Mapta INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY School of EE-ECE-CoE LABORATORY 3 | Experiment Number_ © | Introduction to wav. Dues Exporiment Tit “Course/Section _ ECE 123L/ Al) Group Number __/__ : Name IBANEZ, Jonen ery | Grae Date of Performince _ 3). QY2012 Date of Submission SO _Mey zor A ee Fo pareg ge had oe me me‘School of Electrical ineering, Electrot Communications Es nics and ‘and Computer Engineering TRANSMISSION MEDIA AND ANTENNA SYSTEMS LABORATORY ECE1231L / A11 ent No. (0. to Waveguides PRELIMINARY DATA SHEET SIGNATURE a ~Ague, Jocdaniel_¢ | Dela Cruz, Kcit Eriko | Ihare?, JoneaLecyL | Magan. Emaceje se GRADE Date of Performance: .20 May 20/7 — Engr, Flordeliza L. Valiente INSTRUCTORExperiment 6 — INTRODUCTION To WAVEGUIDES Woveguide i « hotow pipe of vtually consistent cross section wherein electromagnetic trowel by teflection and not by conduction, This experiment wil provioe oe Rrontledge on the use of «| microwave waveguide bench tha wil be seh enor Hequency using a cavity wavemeter and guide wavelength using o dotted ie. A waveguide is a type of transmission media which is typicaly used in the microwave Deter Rom antenna wil be used to terminate the waveguide to further Investigate te Performance. Le. radiation pattem, goin, beamwidth. Also, a basic misomene jak wh pe Set vp using the same test bench and facto offecting signal Tocertios wm a investigated, Rais Part of the experiment, @ basic microwave measurement bench i set up to measure frequency and guide wavelength. The wavelength bench comprises a FET Dielectric Resonant Oscilator (DRO) source, two tesstive vane attenuators. © covity wovemeler, a waveguide soled line, viedo Getectors and a resistive load termination, The frequency of the microwave source is measured using the wavemeter. The guide i is the wavelength of the microwave signal propagaliig in the waveguide This i Meosured using a diode delectorprobe unit fo sample the standing waves sel up in the slotted line when terminated in a short — circuit. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS (ausnti “Component Description Identifying Leifer ‘a Se ee —_Control cons Variable attenuators —— Slotted Une. Cavity wavemeter Resislive lermination ~ ___Diode detector zm X= band microwave source: Probe detector assembl Short = cireui plate: J Loler|-a)z [la lorl>|) ‘OBJECTIVES When you have completed this patt of the experiment you should: Be familiar with some basic microwave waveguide components and know ther use . Know how to measure frequency using a cavity waverneter Know how guide waveleriath Ass measured using a slotted line Understand the meaning of cut-off wavelength and frequency '¢ Use the general relationship of: 15 Communications LaboratoryAf ze to calculate guide wavelenglh, cut ~ off wavelength and free space wavelength and frequency. INTRODUCTION (2) Measurement of source frequency using a cavity wavemeter Frequency in a microwave system can be measured using electronic counter techniques ‘or by means of a cavity wavemeter. Loy > Figure 1 ‘The principle of operation of the cavity wovemeter is Based on the fac! that the high @~ Fesonances can be obtained in metal waveguide Cavities. Such cavities are usually of Uniform circular or rectangular cross-section anid resonate when their axial length equals On integral number of half guide wavelength, i. with reference fo Figure 1 when’ Where: L= arial length of cavity n= 1,2,3...., the order of resonance g= Guide wavelenath of resonating mode Figute | ilustrates a practical way of using a cavity as an absorption - type waverneter. The covity length L may be voried by etering the postion of the short ~ cru pknger, Off resonance the cavity absorbs « litle or no. power om the main waveguide transmission system. However, at resonance considerable power is coupled into the. ——— cavity and this resuits in o corresponding cip observed in the main transmitted power. L at resonance can be very accuraiely determined. Knowing |, the type of resonant mode and the order of resonance enables the exciing frequency, the source frequency eee ee Ja ‘= 3x10" rosie arg 6 ‘Communications Laboratoryae = 3x10" Where: c 3% 108 m/s, the velocity of electromagnetic wavesin fee space. Xe = cut-off wavelength of mode resonant in the covity n= order of resonance: n= 1:23. A.cjcaram of the wavemeter used in the microwave trainer i sketched in Figure 2. The FOAY consists of crculor waveguide of diameter D = 28.3mm. lis Iength can be ochslod fo.be a maximum of approximately 2anim. Over the X- band fequency sores tne Cav can only suppor two modes, the HI and the EDI, whose cut ~ off wavelengine ore given respectively by. Hur c= 1.71 D; Eo: Ae=1.31D So for he case of the wavemeter where D = 28.3 the values of cul - off wavelengths and frequency are: Hn :Ae= 484mm, fe= 6.2 GHz Eat GHz Figure 2: Cavity Wavemeter used in Microwave Trainer ‘A graph of resonant frequency versus micrometer reading for the wavemeter is plotted in Figure 3 for the first order resonant modes Hi and Ea, The wavemneler used in traner in fact designed fo operate in the Ea1 mode. Thus if a dip is found in the transmitted. Power, see Figure 2, when the wavemeter micromeier is, for, example, of 18.2 mm the frequency con be measured using the curve of Figure 3 and in this case would ‘correspond to f = 10.4 GHz. 7 Communications Laboratory CSO 2 —_ Se oF rwCovity Wovernetar Ceilbration Curve z . 2 E Figure 3: Caloration Curves foy Cavity Wavemeter Diomete D 483mm, _ Note 0.00 point of micrometer scale conasfonds to cavity length 0f4,88 mm and this offset is taken into aegGunt in the above graphs. (b) Guide wavelength and its measuremen’ Fee space wavelength is the distance traveled by the waveltont of the electromagnetic wave in free space in the duration of one cycle. it is related 10 i frequency f by: AB Git. c=3x 10 m/s B ‘Communications LaboratoryBains the waves are guided by a waveguide they travel in the form of distinctive wave Balan known as modes and the wavelength of the guided transmision i reme co pe, Pie meavelenath he, For rectangular and eirculor waveguides, bys related te ke te mule: = (9) qa-a Where Xe = the cut - off wavelength of the mode propagating. For the cose of rectangular waveguides, trans nission is invariably imited to single - mode ‘peration in its dominant Hie mode. The cut ~ off wavelength for the Hie mode is: X 20 where o = intemal broadside dimension of the waveguide. Thus ifs known, A can be determined and Ag can be calculated for Given size of waveguide using formula 3. The guide wavelength can be measured experimental using the slotted waveguide fection and probe = detector components shown diagrammatically in Figure 4. by terminating the slotted section ina short citcuit a staxding wave pattein can be sel un The incident wave form the source and the rellécted wave from the short = ceo Combine fo give a resultont standing wave in the’ section whose elechic field amplitude Varies as shown in Fgure 5. The distance Debusén succesive nulsis in the standing wove o/2 and can be determned experimentally fo « high degree of accuracy. arpiser and meter splay create ed e nate C mag EEE peddete oats Sexemoss eure sae ont Figure 4 Diagrammatic sketch indicating mein coimpenents of @ waveguide slotted ine and diode ~ probe detector for investigating standing waves in rectangular waveguide. 9 Communications Laboratoryvase Figure 5 Slonding wave electic fled pattem on a short — circuited tine: stance between successive null = ho/2 EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE Warning: | Aihough the microwave powerlevels generated by the equipment are below JOmW and not normally dangerous, he human eye can suffer damage expore to direct microwave: radiation Therefore: NEVER ook directly nto an energized Waveguide. 80 ‘Communications LaboratorySet up the microwave antenna components as shown in Figure 6 with the switch Positions on the control console initially as follows: main green power switch : off amplifier and detector sensitivity control knob: to mid — position Meter switch : switch to detector output fell 7 hand switch of power supply for X-band oscillator: to intemal keying right hand switch : off Moke sure that coaxial cables are oo in place fo connect the power supply for the X= band oscilator and to connect the diode detector output fo the cenediler ‘and detector on the console. Set the micrometer position of the covily wavemeter fuly out to a reading Greater than 21mm. in this position, the shat ~ citeuil plunger terminating the for end of the cavity is also fully out cnc! the caviy is at its moximum length, Set the angular position of the resistve vane for both attenuators at abou! 20°. At {hese settings, the attenuators reduce the microwave power in the bench by the order of 10 dB and avoid possible diode ~ cetactor and display meter overood when we switch on. Now Switch on the main green power switch dnd the right ~ handed supply switch for the X— band oscillator 10 energize the bench, Aciust the attenuator adjacent to the dicdé detector to give a meter reading on the console meter of about 4mA. Note increasing the vane penetration receces the microwave power trarsmitied in thé system, Determination of frequency using the wavemeter Tum the micrometer thimble of fhe waverneter very slowly clockwise to move the short ~ circuit plunger downwards ond thus reduce the length of the cavity. Observe the meter deflection whilsi this is being determined. ‘Question 1 Record your observation. Search for @ position at which there is « shorp dip in the meter reading. Such @ dip comesponds to a resonance ai which power is absorbed by the wavemeter ond so reduces the transmitted microwave power as detected by the diode = detector and observed on the meter. Question 2 What is the cavity length at resonance? Le= mm, Record the micrometer reading ot this resonance and determine the frequency of the microwave signals using the En mode calibration curve of Figure 3, 81 Communications LaboratoryNote: At micrometer readings of the order of 15mm. lapping resonances may also be observed. These on ignored. they arise principally to leckage of eneray pos Question 3 Fou = ‘Question 4 Using the formula f = 3x10" Where: Question 5 Compare the two values, —————“_ ond below o number of deep over- termed “spurious and should be the plunger. } 82 Communications LaboratoryJPe guide wavelength fs measured using the waveguide slotied line component 8 ‘ftted with one of the diode - detector/probe units S. This uni! shoud be Mounted so that its probe penettates a short distance info the slot thereby slowing the slectric field to be sampled. The depth of penetration is & compromise between obtaining reasonable coupling for the probe - detector to Provide an observable meter reading without the probe causing undue. disturbance of the field in the waveguide and thus invalidate the measurements \n practice a penetration of 1 to 2mm should suffice. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 7 with the slotted waveguide section terminated in the metal plate R acting as a short circuit Question 6 What is the reason why a short circuil termination is used? _ —, Set the switch positions on the control console as follows: green power switch : off meter switch : to detector output y tell | hand swilch of power suppiy fer X - band oscilol6r : fo internal keying tight ~ hand oscillator switch : oft, Check aiso the coaxial cables ore comectly connected: Oscillator output cable on console to micrswave source. Probe ~ detector unit cable fo input of gmpliier — detector on the console, Now switch on power and osciiator Gnd adjust attenuators and if necessary the sensitivity control on the console 9 obtain a detector reading. Move the probe to locale @ position of maximurh field and readjust sensiiviiy control on/er attenuators to provide a meter reading close 10 full scale, say 4m, Starting from zero on the slatted line scale move the probe along the slotted waveguide section and locate and record the positions of electtic field nulls. It should be possible to locate 3 consecutive nuls: Record your valves: x X= Question 7 Approximately, what is the separaticn in mm between consecutive nulls? ——nm. The guide wavelength: Wot 2pm) = 83 Communications Laboratory2 bem) bs-xi) = Question 8 The 3 values should agree. fixplain why. ee Sane aa ean Question 9 ‘Compute for the average. Average = JreeWaveguide in the Microwave Trainer is standard WGI6 whose intemal dimensions are broad dimension a = = —gginch 22.86mm Rorrow dimension O.4 inch 10.16mm, The cut-off wavelength forthe dorninani mode, the Hie mode i de 20 Y 2x2286mm = 48,7ammior WG x6 Using the result of the formula 2, =—; dehy Lond the obove valve of he determine the guide wavelength tg at theSource frequency . = 104 GH Question 10 / Compare the experimentally deterined valve, __ 4 FART I: Measurement of Voltage ‘and Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) INTRODUCTION When a component is connected into transmission tne system i wil cause reflection at the junction between the ine and the component unies its comet notched © matching unt is used. The retlected wave from the component cnd incident wave ftom the source sel up a , standing wave pattern feed line as ilustrated in Figure 8. | 84 Communications Laboratory\VE\) Ss, Figure 8: Standing Wave Pattern: VSWR = Vmox/Viin OF Enx/Enin Standing waves cause undesirable effects. They con give tise to very high values of Nolage/electic fled strength in the waveguide and this can cause bracken high Componatems. Reflection caused through the mismatch belween the tne nog component reduces the amount of power dar system. Power can be ‘ed for example, at the antenna input, Likewise, n at on antenna ~ receiver station, wasted in a transmitier by being reflect Power can be lost by mismatch reflectios Mramsge stanciing wave ratio, Vew, i: universally vied to quantity the degree of match Is denoted by heleters SWS cnd detined gs Where Vmax Ere Voltage or elect ac srenath at postion of eld maximurn Vn Emm = _vollage orelectti Held strength a @ poston of field minimum The table below: provides uselUt guide to the ‘relationships of VSWR. retlection Coefficient r and power reflecied due to mismaich Vawer Reflection % Powarreflected ‘Comment Coeificient r Pg J 10 0 7 0 Salem maiched 1.05. 0.048. 022 Very Good Match 15 02 40 Foir, just acceptable 20 033 111 Poor match, not usally acceptable 50 oa wa Reject, faulty, unacceptable Tre voltage standing wave ratio produced by @ waveguide component may be section seared iclted waveguide section and o diode detector probe, The sesteg section i inserted in the waveguide system to provide a mecns of cont pling the sianding Ness cigettec field pattem produced by ‘reflection from the componceh under consideration, 85 ‘Communications LaboratoryFor small currents the diode — detector obeys a square law such that the detected Values of Proportional to the square ol the elecins fd reuccc neha Probe. Thus, ifthe Values of maximum and minimum curent mesure eve hoses vsar = 5s so SWR =m 7, Ents Una VToan, Current measured at field maximum Emax curent measured ol field masimium Erne for small curent conditions. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Warming: Joma’ an the microwave power level generated by the equipment are below TomW and not noaly dangerovs the human eye can witer demace expose fo direct microwave radiation Therefore: NEVER ook deci into an energied waveguide Setup ihe equioment as shown in Figure 9 with the resistive termination Component connected fo the slotted line section n. The depth of penetration of fhe Probe of the ciode detector into the slotted line should be pproximately | to 2mm, Our fist task isto measure the VSWR of the resistive termination component, 86 Communications LaboratoryZ rm — 2 ee Figure 9: Experiment sel up fo Medsure VSWR Resistive Load Set the such conclions on the conse os folows ‘ampitier and detector: switch to Getector output ampiiier and detector senstvty control: tum fe mid - postion left-hand switch of power supply for X~ band osclloor:fointemal keying fight — hand switch; initially off Now switch on thé-console power supply, the main green switch, and energize the microwave bench by switching the right - hand X = band oscillator switch. attenuation between the micriowave gscllotor and t he equipment it drives helps reduce detuning of the oscilator due toreflected signals, Move the probe = detector unit along the slolted line to locate © postion of electric fled maximum. Adjust the detector sensitivity of the ampttier and Getector on the console and, if necessary, the atfenuator setting fo obtain a meter reading close to full- scale detlection, Question 10 Record the detector current Imex conesponding 10 Emax. Imax = 87 Communications LaboratoryNow move thy e e it cow n fe . Accurately the oe eee = detector unit away from the maximum and locat "© Position of the adjacent minimum. Question 1) Using the results, compute for: Imax = Inn The VSWR = Eom _ [lan ie VTi The retlected coetticient, SWR-1 ty Me Soret The % of powerreflected, P12 100% The retuntoss, / ue Oleg 7 = 20166.1F1 — Where Pr, Pi= reflected and incident powers, respectively, 8 Question 13 Based on the values obtained, will you say the! the ‘ra poor match to the waveguide? Explain, $$ Measurement of VSWR forthe horn antennas resistive load provides a good Remove the resistive load termination and connect ‘Measure its VSWR by measuring Imax Gnd Inn as deseri with the second hom. one of the hom antennas. ibe in steps 2 and 3. Repeat Results and calculation of VSWR question 14 Complete the table below. 88 Communications LaboratoryHom Question 15 Did the hom antenna present a gocd match fo he waveguide? Explain, 89 Communications Laboratory‘(ait Waveguide Waveguide is @ special fort of qa transmission line consisting of a hollow mera! tube. The tube wail provides distributed inductance, while The empty space befween the tube walle provide distributed capacitance Waveguides are practically only for signals of extremely high Frequency, where the wavelength approaches the cross-sectional dlimens/ons or the waveguide. Below such’ frequencies, waveg ude are useless as eleetrieg| Aransmission lines. When functioning as transmission lines, though , waveguides are considerably simpler than two- conductor cables — especially cearia/ cables — in their manutacture and maintenance. With only a single conductor ( the waveguides “chell"), there are no concerns with proper conductor -7o- conductor spacing. or of the consistency of the dieleciric material, since the only dielectric in a waveguide is air. Moisture is not as severe a problem in waveguides as It ke within cooxal cables, e/ther, and so waveguides, as it is within coaxra/ cables, areoften spared the necessity of gas rrlling. Waveguides may be thought of as conduits for electromagnetic energy, the waveguide jtself acting as nothing more than a “director” of the energy rather than as a signal conductor in the norma/ sense of the word. In a cence, al! transmission lines func: tion as conduit of electromagnetic energy when transporting pulses or high-frequency waves, directing the waves as the banks of a river direct q tidal wave. However, because waveguides are wingle” conductor elements, the propagation of electrical energy down @ wave: guide is of very ottferent nature than the propagation of electrical energy down @ two- conductor *ansmistion line. Types of waveguide’ Circular waveguide The circular waveguide is designed from a conducting pipe which tt holow From the center and polished trom interlor portion. The outer surface of the waveguide is coded with the inculated parnt in orderto avoid dust and rust. These tybes of waveguide are avajlaple in aifferent leng the and sizer ia order to fulfill the requirement of the circuit. 2 Rectangular Waveguide Rectangular waveguide is designed from conducting material in rectangular shape which is hollow trom the center and fully polished from interior. The outer turtace of the waveguide is coded with insulating material or paint in order avoid dust and rust. Thee Types of waveguides are available in Qitferent leng ths and izes in order Yo fulfill the requirements of the circuit. 3 Flexible Waveguide Ht is the type of waveguide which can be easily turn and twisted in circuit to comect the source with the lad. This type of waveguide lt designed in such a way that internal portion is made ef conducting material in spring shape. The externa! portion ik covered with rubber fo avoid duct. rust and! humidity.4. Slotted Waveguide Generally ase for raclar and other similar applicatione. The waveguile serves ae feed path, and each slot is a separate radiator, thus forming an antemg, This structwe has the capability of generating a radiation pattern to launch an electromagnetic wave in O° opecitic relatively narrow and conirolobe Clrection. 5, Closed! Waveguide An eketro magnetic uaveguite that is tubular, usually witha circular or rectangular Cress- section, ‘mt fe ekctrically conducting walls. 6. Coaxial Waveguie The coaxial guide is described by @ polar coordinate r.0,2 in which the outer and the Inner conductors are at radii a and b, respectively, and the trangmistion direction le along the Z-axis.7. Elliptical Waveguide An elliptical waveguide a uniform region in which the transverse Cross” section is OF elliptical form. Elliptic coordinates Nn described! the cros- section and the coordinate Z ia the tranemission rection. 6. Radial Waveguide An example of @ fon: uniform region in whieh the Transverte Crow section Ore complete/y cylindrical curfaces of height Ors provided by the radia) waveguide. Radial waveguides are encountered in many of the resonant cavities employed in the Uulira high frequency oscillator jubes, filters, etc: Tree space can alto be regarded as a radial waveguide of infinite height. 9. Spherical Wayeguides On introduction of a 7,6,¢ spherical ceordinate system, 1# it evident that free space may be regarded as @ non: Unitorm trans miscion region. The trancmission Clirection is along radius r andl the cross-section Transversethere fo are completely spherical curtaces decribed by the coordinate @ and @. In practice, many spherical cavities. may be conveniently regarded Qs terminated spherital guides. Modes of Propagation | TE Mode TE stands for trancverse eleotric mode. When the electtic fel of the signal k perpendicular 7 the aurection of propagtion trough waveguiae. In this mede the magnetic field - Components are in the direction of propagation. The TE is sub Otvidled further in ? te following modes: * TE1p Mode TE mean that during propagation through waveguide the electric Tield is perperdiculr to the alirection of propagation,* TE, Mode TE, means that Curation propagation through waveguide the electric trek and mag netic field is perpendicular 70 the direction of prepagation . ‘TEx Mode TEx meant that the electric Held is. perpendicular 70 the Alrection ef propagation. ‘TE Made TE meanc that electric field re perpendicular to the direction of propagate. 27M Mede When the propagation Takes place through waveguide in TM mode, the maghetic field is perpendicular To the direction of propagation and electric field ke in the direction of propagation, In TM mede it is alto called that magnetic flux is trancvere to the Qirection of propagation‘ TM, Moce The signal is Carried by The magnetic field componente and electric field Componenty Ore in the direction of propagahi. . ™a Made The signal it carried by the magnetic fiel component through waveg uae. And. electric fiel’ component are in rhe direction of propagqia. Waveguide Paramerers |. Guide Wavelength Defined 99 the distance between two equa/ phwe planes Qlong the wavegu ae. The guide wavelength & a@ function of operating wavelength and the lower cuter? wave length, and is always longer than the wavelengi would be in free-space. Equation’ Aguide * ene orm 2 T= [Atiecrace A corope re oeThe guide wavelength in used when you design distributed structures in waveguide. For example, if you are making a PIN ode cwitch with two shunt diodes spaces 4 wavelength apart, use the *4 of a guide wavelength /n your design. 2.. Cutoff Waveguide Waveguide can support many modes of tranemistion. All microwave Tex/baoks will tell you Qhout ris. The uswal mode of transmistion in rectangular waveguide is Eee The upper cutoff wavelength Tor jhis made ts very symply* Auppercotore * 2°Q fimercotote + £ (om) a+ dimension of broad wall ccm) ec: speed of hght The upper cutoff prequency it exactly one octave above the /ower./ 3 Group and Phase Velocity Group Veloaty of a wave is whe veloa'ty with which the overall shape of the waves' amplitudes propagates through space. Phase Velocity of a wave i the raic qt which the phase of the wave propagaice In space. This is the veleaty at which the phase of any one frequency component of the wave fravelt. for auch Q Co mponen? + ang given phase of the wave will appear 1 wrayel at the phave velocity. eer rey ene ee . . pat eA kt se th ame eae ckinomhicnanna