion 8:2 and Bq. 8. are particulary ‘afl. (a m and H repetsent constant. ffs) end 9) ‘te functions of =) w Dine=! “ De= 0c" ‘ Equation 86 though Eq, 8.17 summarize the elemen tary derivative operations om tranosendenal (egono- ‘melee fnctons Dain ome ae Dogz = sins a7 Disnz= os a8 Deote = -cac?z a9 Decoz =secetons ao Deseo -cweseots anae en Darceots = -Darctanz ans a 1 see = ane Darcoies = Danese an Bquation 8.18 through Eq. 8.23 summarize the ele Derivatives of hyperbuli functions fare not completely analogous to these of the rogular ‘ausoendental functions Dinh 2 oosh 2 ane quan 424 tough Bq 8.29 sumsmarue the eemene {ity derivative operations oa anetons and commbinaliona ote DU) (2) as DU(0)sa)) = f(eIDala)+ fe)DMl2) a8 412)) _ glsdD4to) ~ (eB) > Ge) ee De)" = alye)™"'DI=) om Di(ol2}) = Dyfla)Deal2) a0 Example 8.1 ‘What isthe slope at = 3 ofthe cuve f(z) = 2? ~ 23? Solution “The derivative funetion foun rom Ba, 8 determines De slope. ‘The slope at Bxample 8.2 What are the derivatives ofthe follwing funetlons? ose os6) (ose Solusion (4) Using Bq 83 and Ba, 624, (coe) So) = SDV = 5D(2))"" Mey "Ds = ODEO) =m" () Us Ba 8.26, V1) = sin 2D 2 +exsDsinz (0 3)20002)(Done2) +00? 20005 = (in2\(2o0n2)(-sia2) + ea? cose (0 ting e829 1) (glg)Pose =(a)cameme 2. CRITICAL POINTS Desivativs ave used to locate the lea etal points fetta of ane vaiable—that etreme posts a Known as miami mir pt) well ‘aflection points (post of contraferare). The ps fztrema, mazina, aod minima age sed without the ‘word “point” These points ae Mustated in Fig. 82 ‘Thorof usually an infection point between two sai (et lel extrema ‘The Bat derivative caleulate to determine the oor ‘ors of posi citi plats: The socnd derivate # faleulated to determine whether a partieulr point 8° local masintan, minum, oF infetion point, cong to the fllowingeontions With tis method, no tinction ie made between local and global extant ‘Therefore, che extrema shouldbe compared witht futon valves a the endpoints of the inter, ® pre 8 Ear an Ps asteated in Ex 8.3? Geneva, (2) #0 ata inlec- ‘ion po. Se) =0at any extreme point, =, 8.90 J") <0 aba maximum point ast Mae) > 0 aba misma point ow 4" (ee)=0 wa iaetion pat on Example 8.3 Find the global extrema of the function f(2) oa tho ‘etre 2,22. Ste) Pao. Solution ‘The frst drei ie Sie the Bite i a a xtra pnt et £1) egal ozo aslo foe trots of the gine 1) ctl sn a wert he st S428 (2—1)(e+1)=0 The oote are 2) =%5, 2) = ofthe two local extra, Wate mens oa ecg thewtis rine dor tet aaah 1. The are the lcatons| eee ae a EEE EREWTIECEDCCUIUE 8-3 "The second derivative ie £0 Subatituting 2, and nto (2), Therefore, lol minimum pont (Because f(a) postive), aid ba local masimum polst (base Fea) i negative). The inflection point betwen these ‘ovo exten ie found by setting f=) eal Yo 2, Since the question asked forthe glob extreme points, ie acesmry to compare the value of fs) at the local trem withthe valus atthe endpots. fa=n ‘Therefore, the actual global extroma are at the endpoints. 4. DERIVATIVES OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS. ‘The derivative of function f(z 24.0» 4) can be ‘aleulated from the derivatives ofthe paramctle equ Hons fil) fs(r--rfq(e. The derivative. willbe ‘expres in tars fie parameter, 5, ules the des fives of he paremetriequstions can be expresed ‘eplcly in terms ofthe independent variable. Example 84 ‘A cic is expressed parnmetrcally by the equations a Seo Expres the derivative dy/de (a) ag fantion of the parameter 8 and (b) a6 fanelon of andy8-4 WEOKRWICAC EN Soletion (4) Toking the dorivatve of each parametric equation with respect to 8 ae H~-sen0 4 somo Ba bcos ‘Thea, av a ao fe ~ sand" o (b) The derivatives of the parametsc equations are ‘hely velit to the origil perametec equations. sind "ARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION Derivatives canbe taken with rspoct to only one inde Pendent variable at a tine. For example, 2) the tervstive off) and taken with rspot to the inde pendent vatlble 2 Tf fastion, ays yy ae Tore than one independent variable, a partial derivative fn be found, but ony with respect co one of the inde- pendent variable. AM othr variables are tread as Goustanis Syaabols for © partial derivative off taken Sith pect to variable Pare /2r and J “The got itereetaton of «prt derivative @//2r inthe spe of line tangent to the surface (a phere, ‘lipeoid te) deserted bythe function when al variables ‘cnt £ are held constant. In theceamonsonal space wrth a function dood by z= f(z, yy the prt Ueshative far (oqevalene to 2/2) i the slope of the line tangmt to the surbce in a plane of costant Silly, te, petial derivative Oey (gulvalnt to 24/0) the slope of thee tangent tothe surf in plane of ensant 2 Bxample 8.5 Wha nepal eave 2 ofthe long i? by? tay +59 IWEERIWe WEF EREWOR-waNTRE Sottion pa ite ‘The partial derivative with respect to x found by J derivative ‘onsering all variables other thn =to be constants Bre tana gee a Ghee ithe ® 4 a oo Prample 86 ao “A surface has tho oquation 2 + y/ + 2 ~ 9=0. Whats » Arab thts ia cpl atconagn yan 7 Magenta at ord = 0.2 a os z satin ae Solve fr tbe dependent vasa, Then, ose a Sey aa Baample 8 : Fd hese df rot fea=24ms9 ag-2-y)' on cee fe ia tae mesa iene ec mst = @e-2-vr(=z=) SReaed tome) a Qo-2-vrrC29) aresy [At tho point (1,2,2),2= Land y=2. al aa 1 lazy Yo-GF= 2) Example 8.8 Soive Be 86 ung impli diferensaton. Sotition Send=2se42- Flare feorton y 6 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION, When relationship between a variables canto ‘manipulte to yield an expel function of n= 1 ‘ett vasa thot relations imply fe (ah arable Finding te dervetive of he mpi a She with respect to any ober independent var known as imptet diferentiaion "Agha ld mae ae ltt e oe street mest lyoaen fix) a rere eeu 8.5 — 7.-TANGENT PLANE FUNCTION ‘ertial derivatives canbe used to Hd the equation of Plane fangen toa the-dimensonal sinus defined by ‘I(&; 9,2) = 0 at some point, Pp. Foxyes)=(o- MEE co BG oem a ‘The coocents of =, y and + are the same as the efficients of and Hof the norinal vector at plat Bp (Gee See 8.10), Example 8.9 ‘What is the equation of the plane tat i tangent tothe surface defined by f(y2) = 402+ ~ 16e= Oat the point (24,2)? Soliton CCalculato the partial derivatives and substitute the fe..2) 70,4.) As\(2—2)+ (ly 4) - 0H) r+ By — 162 — Sutatitate into Bq 8:36, and divide both sides by 8 dety-2e- 8. GRADIENT VECTOR “The slope of a function is the ehange fn one variable with respect toa distance ina ehosen czeson, Usaly, the cretion i pall to a coordinate a. Howe the msde slope ats polaton a surface may not be {nv diwction parallel to ove ofthe coordinate mx.8-6 HFSWANTERT-EWOTWEF RING _WEFEREWEE WaRUEE—————————— The gradient vector function f(z. 2) (pronounced "al &) gives the maximum rate of change of te fn tion fle) yx Plena), , 2 2 antes.) a iy Example 8.10 ‘A two-dimensional function is defied by flasy)= 28-94 82—y (a) What is the gradient vector for this funtion? (b) What i che dioction of the lie pasing through the point (1, ~2) that hae « maxim slope” fo) What Is te maximum slope atthe point (1-2)? Sotto (o) 1s necesary to calculate two partial derivatives in corde 0 use Ba, 857 oftz.3) Ee ay ‘Wylea) = (tet + (29M (0) Find tho direction of tho line passing trough (1, -2) ‘wth masimntn slope by inserting r= and yor “Zinta {he gradont vector function, v= (100) +3)b4 ((-0¥-2)-3)5 aay (6) The magnitude ofthe slope is (aF+0 9. DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE. 182 alike the gradient vector (covered in Se. 88), whieh fsleuates the masimom rete of change of «fonction, the directional dertative, inated by. Vella, Dastssy2). ot $2.42) gives the rate of change the dedi a @ given vetor, wor U. The subsepe Smples tht che direction vector i uni west, but it me oes not need to be, as only the direction cosines a ‘aealted from Vaftn, (282 an0 + (152 os (22) ay veudsnss0k om dated Vege Uy expels Pa oe Example 8.11 ‘What eth rate ofchange off) he pit (1,2) i the dection t+ 9)? Solution "The diretion coins ae given by Eq 840 and a, The partial dreatves ae Ales) oe aie.) 3 ‘The directional derivative f given by Ba. 838. ty Oee+n+ Qe-a Substitting the given values of = 1 and vat.-2)= (00-2) + Q(1-ar-a) -8 =2 66 vustea) 2 410, NORMAL LINE VECTOR, Partial derivatives canbe ued to find the veezr nerd toa theedlinensional surface defied by fla, 2,= 0 —— er es scope Deca hh de sae angen ne a oi Po (Se Se.) at) 1 Mee C7 offs.) ae +e ample 812 is the vetor normal to the sure of Pim SE Phare ache pom 8.0 Solon ‘Tow eqston of the tangent plane at this point was (Bintan Ex 89 to be (242) =22+ 9-22-40 ‘Acvcor that fs normal to the tangent plane Uarough ‘his poi i N= 2145-28 41. DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR FIELD ‘The deerenc, div F, of 9 vector Bld F(z 92) is seals funtion defined ty Bq 8.45 and Eq. 846. The ‘vergence of F can be interpreted as the accumulation at (he, 8 owing oubetance) is eal gion (Ley A point). One of the uses of the vergence to eterine whether fow (represented in lietion and tmagaitude by F) is compile Flow is incompressiiie IfalvF =o, ance ube substance nck aceamslting. Po Ples sit Qa t Remade — 64 may be aso oexkulate divergence fom Ea. 846. avP-V-F awe ‘The veto dl operator, Vs defined as = Bae Sind aa vagt oy? a Medea decency then ihe dot product cated TB Sabre ee eet Example 8.15 CCalalato the divergence of the following vector function. Ransaml teu + Teak Solution From Ba. 845, Bere 2 eye HA dive Zee ZeyeZrayarte +0 arte 42, CURL OF A VECTOR FIELD, ‘The car curl F, of weer Nd F(z, 9,2) 8 vector fi defined by Eq 849 and Eq 650.‘The cul Fan be laterpreted ae the vorticity per ual aoa of fax (re flowing subtanes) ia a smal region (et pol). (One ofthe see of the cl to determine whether Dow (Gepresnted fn direction and magaitude by Bi ote onal Flow ls lnotatnal if curl F Fa Pst Gens Rea a8 2), (22 cut P= (28-29)i 4 (22-28, 09 28 ne +(@-3)* It may bo csr eae hc fo Eg 830 (The oa Gi Speto anus ed na 8), cul PaVxF Eee ete @ 2 = 650 B® Pts.w2) Qlem2) Rens) the velocity vetor ie V, then the vor Is vxv e pti bine as ‘The circulation is te line invegral of che velocity, Vy longa owed cv fieden fords ae Bxample 8.14 Calealate the ean ofthe flowing vetor function, r Fis.n.2)= 381+ Tew)8-8 MECHENTORT eworWEERIWe WEF ERENCE WENURE Sotation 1s can be shown thatthe remainder term can be cab, lated fom Eq. 84, where eS some number(s the Using 850, tel dfs tas mann tr etn i Tu pan cae cate on upper boi one our] 2 Sonabedee too Be 8 $8. Me bie masinn (pete) Integral Calculus value of 71) om the intra [a3 ast Expand the determinant eos the top co bal i 61 Ballon 92 and Ea 93 ao pty usc. (Cand 5 Bemotary Operations St Fone conatants f(s) nd (3) ae nein of 2) 1(Zo-Zeen) (20-204) os 5 Intgraton ty Pate 92 ae eee $ Staton of Terms 3 feo v2 2 ey) 2 Seren her Orde neg 88 +(2aen-2 2) oy Fat a 414, MACLAURIN POWER APPROXIMATIONS oe eee o oa 40-0) = (0-0) =W(7ey~0) & Reese Vato 4 Xe = 0 nthe Taylor wre, Ba. 8.53 is kan ate aoe ot os Tee Naciar seios The Macau wean tects fF eM 3 Soper ane ase av te tetwens 1 Spat ane 33 aa ; SIE The folowing common approximations mayb . Ea Rovelan 3 ean tee os 12. TAYLOR'S Fomaues, felered tas Maurin ea, Felorseienorpvet J 2 Sees Cr Rorttion 88 [een¥ Tayo’ formula (src) can te wed to expand wf He Aprons TC Mommte of Pseton 8s i 2 fla toll on th fee's vale a anther 1 Far Foor toe Fy font) ‘The approximation orate f m series each = 7 Integral Functions 38 an Team composed of dervatve ofthe cris faction ts popu Using Tap’ formula teqies hat os on ‘he ceignal function be ontiowous i the interval eb ‘and have the required number of derivatives: To expand ‘functien, (2), around © point, inorder to oben FO), Tesles formula is 19-10 -L00- 9 Loe Ly oeno as a Ba #45 he epee dente th nh de ea ce mera cot ate, enctciele bes ee eet met me Pact a tn re cde Teta ee eee Se eee ere eS es om Sp iy Integration i the Savers operation of diferentaton. For that tesoo, indefinite iplegrals are sometimes lard to ms antieriatives’ Although expressions fa be funetione of soverl arabes, tnapralsean only ‘eaten with respact to one variable ata tine, The ‘ijerentia orm (in Bg 9.1) ladiats that vasabl In By. 94, tbe function P() isthe futegrand, aad 2s the varabe of integration, [rie ‘While most of « function, f(2), oan, be “recover” ‘through integration of es derivative, (2), a constant team wil bela, This is because the derivative of 8 octet term vanishes (Le, is zero) Iesving nothing to rocover from, A conslan! of iteration, Cy added to the integral to rooognae the poosbilty of such ‘astant term, ee (a+ a 2 ELEMENTARY OPERATIONS Equation 92 though Eq, 8 summaioe the element tb open on pba sad expen? bees iw yin nd alin oven Sebi ho met grat fan, nes te Rerelceam ee ne Feet, tame f meta iy ah fe of sea ey ation 99 tough Ee, 9.20 sunmare h clonse Say tetin options on tremcendental fanctons [orsdr= ese a [rvstensasec 20 inoecal + © nleosel + C oa foveseciaave 9 coxnde~ ifter—ontal+C nisfing]ec on siempre om singe Woe] 918| yfgeriwontre woe on [ostrdenjentinsse oe fovecenk-yauro —— o0 fudstenuns-o4¢ om Equation 9:21 though Ea, 9.26 summarize the eleren- tary integration operations on hyperbole wanseenden- tal functions Integrals of hyperbaicfanetons are net Soult aalags to theo he lr tae fomstsoms+o oa [owsden snes oz [rsrsdemtaleam+e 923 [oorzée=tnjsnhal+c 928 _[ estes de actanfsinhs) +6 eas Jf covrde= tftan 3 Equation 9.27 though Bag 0.90 summarize the lee {ab legato options on incon ad er [oseyden f payee ad [Ucrsaopee= [seers faerie a8 [5Qemtauorre ae [rev0)-10 [440- [oerno.ee [asus ox lal). Solin "This a polynomial function, end Eq 9.8 any ppled to each ofthe threo terms Joesteanas2sietese 9. INTEGRATION BY PARTS. uation 9.0, repeated here ilenown a integration ports f() and (a) ate functions The ust of he eto is astra by Bx. 92, [rciesernoner-[oaaierse Example 0.2 ind te following integral. [eee 26 is factored into two parta so that integration partgean be ed aro Sobation From Bg. 031, regarding the conse ingest (which cannot be evaluated), o [neaver=neey~ fv Jeetnve- [cone "The second term i als fetored into two parts and Integration by part tase again. Thiele ‘Ten, the complete a edr= Be Wee 2)+C sete —24+0 4, SEPARATION OF TERMS ‘Bquton 9.28 shows tt the ntgrl of sum of term Baie uum ofintegrle. This ecbnique sknown as afte, ay cor, (ai we easy severed i other cases, the tengo prt fac wee be used to obtain dadvidual toms. These ‘Eehnigus are ilustrotod by Bx 0. and Exe Od. Example 93. Fad the fing intl pete Seton [2228 aca [ited te = [eer Que = Hs62 40ml4+0 Example 94 Find the flowing integral te feie Soon he integrand is larger Use 1, 40 use long division to ere eareULET 98 Jor fate s+fioie—21+0 5, DOUBLE AND HIGHER-ORDER INTEGRALS A onto cane uci inegae. (Ta a ‘anus to sucesive difrentiation) A faction that i Tmtograted tio io known ax double sntegra. if nt fate thre tomes, it = 0 imple tntgro, ad 80 oh {Bovble and tsp integra are used to calculate aces and volumes, respectively. ‘The sucassive integrations do not need to be with Feapest tothe same viable, Vasibles not feuded in the integretion ar treated ae constants "Thete aro sverl notations wed fr multiple Integral, portealsiy when the predct of length dierent presents diferential area or volume A double inte fal (le. two succes integrations) can be repre ‘Sted by one ofthe flowing notation. [frees posted off sesnea A tile integral en be roeesete by one the follow ing notation. fffienoussria. [Jomaeeiras «fff fomser Example 0.5 Find the folowing double intgral. ffiesvnsess fens Be ate iis es)= eee Sottin eee af(z) = dz drema (1+ feces de ere anaes oe y= fage)m feu Be [oe rre + cérm ye ste sone cr SFE eee eee 8 i See See9-4 mEeHR 80, [fervesdctn= wwe + pt? cue INITIAL VALUES. ‘Tho constant of integzatien, C can be found only if the vale of the funtion f=) i own fr come value of he wa a) ao na al ee ofa enaton, To completly define a function as tang Inia values, f(a), (zr), Ja), and 50 ob, the far integrations are neeed. xy, x32, and vo on, ean be but donot hove to be, the saae Example: It is known thet f(s) = 4 when 2=2 (ie, the init value 72) = 4) Pind the original faction. Joo -ro2e Solution ‘The function is (90 ~Ta\dame! —JP4.0 Subottting the initial valve determines 0 4=Q@'-@er+e sense o=6 The fonction i Se)=¥ Ht +6 7 DEFINITE INTEGRALS. A definite integrals msticted to 9 specie range of the Independent ‘variable. (Unnectrcte Integrals ef the ‘ype shown in all preuding examples ate lenown 88 fndefite itegrals) A define integral resrelod to tho region bounded by lower and upper me also Snowe as bound) and zy is writen as [a0 Bquation 9.22 indicates how definite integrals are valated. Iie owns the fndamentl harem of [row lft stay om A commen we ofa definite Integral ic the cleat ‘work performed bya fre, F that moves an objet fu, eatin toa. Teen toatan or ae we [Pre 7 Demo vane boing dt ea [osmete Prom 93, [oneten con =-05~(-0707) 207 8, AVERAGE VALUE, Th grt vue of cin) int ite cover the interval ff 8 sverage vale = [tem 9. AREA uation 9.38 calculates the are, 4, bounded by == =, fs) above, and f(a) below. (fa) = 0 if con ie bounded by the ‘Sust.) This illustrated in Fig 9. ['00)-noyes os ‘our 1 Joes Batic To Cures Beample98 ‘ron teineen the exis and the paola Pot eter Bh Sohion efring 0 Ba 9:35, he) Ale)=0 a= [Hse nea)er == zl, = 10, ARC LENGTH uation 035 givos tho longth ofa curve define by f(=) ‘hoe derivative exit inthe interval 8 sag ffir (rayee 98 11, PAPPUS! THEOREMS? ‘The Sint and second theorems of Papp are fet theorem: Given a curve, C, that dose not inte ect the pai, th ern of tho perface of reaution (erated by rovelving C around the pas sequal fo the prodact of the length of the curve and the ‘fremfrence of the ctl traced by the cated of cane. A= length circumference Jength 2 radios os * send throm Given plane sgn, Ry oss ‘et nee the psi, te vl of retin ‘acted hy reokerg eroune the seta FS bag regi wre ct tn ror ale hn ths ad ene TRTEGRALERTEUIUS 95 pret of the ates and the creufrence of the etle traced by the centeod of rca = area x deeumforence wen x 2 radios eae 12. SURFACE OF REVOLUTION “The surface sees obtained by rotating f(2) about the aan [TroieGoye om The surface area obisined by rotating f(y) about the rae sem f noir Gay 90 Brampie 99 The cure fa) = Je over the region x= [0,4 i ote bout the paxis What isthe surface of revcluton? Solution “The susfuce of revelation Is Sine fe) =e fa) =, Pom Bq 9.9, the aes are [nafs (feo) an [pire oe [cae -42[ 7h9-6 WESHAWIERTEWOTWEER 419, VOLUME OF REVOLUTION “Tho velumo obtained by rotting f(x) about the sate is given by Be St. f°() ls the square ofthe funtion, rot che setond derivative, Equation 9.41 is known asthe Imetiod of tics ven [Pode ous ‘Tho volume obtained by rotting J(z) about the pale can be found from Ba, 9.11 (Le, using the method of ‘iscs) by rewriting te its and equation in tems of» ‘ocalleratvely, the mel2od of shell ean be used, eslt- Ing it the second form of Eq 9.42. ven [Poa su[laoe se ‘over the region # = [0,4 is rotated ‘boot the Danis What ithe volume of revoltion? Setetion ‘The volume of roveaton 14, MOMENTS OF A FUNCTION ‘The first moment of « funtion is concept used in finding centro ard eters of gravity: Equation 9.43 sd Ba. 44 are fo oneal two-dimensional problems respectively. I the exponent of (1 in this ese) hat, fee the moment its ama, gh ofits yoy ae found from the lowing eno LP aad [soa =k [noe ss feat moment = f (eee os see mnt ff tenicty ‘The second moment ofa fenton conte el a cua} [A peosntat Ging rete ti wih eect fone Eun 10 and Ea 990 ue be fro Aad Uwe ‘Senna poec recy. Sxmed moms sep oer ans te nla 2" 21) ost 2 ["rnoamat 2 r teat [" stosianea era eee 2 [nomen ey 08 )dpdede Coonan fff +2 p05 nd, 982 we ane adh a tf intagreting and finding, cy and fy can be greatly Sfaplfed if the wavelorm is rsngezed as being sym ‘pec Table 1 simnaarcs the simplifications Brample 9.11 id the ist four terms ofa Four series hat approx imatas the petitive step function atrated. aegiee} 15. FOURIER SERIES Any pera waveform can be witen asthe ou da {nite numberof slugodal tars, own as harmonic terme {ke an infinite series) Such a sum of tera Town aa Fosrter series and the prccasof finding th tana Fourier analy, (trating the original wie. form from the seer is known aa Pouror wero Since mast ares converge Topidiy, sts posible to btsin' good approximation to the’orginal wavebm ‘vith ied amber of sinosidal arms 0: outers toarem is Fa. GAT.’ Tho object of a Fourie tual sto detenine the coficents ay sid by Tht ‘omstant a an often be detcemined by inspection ace 121s tho average vate ofthe waveform. St) may ont + epeon t+ + bysinut + bsin2t+ oe isthe natural (fundementa) frequency of the wate iN ee kee se [oud fou 2 2 i ‘Wis vale of Ya coresponds tothe average value of ‘(0 Tceutave teen fond hy observation. "To simplify the analysis, the tie domain can be me taliaad to the radian sale. The normalied see btained by dividing all frequencies by w. Then, Ibe Fourier sere becomes, 10) = ay bay cast+ pease “Fbyalne aint + ae “Tip tects vt wed ston sae at THYESRELCATEUIUS 9-7 Tae rai A Strat Syria ween ras feast 40) tanh | sora ics oc isi as = it is Aan = “weer aan “| Sin e+ m= —A0 ee Ota p= aleve A= -iffomnea wean Les mento | aso ee Semen | Scout pe —] soi | b= ateen way ‘sada E oon Afroenna 4 oul =A9-8 wESwAWIORL EWOTWEE NING REFERENCE WAWOAE ‘The series ie Ho Be Rdnes nate dange so} en ea 16. FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS Many mathematical operations are needed vo imple. trent a trie Fourier ansform, While the terms of & Fourier series ght be slowly derived by integration, a {ister method needed to anelyze realtime date, The fast Fourier transform (BET) isa computer algorithm froplemented in sprotram anaes (signal analyzes ot FRY analyers) ae eplacas integration and mulipl- ‘ation operations with table Took-ups and adaitiona® Since the complesty of the tansform is euod, the transformation ooome more gully, enabling efent thal of waveforms with lite orto pridiy.” Using a spectrum analyzer requires choosing the fro. ‘enty Band (eg, 20 kil) to be monitored. (This ep automatialy selects the sampling period. The iBorer the frequencies sanplod, the longer tho sam pling potiod) I they sro not feed by the analyzer, Fhe tubers of time-dependent Input varlable sam ples (eg, 1024) and fequency-dependent output ‘aviable values (©. 400) ato chosen’ There are half {Stnany frequency lines as data pens Because enc Tine coatalne two pices of information—real (ampli tude) tnd imaginary (phase). The Fesolution of the esniting Requoncy avalys i frequency bandwidth "solution = 5 oF output variable values “ear na sora rere eae siete eset ts econ i (amy eee pots oan ob ‘fend dye of mea uampatins am compen to re ain rr ra: ve cin ny) ‘ined 48sec BS oc Ea 17, INTEGRAL FUNCTIONS Integals tot exnot be evaluated as ite combloaioy tf ekrmontary fictions are called intel fctng ‘Tse fncins are eluate by ais expansion. Sone ti ore coms anetion are ited lla? © interline fection sia) [4dr 2H sats + tert ann acton cus) f! Fae ae = Cr+ 2at eG a 4 iteoralexponentil faction (Cri Ba, 9165 nd By. 0.6 i Balers constant cae ferme +4-tm) an (tbe = barre, © rer fnetion ‘Gi gag HS Fh ra ca ype of Dini Batons i 1 Pee eaun Fen Ore Lea ‘Sika antions ith Cosant Boescts 102 4 ober nari gai. 102 § Pip Sader Sera Dieratit Brann wa pont Bador sad intial Fats. 108 5 £ Homopensoe, Second-Order Linear erential Equations with Constant Costas 103 1 Nonhenopeneous Difreatial Bawations. 1053 E Nemes Difrentil Equations 105 Laplace Trsforms 105 10, Step and Impulse Funcions 108 TL Alga of Laplace Transforis 108 12, Convcltion Integral. we 18 Using Laplace Transforms 107 A Tard and Higher Orter Liar ifleitial vations wth Constant Cocffcents.. 108 1 Apploton: Engineering Systems ws 16, Appseaton: Mixing as 1, Appictsa: Exponential Grow snd Becsy 109 18 Appleton: Epidanice i010 10. Applution: Surface Tenpucture into 2), Apia: Bvaporstion 10 ‘1. TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS A different equation ig a mathematial expression ‘eombining a function (ex. y= (a) and one or move fits derives The ordre dfecential equation the hight dervative in. Fietorder differontial equ Sion contain only Hest derivatives of the function, second-order erential equations contain second Sepa (an ay cna ist devine owe A tear diferent equation can be written as a sun of FREES of won of the mction and its erates 4 she lupe ar ela, the diferent eatin Is ‘ite have contnt coir he fn or one ta devas sated to sone poe (other than re) (pS emda in anohar function (omy embedded in 02 the equation ead tobe nondinour, Bach term of homogeneous ferential equation tus ether the factions) ot oe of ts Grier thatthe sum of drianve terme eal fo gM 10.8 nonhamogencousdiferential ection, the LO cen sm of derivative terms is equal 1 a nonzero forcing JFction of the independent variable (eg, =). 10 rer to celve snonbomogenedss equation, is often ‘eomeory to salve the homogeneous equation fit. The Fomogescous equation corespending (oa nonhomoge- eousoqution known as reduced eqution or com- Blementary equation ‘The flowing exeenpla state the types of diferer- til equations Teno oogenesis me, etn! fice seomaperos, sod onder Tica, wh const ofits inde nonlsaagentos, nd “rr none YP -2y 4 yesnde ven ‘An avscilary equation (loo all the characteristic ‘ruaton) can te nsten for a homogenseus hiner di ‘entil equation with coastant coofhleats, regardless ‘fonder, This asary equation i simply the pelyac- fil formed by ceplcog al derivatives with variables qTaved tote power of Ul arpctive derivatives ‘The purpots of solving « differential equation i to derive an expresoot forthe fretion i ters of the Independent variable, ‘The expresion does not need to te expla the faction, but thee can be no derive tive nthe expoeston. Since, in tho simplest case, Selving » differential uation is equivalent to Gnaing i iudtnie ntgraly ee not surprising that eonsianés of integration most be evlisted from knowledge of bow the’ system bebsves. Additional data are know a= lhl volves, and xy problem that includes them 5 Known at aa itil value problom ‘Moc iferential equations require lengthy solutions tel ase not eet slved by hand. However, several ‘es ave fay spe and ae resented inthis chapter. Sh mi Seer se et ee a pone, Sessa avai Sia SS eie ae cialis Sea eS10-2 Example 30. Wirt the complementary difeeatial equation forthe folowing nonhomogeneous diferenil exon. 6/4 Dy = Mens Sohation ‘The complementary equation ts found by dinating the oeing funtion, sind vi 6/+9y=0 Example 1022 Wilt tho amsery equation tothe following differen ‘ial equation| vtay tes Solasion "Replacing each drvaive with a polynomial term whose dlegro equal the original onder, the usar squain s P4drei=o 2, HOMOGENEOUS, FIRST-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH. CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS ‘A homogeneous, fst-order near diferentia eqution ‘wth constant coeffcents wl have the general orn of 101 v+kyeo or The aslary equation is r-+ k= O and it has a oot of rm sk Equation 10.2 eth solution ye Act = ae 2 1 the inl condi brown tobe (0) = the solution is ” rene 02 2. FIRST-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. ‘A festarder near diferentlal equation has the gener form af Eq. 104 fs) ond o() can be cnetaats or ony finetion of « (out not of). However, fp) ls cote stant ad g) ero, nso to save the eguction as Show fn Soo. 102, v +00 MECHAWICAT-ENGTNEERTWS WEF ERENCE waNUAE————————| ‘The fategatng factor (whieh ie asullysfanetin) g ‘his dierent quaton w(x) The closed-form solution to Bq 10. le ag (Hetero) me For the spit caso where (2) ad) at both ca. stants, By 10 becomes we) vtayed 0 tha inal condition i (0) hea the sohtin to Fa. 1018 0-4 me ms Example 108 Finda slation tothe flowing ferential equtin, Yoy=2ee — y(a)= Solution ‘This isa Spstonder nese equation with rs) 2) = 220". The iterating factor ie no fos) =e ss) =e = Uf ula)alayde °) 1 (J emeres) =e(e/reeeeo) EQ 26+) etele-n+0) stand we) From the intel condition, wo)=1 (Q)40-1)+0)=1 H@(-2) + 0)=1 ‘Therefore, C= 3. The complete solution Sx eben +3) ni rrr STONE 10-3 ee Jn SEPARABLE + RS NTIAL EQUATIONS seers ferential estos canbe ae Pore ta fect ok convene 8 Sie = ay we fa} +n) $0 atice 109 can be pled in he form of E101, Pema 207 chick are easly eyetel, A ial both dish the cman of nation inojee=—n()dy mw {6 FIRST-ORDER EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, 1 pind exc eeretil uation be the orm, Hes)+ hab =0 won 1 fs) i th exact deat of 9) wth sextet to CD fea) mtb exact derivative offs) vith Papee tO. The alton Kay) ~6- om @. HOMOGENEOUS, SECOND-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS. Homogencous sccont-order liner differential equetions Weih coniant coofcients have the form of Eq 10.13. ‘They ae mt easly solved by Sindng the two tots of the airy equation, Eq 1014, Yb! +h Pa krth=0 rom 018 ‘There aze treo cas If the two teas of Bq 10.14 are real td ifeeat, the ston ya Aver Ane 038 ede two rst are rel snd the se, the slution ye Aes Ase to Bene 0 ‘oot are imaginary, they wil be of the form (+ ts) ant (a Gu), and dhe eouton Y= Aye casa + Aree sinese so18 Hegre sc, and Ay smst be ound fom the ovo Example 104 Solve the following dffental equation Vi +6y+9y=0 yO=0 ¥(0)=1 Sotision "The ery equation i P4640 (+ ayreD=0 “The roots tothe awiiary equation are = ‘Therlor, the elton hae the form of Ba. 10.18, yaa Aare “The frst tel condition is Atom 0 “Aso “Tose the saond intial condition, the derivative ofthe ‘uation fe needed. Making use ofthe known fact that ee ae pa veer = thee A ‘ring the second intial cndton, ‘The solution i 7. NONHOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. A noshomogeneous equation bas the form of Bg, 1019, fla) known athe foreng fnction. of toa + olay fle) 0x0 ‘The stution to Bq. 10.19 3s the sum of two equations ‘The complementary solution, ye selves the complen mentary (le, homogeneous) problem. The partialor tion, yp ib soy specie scaion tothe nonhomoge- fous Ea 0.29 that is kaown or ean be fond. Tats ‘aloes are ised to evaluate any unknown eouiclentsIn the complemeatary solution after yo and yp have own combined. (The particular solution will ot have any unkown coefficients) yet 1020 "Two methods are avalable for finding a particular sue tuon. The method of undetermined eoficiens a pee ent here can be used only when p2) and (a) are ‘constant ctfeiants and j(2) takes ot cre ofthe fr in Table 101 ‘The particular solution ean be read fom Table 10. if the forcing finetion i of one of the fms given. Of ‘course, the coticents A, and are not known these tt te undetermined coefficient The exponent sis the ‘molest nonnegative suraber (and wil bo 0,1, oF 2), ‘which ensure tht no term inthe parila stn, tip it oko x eobation tothe complementary equation, a | ‘Fhnst be determined price to proceeding with the ste ton procedure, ace 4, (ineluding 3) is known, iti diferentisted to ‘obtain ff and yf, and al tee fonctions are sustitated, {nto the original nonhomogeneous equation. ‘The rsa ing easton ireerangrel orate the frelagfaeton, JC, the unkown cotficients are dtersined, wt | sly by solving simultaneous equations. 1F the forcing fagetion, 2). is. ore complex thea the forme shown in Table 104, oF ether #2) or ol) 0 fnction of 2) the method of voraton of parameter fhoold be ted. ‘This complex and Umecorsuming ‘netted lrnoe covered nhs book Table 101 Pancu Soutone tent fa) fom (eae bt de (tet aaah pes x (cranes) (se pee x erin ria ean ten Example 108 Soke. he flowing nonbomogeous dren cate Vy tye econ 10-4 HESHAWIERT-EWOTWEE RING HEFERENSE WAWUAT Solution ‘stp 1: Fin the olson to the complementary (hom. ‘eneous) diferent equation vray + Sine this ciferntil equation with conan, enfin, wute te aay equation. Py arsieo ‘The avery equation factors into (7+ 1)? = with two Meateal roots at r= ~1- There, Ue lution to the homogenoous” diferrti ‘equation e da) = Cee Care ep Use Table 101 to determine the fem of a ‘ena soon, Since the forcing funcson bs te orm Pla} "con ur with Pa) = (oat: lent to n=O, a= 1, and w =, the partials ‘elation has the form sl) = 2 (Aer cons + Bets) step Ye Detercine the vlue of, Chesk oon if ay of fhe tore fo y(s) sil thangavee aon the IRomogenenasafoston. Try Ae" eos ist é = = Adan Bae cose) = Ae cose — A é Hilde casa) = -2Ae sine Substitute thee quantities into the honog ows equation vea'sy: Mabe sins + 2A cose = 2de'sins + Ac oss: BAe ecoz— Ae sinz= 0 Disggarding the trivial (20, 4 = 0) soto Accor dees nat” solve the homoge ‘equation. Next, try Bein. 4 7 Eeetsing)= Beto + Bens ae, Bicee sins) = 286 ce ——— ep: atstate tees quntts nto the Ronoge Sereno ve2/ty=0 Be ene + BC ct 1 et dns + Bein ‘Be sin + 4Betosa= 0 Disregarding the tv) (B = 0) cae, Benz Diese the bomogeacous equation ‘Since none ofthe terms In ya) save the omer ny equation, #= O, ed a particu eci- So has the form syle) = Ae cone + Betsins Use the wethod of unknown coeflonts to deter [Bin and 2 inthe parted sftion. Draw fig’ on the previous steps, eubsitute the ‘Ghtties dived from the patielarselution {io tbe nonhomogeneous equation, Ped) tym eos -2het in + Beast + 2Actconr— 2Ae' sine 42Be ooez + 2Besn Ac cons + Besinz = Coote Combining tems, (4A 42B)ecin + (04 +48) oe eee equating the coofcents of tike terms on eter side of the eal sign rel i te ToWog Sinultaneos equations aay 3B: 3444D=1 ‘Tho solution to Ubese equations is 6 3 ‘A pasticalr solution is we Aeeast gesas eee en oer ewww EEE 10-8 step: Write the general sltion, we)= ve) + 42) Chet 4 Caset econ tetsing “The values of Cand Cy woud be detained st {hs time i initial eonditdons wer known 8, NAMED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. Some diferenial equations with specif forms are haited after the individuals who developed solution techies for ther. 1© Bessel equation of erderv sve e—¥) sea © ety pation teveeowese) sas Balers etn Avsev shoe cau ypeeomer estin Has +(e—(ot beni 010 1 Legenre equation of order 2 (= ayaa QE Dy 0 Leect] 02s 9. LAPLACE TRANSFORMS, ‘radiional methods of solving noabomogenceus dif catia! equations by hand are Usually dieu and/or tine conning, Laplace trongorme can be used to duce many eoition procedures to simple algehr, [Beery mathomatial fonction, (0) for whieh Pa, 1026 tedets hora Laplace transform, writen as CL) oF (9) ‘The tnnaform ewrieen inthe» oma, regardless of the Independent variable in the orginal fnetion.* [the voriable ls equivalent to-n derivative operator, ‘lihough fe maybe handled in te equations asa simple 5 onl wit i il on a tg fhe penitent cet10-6 wECHAWIeAL EWOIWEERIWE REFE vasiale) Equation 10.25 converts @ function into 8 Laplace transform, 2U0)= FIa~ [ ensoae 1026 Equation 10:28 is not often needed because tables of tensors ae relly svallable (Append 10-4 cote telus some ofthe mast common transforms.) Extracting funtion fom its trnaorm & the inuere Laplace transform operation. Although otber methods ‘vin thir operation is amos: always done by Seng the transform in ast of tables® SO=6(FC) ter Example 10.6 Pind the Laplace transform ofthe flowing fonction. >a £0) Sohation Applying Bq 10:26, iey= [ete $0, STEP AND IMPULSE FUNCTIONS. Many fring functions are sinutidal or exponential is ‘ature others bowever, can only bo represented by & ‘ep of impulce fet. A wnié op incon, sy ‘uncon deserfbing the disturbance ef magnitude | cht isnot present before tine ¢but i suddenly there after tine 1A sep of magaltude § at tine t= 3 would be represnted se Sy (Tho notation Su(! 3) ie tnd in ome bots) ‘The ust spale ction, by a aneion deeb & dlsturbance of maguitude hati appled end removed ‘qiienly ato be nstantancone. An ropa of mag {ude § at time 3 would be ropresnted by 5éy (The ‘notation 5é(t 3) fendi some books) Example 10.7 What isthe notation fora fercng function of magnitude that applied a = and that be completely removed ——— Example 10.8, [in the Laplace transform of ap, a unit step at ¢= 0 Ke M)= Lor #20 sereponding factions f0) anf) are BO. mel, Lape wens canot be , anu spt Thal JO) # aR wen oosh Foo) = BORO its posible to erat (0) om it somo Hower es calclstod ros either of the convolution fn MO eee Tis proces i detonated in 705 gies dammy vale for <0 Settion Since the Lape teansform is the valve ff) peor to sm intgral that stars, or Gn 192 EMMAPA) [ise-uncie [ oone-nax 1038 Example 10.9 ‘Ue the convolution integral to fnd he inverse trans fom af 14. ALGEBRA OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS: ‘Bavations containing Laplace teensforns ean be sip Sed by applying the following principe. 1 lincariy theorem (a constant.) 0) 2 we Settion £00) = ec wa Adosb saree pein Hoven U8 ot ene noreo=(4)(g25) LUN) * 2) = LUM) * C(0i8)) ‘As the inverse transforms of Fy{s) and Fy(3) are fi(t) = ¢ wa | pedfesigicroneay, become egal from Be, 1055 (% time-siting theorem (delay theorem) CU Dua ehR) ae + Lelece transform ofa dreatce £0) =O) -F70) ~ 40) +0FE) saat i [c-rasnreae = [sna —xsinayiex © otter properties £( {roree) =2709 we e(yto) = -E ws Gyo) = [Pre om ‘Bepand wing inception by parts, £1) ~ oud + 08x— ao, 13, USING LAPLACE TRANSFORMS. ‘Ay nonhomogeneous Une differential equation with ‘aan cceficcat can be saved wih the flowing Fils wich ren he ation fo spe gra Apel abe of ratsorms simples o eliminates 12, CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL ‘A complex Laplace transform, F(s), wil fen bem, ‘aed a the prot of two other transforms, Fi FRERENTIAE EOUATIONS 10-7 step 1 Put the diferetial equation in standard. form (ey late the ter). Why +hy= 10 038 step 2 Tako the Laplace transform of oth sides. Use the inemity and superposition theorems. (See 1028 and, 1022) Ly) Fhe) +e00)= 200) 037 ‘se Bg, 1038 and Bg, 109 to expand the enuo- 19 eine ee spe fra oy 1031) Cao 1 table to evahuste the transform ofthe forcing function £69") = £40) — 20) - V0) ose EGS) = se) ~ vO) vos apf: Ue agp to ave fr L(y) stop 5 nesid, se partial fnctins to simpy the expresion for £9). stop 6: Take the inverse transform to find w= £(C40)) 1040 Example 10.10 Fi y(t) forthe flowing diferentil equation. V4 2y +2y = owt 0) (0) =0 Sohation step 1 step: sep: sep Tho equation is already in standard form. Gy?) + 26(y) + 2Ela) = Elcost) ‘Use Ba. 10.8 and Eg, 109. Use App. 10.A to fad the transform of tos Pe(y) ~ sl) ~ v0) +2869) ~ 240) +2C60) Fa But, (0) = 1 and 9 ely) — a Bab) 242018) °. Conn ters and sve fo (3. Lipi@ 2049) — 2 Bah pervaeney10-8 ep Expand the expresion for L(y) by parti frelon. 2428 49642 Crs CEr a) Ast By, Asst Be OOeL Bett? PUA +A) + RA +B +B) “+ s(24i + 2B + Aa) + (2B; + Bs) Ces iCESTEs cw) ‘The following sautantous ontions rel At de 2a, BA + ‘These, equations have the solutions Ay =", Ara By =, and Ba =". stop 6: Rafer to App. 10.8 and tak the inverse trans. forme. The nomerator of the second. terms rerten from (de +6) to ((4s +4) +2) = ()lcost + 2sint + 4ereost + 26~sint) 14, THIRD. AND HIGHER-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH. CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS. ‘The solutions of thizd- and higher-order Hinear dere ‘al equations with constant coeelets are extensions tf the solutions for saond-order equations ofthis ¢ype Specialy, san equation i homogenous, Uh aes uation ic written and ts roots ae founds I the Sion fs nonbormogeneous, Laplace traisfonns canbe sed fo simplify the solution ESE eee eee eee eee eee eee ere eee Pewee Cometh owing hemes dirt ‘ion wth constant coeBents Web hight tb kya +a we ‘Te anlary equation to Eq. 10 is Pek bt hea ne For cach ral and distinct rots, te solution conn, fhe term yaar oe or each ral rot rth repeats m times, the ottin contains the ter Ye (Av Ane Ag? + Aga Det For each pale of eomplec roots of the frm the solution contains the terms (Ay slau + Apcosut) 10 415. APPLICATION: ENGINEERING SYSTEMS ‘There ea wide wit of ensnocng systems (sed fea deste, Mud Dow, Heat treraler, and on) trhose behavior is deserved by Uncar diferetil eq lone with constant coofcents, 16. APPLICATION: MIXING. A typ mixing problem involves quid tank. ‘The bqued may inltly be pare or cotaia some Ligud (either pre or ae slution) enters the tank st 8 own Sate. A din maybe present to remove tha ‘oughly mised figs. The eoncentetion ofthe sli (or, equivalently Che aziount of solute ip the tank) 3 ‘Site given ne ia generally knees (Se Fig. D1) 1 mf) the mas of slut in the tank at time te fale of salle change wil bem) the sla ig ‘ide a the rat of af!) ad alg removed attr ff r() the ate of change (= rate ofadition ~ rate of removal at) —n(0) we ‘The rate of slute addition o() must be known aot fac, may be custant orzo, However, 10 depends the concentration, of te msture and volunetie ‘ow rates a na fo) the volume ow rae ofthe tank, then n= okt) we However, she concentration depends on the mass of ‘Biueiteton at inet Recogixing tht th wol- Soe, Vth of the quid inthe tank may be changing wth ine, Tn cee erg pat w= 49-90 Atak cota 100 gl of pare wate tse being ‘tar exenen. Pate water Rows nt te fan aS Ie of {gal/min rin cootalning in of sl {aes erie ak rom a snd sara rae of Praia A pecetly mised siton drain rm tie get arate of ain. low mucha nthe tak Aaa ihe experinent Sepa? stn Soletion Let rf) represent the mass of alt a the tank ine & (125'Tom of sale eater the tank por minute (that i ‘o@) = 0.25 fbm/min). ‘The sale removal rate depends tn the concentration in th take. Tat, io= aoao= (2 88) (Be, (oma ay From Bx 14h hate of ene ant ak nl=l)— wo + (000 ‘This i fonder liner diffential equation ofthe form of Eq. 107. Snos the initial eotion i (0) = 0 the sluion | ini (oma) = 28tmy(1-'0ed si) = 125 nm) (1— oem) = (25 mya 0882) =185 bm 417, APPLICATION: EXPONENTIAL GROWTH ‘AND DECAY Bguation 1050 dexribos the behavior of @ subatance (es radioactive and evaded mcleeles) whoee qu ‘iat m() changes ate propertional othe quantity present. The constant of proportionally, wil be nex {ive fr dace (eu, Tedloactve decay) and postive for ipowth (eg, compound iter) elt) 1050 f(t) —km(t)=0 108 If the intial quantity of substance is (0) = my then Bg 10.51 has the sosion roel 010-10 MESWEWISat eWOTWHFERTWO -WETEREWSR_waNUEE | IE mis known for some time ¢, the constant of pro- nota) woe For the case of decay, the hati, tn the time at ‘which only half of the substance resales: The relaton- ‘hip bstween Fed 2 Hyp = inh -0.608 10s 18. APPLICATION: EPIDEMICS During an epidemic in @ population of m peopl, the fensty ‘of sto (oontamitated, contgiou, atected, te) Individuals is p40) = alin where 0) the trumber of sick indians ata grea Hina, Salary, ‘he deny of wal (uncontominated, unafectd, essay {3b ote) individuals pf) = a), where the number of well individuals. suming there is'n0 ‘arantoe, the population sei constant, ndvials ‘hove about edly, and sense doe ot Lit te at ities of individonls the rato of contagion, i), wl Be Jp Odt, where kis «proportionality constant 460) ‘This a parable diferent! equation that has the felation' ee(O= bo 2s)) 1058 2,0), 19, APPLICATION: SURFACE TEMPERATURE Nevtons law of cooing tats thst the surfs temper ture, 7, of a colig ghjot changes at rte propor tonal tothe diference between thesrface and sable temperatures, The constant his a postive ber, (= HTC) ~ Tass) TU+AT- Keaton =O >0) 1058 Beg 057 ‘Tals steer ner diferent uation with cont, Cenfcents bas the folowing salution (fom Eq 103 T(t) = Tear + (710) — Tres 59 the temperatures xown at some time the cnsa, ‘ean be found fromm Eq, 1060. 10) ~ Tare TO = aa 20, APPLICATION: VAPORATION ‘The mass of lui evaporated from a Hud sure proportional othe expored surface area. Since quai, tar, and romeining vlune aro all proportional, thy AUeentil equation is wy, av ka oe For a spharlal drop of radius, Bg, 10.61 reduces 0 “ a (oy— te on Por scuba with sides of length 8 Eq 10.51 reew to Boog vee (0) x0) — 282 108s —— se Theor 4} Setitas ions arma t Brees Te £ Soak Pen § Heerenay Petits $ Conta Probab 4 Sisatiy Dom Pnclins 3 Been! Dh, 8 Brapemere Dati I Nlane fypereomsce Dein 1 Poin Datbeton 3 Contos Durbton Forts it Bona Dottion 15 Rema Deiat, 1s Sedat eDabeton He GiSquared Datsun 16 Lop Nerea! Dstrbation 18, Exor Funtion 1. SET THEORY, A tet (usually designated by a capital eter ie «pope cl finn ey oh le Rents or mombers: The mull se, 0, 5 epi) (he iota no menu). fd and Bare two sets Ai 8 imbue of Bi every menter in A we loa in BA ‘oper suet of Bil consists of more than the ele ‘Bean A. Thee rolatontipe are denoted a follows ACB (ute ACB [proper eve} ‘Be wniera et, gone fom whlch other vets draw members If A isu suber of Uy then A (also Probability and Statistical Analysis of Data designated as A“), 2, —A, and A) i the complement ‘of And consts cf al elemerts in U that ace aot in A ‘Tals lustrat by the Venn dagram in Pig 12.1(). “The union of to sets, dented by AUB and shown in Fig, 1:1(b i the sto ll lments that ao either in ‘Aor Bor both. The intersection oft sls, denoted by AA B and shown in Fig 1L1(0), iste se ef all tents that belong to both And BEAN B=, A and ‘Bare sid tobe datasets Powe 1.4 Yer Dagens a wacu ® ® |, It A, By and C ace subsets of the universal st, the {atowing laws apply. identity lowe Auo=a 4 auu. m2 Ano=0 na AnunA ta 1 dempoten ews