Respiratory Sysstem(Respiration)

Group 2
1.Anggrey Dwi Farensia (2014201066)
2.Tri Mulia Ningsih (2014201069)
3.Sama Vira Sati (2014201055)
4.Fidi Sandika Ikhlas(2014201050)
5.Frengki (2014201061)
 A.Definition of Respiration

Breathing or respiration is a process starting from taking oxygen, spending

carbohydrates to using energy in the body. Humans breathe in oxygen in free air
and expel carbon dioxide to the environment.

Respiration can be divided into two types, namely:

● External Respiration which is the exchange between O2 and CO2 between
blood and air.

● Inner Respiration which is the exchange of O2 and CO2 from the

bloodstream to the body's cells.

 
 Respiratory System Organs
1.Nose
The nose consists of the opening, the nasal cavity and the tip of the nasal
cavity. The nasal cavity has many blood capillaries and is always moist with the
mucus produced by the mucosa. In the nose the air is filtered from foreign
objects that are not in the form of gas so that it does not enter the lungs. In
addition, the air temperature is also adjusted to suit body temperature.

2.Pharynx
The pharynx is the space behind the nasal cavity which is the entrance of air
from the nasal cavity. In this space there is a valve (epiglottis ) which is in
charge of regulating the alternation of respiratory air travel and food.

3.Larynx
Larynx / larynx or voice box. The larynx consists of cartilage, namely Adam's
apple, epiglottis, ( cartilage cover) and tricoid cartilage (stamp ring) which is
located at the bottom. The vocal cords are located on the inner wall of the
larynx.
4.Trachea
The trachea or windpipe is a band composed of smooth muscle and cartilage
that is in the shape of the letter "C" at very regular intervals. The tracheal wall is
composed of 3 layers of epithelial tissue that can produce mucus that is useful
for capturing and returning foreign objects to the upper respiratory tract before
entering the lungs along with respiratory air.
  
5. Bronchi
Bronchus are a pair of windpipe branches, one leading to the left lung and
the other leading to the right lung. The walls of the bronchi consist of a layer of
connective tissue, a layer of epithelial tissue, smooth muscle and a ring of
cartilage. The position of the bronchi to the left is more flat than to the right.
This is one of the reasons why the right lung is more susceptible to disease.

6.Bronchioles
Bronchioles are branches of bronchi, their walls are thinner and the passages
are thinner. The bronchioles branch into finer sections.
7.Alveoli
The end of the respiratory tract in the form of air bubbles. The walls of the
alveoli are very thin, as thick as a layer of cells, moist and close to the blood
capillaries. The existence of the alveolus allows a large surface area which plays
an important role in gas exchange. It is in this part of the alveolus that the
exchange of O2 gases from the free air to the blood cells occurs, while the
exchange of CO2 from the body's cells to the free air occurs.

8.Lungs
The lungs are located in the chest cavity bounded by the chest and rib
muscles, at the bottom limited by a strong diaphragm muscle. The lungs are a
collection of bronchioles, alveolar sacs and alveoli. Between the membranes
and the lungs there is a lymph fluid that serves to protect the lungs when they
expand and deflate. The expansion and contraction of the lungs is caused by
changes in the pressure in the chest cavity.
 Functions of the Respiratory System Organs

● Nose
The nose serves as the "main gate " in and out of air when breathing, the function of
the nose is very important. In the lining of the nose, there are fine hairs, whose function
is to filter impurities from the inhaled air.

● Pharynx
Pharynx is another name for the upper throat, a tube that is located behind the mouth
and nasal cavity, and connects them to the trachea ( windpipe). The function of the
pharynx in the human respiratory system is to channel airflow from the nose and mouth
to the trachea.

● Larynx
The larynx / voice box is located below the junction of the pharyngeal tract which
divides into the trachea and esophagus. This respiratory organ has 2 vocal cords that
open when breathing and close to produce sound.
When you breathe, air flows through the 2 vocal cords that coincide, producing
vibrations. This vibration then produces sound when speaking.
● Trachea
The function of the trachea in the respiratory system is quite
important, which is to carry air from the nose to the lungs. This organ is
in the form of a wide hollow tube, which connects the larynx to the
bronchi of the lungs.

● bronchi
The bronchi are the tubes that connect the trachea and the lungs. In
this case, the bronchi function to deliver air from the upper respiratory
tract into the lungs while removing it from the lungs. The bronchioles
will carry oxygen-rich blood to the air sacs of the alveoli.

● Bronchioles
Bronchioles are branches of the bronchi that function to channel air
from the bronchi to the alveoli. Bronchioles also function to control the
amount of air that enters and leaves during the breathing process.
● Alveoli
Alveoli are small pockets in the lungs located at the end of the bronchioles,
whose function is as a place for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. In
the alveolus there are capillaries of blood vessels.
Then the alveoli will absorb oxygen from the air carried by the bronchioles
and circulate it into the blood. After that, carbon dioxide from the body's cells
flows with the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled out.

● Lungs
The lungs are a pair of organs, and are located within the ribs. The main
function of the lungs in the respiratory system is to collect oxygen-rich air, and
circulate it to the blood vessels, to be distributed throughout the body.
 Disorders of the Respiratory System

● Emphysema
It is a disease of the lungs. The lungs are swollen because the blood vessels
are getting in with air.

● Asthma
Is a blockage of the respiratory tract caused by allergies, such as dust, dander
or hair. This disorder can be inherited. This disorder can also recur if the
ambient temperature is cold.

● Tuberculosis (TB )
It is a lung disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These bacteria
cause nodules on the walls of the alveoli. If this disease attacks and is allowed
to spread, it can cause the cells in the lungs to die. As a result, the lungs will bud
or shrink. This causes TB sufferers to often gasp for breath.
● Influenza
It is a disease caused by the influenza virus. This disease presents with
symptoms of sneezing, fever and runny nose.

● Lung cancer
This disease is one of the most dangerous diseases. Cancer cells in the lungs
continue to grow uncontrollably. This disease over time can attack the whole
body. One of the triggers of lung cancer is smoking. Smoking can lead to lung
cancer and lung damage.
 Conclusion
Breathing or respiration is a process starting from taking in
oxygen, releasing carbohydrates to using energy in the body.
Humans breathe in oxygen in free air and expel carbon
dioxide into the environment. The respiratory organs in
humans are the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs,
bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Breathing or gas exchange in humans takes place through two
stages, namely External Respiration and Internal Respiration.
And there are some disorders in the human respiratory
system.
Thanks