Group 1 Arellano, Dacut, Paloa

Davao Doctors College
Medical Laboratory Science Department

First Semester, S.Y. 2021-2022
HUMAN ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
FINAL LABORATORY SHEETS
1
Medical Laboratory Science Program
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ACTIVITY NO. 11
The Respiratory System
Names: ____Arellano, Angel Anne B.___
_______Dacut, Ivyrose C.______
_______Paloa, Romila B._______
SCORE:
Course/Yr. /Sec.: BMLS 10-1C Group No. ____1____
Date Performed: 11/08/2021 Date Submitted: 11/27/2021
General Instruction:
✔ The name of the student/s who answered EACH question must appear in the ‘student
contributor/s’ to ensure that all students in that group have contributed to the answering of the lab
sheets.
✔ Answers should be PARAPHRASED and not copy pasted from internet or book sources. It must be
PROPERLY cited at the end of EACH question.
Scoring: n (total number of points) + 10 (format) + 10 (equal student contribution)
LEARNING OUTCOME EVALUATION:
1. Match the respiratory system structure to its proper definition and/or function. (20 points)
No. Answer Structure Description
1 E A. this tube splits from the main bronchi and serves a lobe of the lung
Carina
2 Q B. Region of the throat from the posterior nasal cavity down to the soft
Trachea palate
3 J Epiglottis C. Ring of cartilage that sits at the superior edge of the trachea,
posterior protrusion provides support for vocal cord cartilages
4 S Glottis D. visible externally as the Adam’s apple, thick cartilage that protrudes
anteriorly in the larynx
5 D Thyroid E. highly sensitive cartilage structure located at the branching point at
cartilage the inferior end of the trachea
6 C F. clusters of individual alveoli that perform gas exchange

Cricoid cartilage
2
7 M Arytenoid & G. smallest diameter tubes that carry air, do NOT contain cartilage,
Corniculate resulting in constriction and dilation just like in arterioles
cartilages
8 O Primary (main) H. Region of the throat from soft palate down to epiglottis
bronchi
9 A Secondary I. wide, inferior border of the lung; sits on the diaphragm inferiorly
(lobar) bronchi
10 T Tertiary Bronchi J. small, flexible elastic cartilage structure covered with taste buds;
opens and closes to allow air only to enter
11 G Bronchioles K. Air enters the nasal cavity through these openings
12 F Alveolar sacs L. superior to the superior thoracic aperture (the 1st rib)
13 P Larynx M. visible on the posterior aspect and connect the vocal cords for
movement and sound production
14 R Nasal conchae N. region of the throat that connects the oropharynx to the openings of
both the larynx and esophagus
15 B Nasopharynx O. large diameter tube that allows air to enter each lung at the hilum
16 H Oropharynx P. complicated structure of nine cartilages connected by membranes

and ligaments; houses vocal cords; ‘voice box’
17 N Laryngopharynx Q. also known as the windpipe, this structure carries air from below the
larynx into the thoracic cavity
18 K Nares R. Three bony mucous covered shelves protrude from the lateral wall of
the nasal cavity
19 L Apex S. superior opening of the larynx containing the vocal cords
20 I Base T. these tubes arise from the secondary as branching continues

eventually reaching bronchioles
Student Contributor/s: DACUT, IVYROSE C.

Source/s: Marieb, E. N. (2011). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (10th Edition) (10th ed.).
Pearson.
3
2. Label the following structures.
a. Larynx. (16 points)
b. Respiratory system. (10 points)
4
c. Sagittal view of the upper respiratory system. (5 points)
Student Contributor/s: ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.

PALOA, ROMILA B.
Source/s: Marieb, E. N. (2011). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (10th Edition)
(10th ed.). Pearson.
3. Write the route that oxygen takes from when you inhale to the point of gas exchange with carbon
dioxide. (5 points)
The oxygen that we inhale starts into our lungs which then passes into our blood and is
transported by the bloodstream to all the cells of our body. Its route propagates from the alveoli to
the blood in our capillaries, and in exchange, carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the
capillaries going to the air in the alveoli. Gas exchange happens with the help of the bronchi as it
delivers oxygen-rich air to the lungs and the exhaled air goes from the ends of the bronchioles and
back up. The respiratory membrane serves as the barrier in which the exchange of the oxygen and
the carbon dioxide takes place.

Source/s: Dezube, R. (2021). Exchanging Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.
5
Retrieved November 22, 2021, from: https://msdmnls.co/3qZdvUP
IQWiG.(2020) “What happens when you breathe?”
Retrieved November 22, 2021, from: https://bit.ly/3r4kJqN
4. Give two unique characteristics of the pulmonary artery and vein. (5 points)
Pulmonary artery
➔ It moves blood loaded with carbon dioxide from the heart to the lungs.
➔ Blue in color and its blood is poor in oxygen.
Pulmonary vein
➔ It transports oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

➔ Red in color and its blood is poor in carbon dioxide.

Source/s: Petruzzello, M. (2011). What’s the Difference Between Veins and Arteries?
Retrieved November 22, 2021, from: Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://bit.ly/3qVUl1Z
5. Describe the route of pulmonary circulation. (5 points)
The circulatory pathways are divided into two distinctive circuits, which are the pulmonary
and systemic circuit. In the pulmonary circulation, the oxygen-poor blood is being transported to the
lungs from the right ventricle as it picks up new blood supply. It subsequently returns the
oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium. In the systemic circulation, the oxygenated blood is being
transported from the left ventricle by the arteries to the capillaries. Afterwards, the deoxygenated
blood from the tissue capillaries returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart.

Source/s: SEER Training Modules. (2019). Circulatory Pathways. U. S. National Institutes of
Health, National Cancer Institute. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from
https://bit.ly/3nEuDNF
6. Give the importance and functions of the respiratory system. (5 points)
The respiratory system is a very important component inside our body as it contains a
group of tissues and organs that work together to help us breathe which mainly supports our life. It
has a lot of functions including the absorption of oxygen from the air so our organs can work and
cleaning of waste gases like carbon dioxide from our blood, which is particularly called the gas
exchange. It also contributes in the sound production, assists our olfactory senses, and it protects
6
us from dust and microbes that may enter into our body through the production of mucus, cilia, and
coughing. These functions are all done through breathing, inhalation, and exhalation.

Source/s: Cleveland Clinic. (2021). Respiratory System. Retrieved November 22, 2021,
from: https://cle.clinic/3HG65M1
ACCESS Virtual Learning. (2015). Respiratory System Function. Retrieved
November 22,2021, from: https://bit.ly/3kYJuAK
7. Name five major organs involved in the respiratory system and describe each contribution in the
system. (10 points)
Five major organs:

Lungs, Pharynx, Trachea, Diaphragm, Bronchi
Lungs bring in air from the outside where it will keep it moist and warm and pass the oxygen to the
bloodstream. This houses the alveoli and the bronchi.
Pharynx receives air from the passageway of the nose or mouth delivering air to the lungs.
Trachea contributes by receiving the air from the pharynx and vibrates the air entering through it.
Diaphragm helps the respiration by being the main muscle to contract rhythmically and continually
which helps the human breathe.
Bronchi carries air into bronchioles and into the alveoli to perform the gas exchange.
Student Contributor/s: DACUT, IVYROSE

8. Describe the three regions of the pharynx and their functions. (10 points)
3 REGIONS OF PHARYNX
Nasopharynx - helps fight the bacteria or infections in the air inhaled or in the food we eat through
a lymphoid tissue in its lining
Oropharynx - has the muscle structures that allows us more manipulation in eating and chewing. It
also fights infections that enter through the mouth or nose.
7
Laryngopharynx - it regulates the passageway of air through the lungs and the food to the
esophagus in order to separate the air and the solids and liquids.

Source/s: Radhakrishnan, R. (2021, February 9). What Is the Role of the Pharynx?
MedicineNet. Retrieved November 11, 2021, from https://bit.ly/32hFrJb
9. If a person sustains an injury to the epiglottis, what would be the physiological result? (15 points)
The epiglottis is part of the larynx that is important when swallowing food and drink
because it prevents food and drinks from entering the trachea. Therefore, damage to the
epiglottis impairs this function and can cause food and drink to enter the trachea and lungs
that might cause pneumonia.
Student Contributor/s: PALOA, ROMILA B.

10. Compare and contrast the conducting and respiratory zones. (10 points)
Conducting zone is a zone that conducts air and allows it to pass in and out of the lungs.
This zone is made up of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
Respiratory zone is a zone where actual respiration and gas exchange takes place. This
zone is made up of alveoli, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles.

8
ACTIVITY NO. 12
The Digestive System

SCORE:
sheets.
1. Label all digestive organs of the GI tract.
9
2. Label the elements of the alimentary canal.
3. Label the different aspects of the mouth.
10
4. Label the major salivary glands and ducts.
5. Label the aspects of the stomach accordingly.
11
6. Label the accessory organs, structures, and ducts of the digestive system.
12
7. Label the structures and features of the large intestine.

ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.
PALOA, ROMILA B.
Source/s: Marieb, E. N. (2011). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (10th
Edition) (10th ed.). Pearson.
8. Describe the pathway food takes upon ingesting it, making sure to include all accessory structures.
(5 points)
In ingesting food, the teeth and jaw mechanically chew the food, and saliva from the
salivary glands moisturizes the food and initiates mechanical and chemical digestion. The tongue
then physically moves the food to the pharynx, where peristalsis pushes the food into the stomach.

9. Explain the differences between the layers of the gastrointestinal tract. (5 points)
13
The layers of the gastrointestinal tract are divided into four: the mucosa (epithelium, lamina
propria, and muscularis mucosae), the submucosa, the muscularis propria (inner circular muscle
layer, intermuscular space, and outer longitudinal muscle layer), and the serosa. The structure of
these layers are varied based on the different regions of the digestive system, depending on their
functions.
The Mucosa. It is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It has a lining epithelium that includes
the glandular tissue and an underlying layer of loose connective tissue, lamina propria that holds
mucosal glands and provides vascular support for the epithelium. It also has a thin double layer of
smooth muscles called the muscularis mucosa for its local movement. Overall, its functions are for
the secretion of enzymes, mucus, and hormones, absorption of the digested foodstuffs, and
protection against the invasion of bacterias.
The Submucosa. It is a dense network or a thick layer of loose connective tissue, larger
blood vessels, lymphatics, neurons, and esophageal glands. It also contains mucous secreting
glands which gives it a primary function as a secretory layer. It is responsible for nutrition and
protection.
The Muscularis Propria. It has two layers which are the inner layer (circular), and the
outer layer (longitudinal) which are used for peristalsis. This layer is responsible for the movements
of peristaltic and for the contractions of segmental in the alimentary canal. Hence, it is a thin layer
of smooth muscle which provides support for the mucosa with the ability to move and fold.
The Serosa. It is the outermost layer of loose connective tissue that contains the blood
and the lymphatic vessels that are covered by the peritoneum. It provides a separation between
the internal organs and the abdominal cavity. It surrounds the mucosa which secretes serous fluid
that allows lubricated sliding movements bounded by the opposing surfaces.

Source/s: Oral: The Histology Guide. (2021). Four layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
Retrieved November 22, 2021, from: https://bit.ly/3HIiAqE
Marieb, E. N. (2011). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (10th Edition)
10. List each type of tooth. How do they function during mastication? (5 points)
Types of Tooth:
Incisors - is for cutting, where a human can nibble on a food or nip it off.
Canine - they pierce and cut through their food due to its shape.
Premolars - this part is for chewing and grinding food after they were cut.
Molars - has also the same function with premolars for chewing and grinding.
14
11. List the accessory and primary structures of the GI tract. Why would accessory structures not be
classified as primary organs/structures of the digestive system? (5 points)
Primary structures
● Mouth
● Esophagus
● Stomach
● Small intestine
● Large intestine
● Rectum
● Anus
Accessory structures
● Teeth
● Tongue
● Salivary glands
● Liver
● Gallbladder
● Pancreas
Accessory organs of the digestive system are not part of the GI tract, they are not sites
where digestion or absorption takes place, but they secrete or store the substances necessary for
the chemical digestion of food.

12. Offer a theory to explain why segmentation occurs and peristalsis slows in the small intestine. (5
points)
It has been known widely that the majority of digestion and absorption occurs in the small
intestine. Segmentation contractions in the small intestine, a type of intestinal motility, has been
proposed as the alternation of inhibition and excitation of smooth muscle by the enteric nervous
system. Unlike, peristalsis in the small intestine, performs peristaltic waves to move nutrients and
waste through the intestines. When the chyme passes from the stomach towards the small
intestine, peristaltic waves do perform the shifting of back and forth and its mixing together with the
digestive enzymes and fluids. This theory can be anchored to the origin of segmentation study
conducted by Huizinga, J., et.al (2014), the small intestine of the gastrointestinal tract discloses two
fundamental motor patterns, the peristalsis wich causes propulsion in order to attain movement in
15
anal direction and the segmentation which causes mixing to promote the absorption of nutrients
and water. Thus, by slowing the transit of chyme, segmentation and a lower rate of peristalsis are
necessary to allow time for the chemical digestion and nutrient absorption to take place.

Source/s: Huizinga, J., Chen, J., & Zhu, Y., et. al. (2014). THE ORIGIN OF SEGMENTATION
MOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE INTESTINE. Retrieved November 26, 2021, from:
https://bit.ly/3l5lv2T
Hostos Community College. (2020). BIO 140 Human Biology I. Retrieved November
26, 2021, from: https://bit.ly/3HRZQ81
Lumen. (2021). Anatomy and Physiology II | Module 2: The Digestive System |
Digestive System Processes and Regulation. Retrieved November 26, 2021,
from: https://bit.ly/3169jI8
13. Explain how the stomach is protected from self-digestion and why this is necessary. (5 points)
Stomach is protected from self-digestion of its gastric juices because it secretes its own
mucus that has neutralising effects and sticks to the stomach walls. This secretion protects it from
the corrosive hydrochloric acid too.

14. Describe unique anatomical features that enable the stomach to perform digestive functions. (5
points)
The stomach has an additional inner sloping smooth muscle layer that helps the muscle
layer stir and mix food. The epithelium is composed of gastric glands that secrete gastric fluid.
Gastric fluid is mainly composed of mucus, HCl and the enzyme pepsin released as pepsinogen.

15. Explain how nutrients absorbed in the small intestine pass into the general circulation. (5 points)
The digested food passes into the bloodstream by the walls of the small intestine. Its
muscles are able to mix food with digestive juices and push forward for further digestion from the
pancreas, liver, and intestine. Vili, that line in the walls of the small intestine is responsible for the
16
absorption of nutrients, particularly, the fatty acids which are absorbed from broken-down chyme
into the lacteals and the water as well as the other absorbed digested nutrients enter the
bloodstream through the capillary beds. Then, our blood transports simple sugars, amino acids,
and glycerol. some vitamins, and salts to the liver which will be stored, processed and delivered to
the rest of our body when required.

Source/s: NIDDK. (2021). What happens to the digested food? Retrieved November 24, 2021,
from: https://bit.ly/30OrBxP
Visible Body. (2021). Nutrients In, Waste Out: How the Human Body Absorbs
Nutrients and Eliminates Waste. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from:
https://bit.ly/3cIdRXv
16. Why is it important that chyme from the stomach is delivered to the small intestine slowly and in
small amounts?
Small amounts of chyme delivered to the stomach is important because this creates
optimal chemical digestion which is good for the duodenum. Having large quantities of chyme
flowing to the small intestine would result in osmotic water loss because the chyme is moving too
fast which could be potentially life-threatening.

17. Describe three of the differences between the walls of the large and small intestines.
The mucosa of the small intestine contains circular folds, villi, and microvilli. The walls of the large
intestine have a thick layer of mucous membranes and deeper, more abundant mucous secretory glands
that promote smooth defecation. The large intestine has three unique characteristics: teniae coli, haustra,
and epiploic appendages.

17
Medical Laboratory Science Department
First Semester, S.Y. 2021-2022
HUMAN ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM LABORATORY SHEETS
18
ACTIVITY NO. 13
The Urinary System

SCORE:
sheets.
1. Identify the urinary organ based on the functions presented in the table, and place the correct label in the
image provided (see next page). (20 points)
A. Identify the urinary organ.
ORGAN
1. Kidney Maintains water balance of the blood.
2. Urinary Bladder Serve as a storage area for urine.
3. Ureter Transports urine to the body exterior.
4. Renal artery Transports arterial blood to the kidney.
5. Kidney Produces urine.
6. Urethra Is shorter in women than in men.
19
B. Place the correct label.

Source/s: Marieb, E. N. (2011). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (10th Edition) (10th ed.).
Pearson.
20
2. Draw and label the internal anatomy of the kidney, showing its structures. (20 points)

Source/s: Marieb, E. N. (2011). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (10th Edition) (10th
ed.). Pearson.
3. Discuss how urine is being formed. (20 points)
The formation of urine starts within our kidneys as it is responsible for the filtration of unwanted
substances from the blood and producing urine in order to excrete them. There are three main processes of
urine formation that ensures only wastes and excess water are excreted throughout the body which are the
glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
To begin with, each of our kidneys contains millions of nephrons that also contain glomerulus,
which is the site for the blood filtration. The blood flows through the glomerulus and inside it, the blood
pressure pushes the water and solutes into the capsule from the capillaries through a filtration membrane.
This blocks blood cells and large proteins from passing with water and small solutes. Now, the filtrate flows
from the glomerular capsule to the nephron.
The resulting filtrate contains waste, however, they also contain substances such as essential ions,
glucose, amino acids, and smaller proteins that our body needs. Upon the exit of the filtrate, it flows on the
renal tube which reabsorbs the needed substances and some water into adjacent capillaries which is the
second step of the urine creation.
21
Upon the process of reabsorption, the waste ions and hydrogen ions are being passed from the
capillaries into the renal tubule which we call the process of secretion. The secreted ions are combined with
the remaining filtrate then becomes urine. Now, the urine will flow out of the nephron tubule into a collecting
dust which then passes out from the kidney through the renal pelvis, towards the ureter, and down to the
bladder. Thus, this process forms urine, excreting 95% of water and 5% of nitrogenous wastes such as
urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid, as well as ions that include sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and
calcium.

Source/s: Nilson, B., Magrann, T., Barrios, J., et al. (2021). Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion: The
Three Steps of Urine Formation. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from:
https://bit.ly/3oTtTUf
Peekaboo Kidz. (2018). How Your Urinary System Works? - The Dr. Binocs Show. Retrieved
November 22, 2021 from: https://bit.ly/3HLG0ew
4. Discuss the relationship between urine volume, urine color, and specific gravity. (20points)
Urine is a solution of chemical minerals, salts, and compounds that are dissolved to water with a
specific gravity greater than 1.000. The specific gravity now measures the ability of the kidney to
concentrate or dilute urine as regards to plasma. Urine color was positively correlated with USG. The
darker the urine, the higher specific gravity it has which interprets a dehydrated canine patient with normal
renal function, while the lighter the urine, the lower the specific gravity it has when the person is
well-hydrated. As a result, urine specific gravity tests can provide higher precise measurement of the
concentration of the urine by just looking at its color alone. Urine volume, on the other hand, varies
considerably with the normal range one to two liters per day. Its minimum is about 500 mL/day, output
below this level may cause severe dehydration. So the urine volume, urine color, and specific gravity
correlates by interpreting and providing clues to possible renal diseases. Too much or less than such
characteristics of urine traces higher potential diseases or conditions as they change depending on water
intake, exercise, environmental temperature, and nutrient intake. Therefore, urinalysis analyzes
characteristics of the urine and is used to diagnose diseases.

Source/s: Lumen. (2021). Anatomy and Physiology II | Module 9: The Urinary System | Physical
Characteristics of Urine. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from: https://bit.ly/3cyt2CJ
Luo, E. K., (2018). What is a urine specific gravity test? Retrieved November 22, 2021,
from: https://bit.ly/3xiC4gz
22

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Davao Doctors College

Medical Laboratory Science Department

HUMAN ANATOMY AND

No. Answer Structure Description

6 C F. clusters of individual alveoli that perform gas exchange

16 H Oropharynx P. complicated structure of nine cartilages connected by membranes

20 I Base T. these tubes arise from the secondary as branching continues

Student Contributor/s: DACUT, IVYROSE C.

b. Respiratory system. (10 points)

Student Contributor/s: ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.

Student Contributor/s: ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.

➔ It transports oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

Student Contributor/s: ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.

5. Describe the route of pulmonary circulation. (5 points)

Student Contributor/s: ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.

6. Give the importance and functions of the respiratory system. (5 points)

Student Contributor/s: ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.

Five major organs:

Student Contributor/s: DACUT, IVYROSE

Student Contributor/s: DACUT, IVYROSE C.

Student Contributor/s: PALOA, ROMILA B.

Student Contributor/s: PALOA, ROMILA B.

Names: ____Arellano, Angel Anne B.___

3. Label the different aspects of the mouth.

5. Label the aspects of the stomach accordingly.

Student Contributor/s: DACUT, IVYROSE C.

Student Contributor/s: PALOA, ROMILA B.

Student Contributor/s: ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.

Student Contributor/s: PALOA, ROMILA B.

Student Contributor/s: ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.

Student Contributor/s: DACUT, IVYROSE C.

Student Contributor/s: PALOA, ROMILA B.

Student Contributor/s: ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.

Student Contributor/s: DACUT, IVYROSE C.

Student Contributor/s: PALOA, ROMILA B.

HUMAN ANATOMY AND

Names: ____Arellano, Angel Anne B.___

LEARNING OUTCOME EVALUATION:

A. Identify the urinary organ.

Student Contributor/s: DACUT, IVYROSE C.

Student Contributor/s: PALOA, ROMILA B.

3. Discuss how urine is being formed. (20 points)

Student Contributor/s: ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.

Student Contributor/s: ARELLANO, ANGEL ANNE B.

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