Davao Doctors College

Medical Laboratory Science Department

First Semester, S.Y. 2021-2022

HUMAN ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
FINAL LABORATORY SHEETS

Activity 11: The Respiratory System

Activity 12: The Digestive System

Prepared by: Archie F. Anadon, RMT 1

 Davao Doctors College
Medical Laboratory Science Program
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ACTIVITY NO. 11
The Respiratory System
Names: CAPAROS, PRECIOUS
LIM, LUSHAGNE
SECRO, ALEXA
SCORE:

Course/Yr. /Sec.: 11/09/2021 Group No. 7

Date Performed: 08/11/2021 Date Submitted: 27/11/2021
General Instruction:
✓ The name of the student/s who answered EACH question must appear in the ‘student
contributor/s’ to ensure that all students in that group have contributed to the answering of the lab
sheets.
✓ Answers should be PARAPHRASED and not copy pasted from internet or book sources. It must
be PROPERLY cited at the end of EACH question.
Scoring: n (total number of points) + 10 (format) + 10 (equal student contribution)
LEARNING OUTCOME EVALUATION:

1. Match the respiratory system structure to its proper definition and/or function. (20 points)

No. Answer Structure Description

1 E. Carina A. this tube splits from the main bronchi and serves a lobe of the lung

2 Q. Trachea B. Region of the throat from the posterior nasal cavity down to the soft
palate
3 J. Epiglottis C. Ring of cartilage that sits at the superior edge of the trachea,
posterior protrusion provides support for vocal cord cartilages
4 S. Glottis D. visible externally as the Adam’s apple, thick cartilage that protrudes
anteriorly in the larynx
5 D. Thyroid E. highly sensitive cartilage structure located at the branching point at
cartilage the inferior end of the trachea

6 C. Cricoid cartilage F. clusters of individual alveoli that perform gas exchange

7 M. Arytenoid & G. smallest diameter tubes that carry air, do NOT contain cartilage,
Corniculate resulting in constriction and dilation just like in arterioles
cartilages

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8 O. Primary (main) H. Region of the throat from soft palate down to epiglottis
bronchi
9 A. Secondary I. wide, inferior border of the lung; sits on the diaphragm inferiorly
(lobar) bronchi

10 T. J. small, flexible elastic cartilage structure covered with taste buds;

Tertiary bronchi opens and closes to allow air only to enter
11 G. Bronchioles K. Air enters the nasal cavity through these openings

12 F. Alveolar sacs L. superior to the superior thoracic aperture (the 1st rib)

13 P. Larynx M. visible on the posterior aspect and connect the vocal cords for
movement and sound production
14 R. Nasal conchae N. region of the throat that connects the oropharynx to the openings of
both the larynx and esophagus
15 B. Nasopharynx O. large diameter tube that allows air to enter each lung at the hilum

16 H. Oropharynx P. complicated structure of nine cartilages connected by membranes

and ligaments; houses vocal cords; ‘voice box’
17 N. Laryngopharynx Q. also known as the windpipe, this structure carries air from below the
larynx into the thoracic cavity
18 K. Nares R. Three bony mucous covered shelves protrude from the lateral wall of
the nasal cavity
19 L. Apex S. superior opening of the larynx containing the vocal cords

20 I. Base T. these tubes arise from the secondary as branching continues

eventually reaching bronchioles

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: Seeley’s Essential Anatomy and Physiology 9th edition / Essentials of Human Anatomy and
Physiology 11th edition

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 2. Label the following structures.
Larynx. (16 points)

a. Respiratory system. (10 points)

Nasal Conchae

Sphenoid

Vocal folds Capillary Beds

Trachea
Epiglottis
Superior Lobe
Main Bronchi

Inferior Lobe

Oblique Fissure

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 b. Sagittal view of the upper respiratory system. (5 points)

Nasal Cavity

Opening of Auditory Tube

Nares
Oropharynx

Epiglottis

Student Contributor/s:
Source/s: https://nurseslabs.com/respiratory-system/

3. Write the route that oxygen takes from when you inhale to the point of gas exchange with carbon
dioxide. (5 points)

The oxygen you breathe in goes into your lungs and passes into your blood from there. It is then
transported to all the cells in your body through your bloodstream. The lungs are located in the
chest region, protected by the ribs in the rib cage.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2016, November 3). How do lungs
work? InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK401240/.

4. Give two unique characteristics of the pulmonary artery and vein. (5 points)

The unique characteristic of the pulmonary arteries is their response to hypoxia. Whereas systemic
arteries will dilate in response to local hypoxia to improve tissue perfusion, pulmonary arteries will
oppositely constrict instead.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

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 Source/s: Alice Ferng B.S., M. D. (2021, October 28). Pulmonary arteries and veins. Kenhub. Retrieved
November 18, 2021, from https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/pulmonary-arteries-and-veins.

5. Describe the route of pulmonary circulation. (5 points)

Pulmonary circulation transfers oxygen-depleted blood from the right ventricle to the lungs,
where it replenishes with new blood. The oxygen-rich blood is then returned to the left atrium.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: Circulatory pathways. Circulatory Pathways | SEER Training. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18,
2021, from
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cardiovascular/blood/pathways.html#:~:text=of%20the%20body.-
,Pulmonary%20Circuit,blood%20to%20the%20left%20atrium.

6. Give the importance and functions of the respiratory system. (5 points)

Since, respiratory system is a network of organs and tissues thatwill assist you in breathing. This
system assists your body in absorbing oxygen from the air so that your organs can function.
Furthermore, It removes waste gases from your blood, like carbon dioxide.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: Respiratory system: Functions, facts, Organs & Anatomy. Cleveland Clinic.
(n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system.

7. Name five major organs involve in the respiratory system and describe each contribution in the
system. (10 points)

They are the Nose, Larynx, Pharynx, Trachea and the Bronchi, where involved in the respiratory
system. The Nose, It permits air to enter your body, filters debris, and warms and humidifies the
air. Your nose provides you with a sense of smell and aids in the shaping of your look. The Larynx,
protects the lower airways, aids respiration, and plays an important function in phonation. The
Pharynx, By receiving air from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water from the oral cavity, it feeds
both the respiratory and digesting systems. The Trachea, to transport air into and out of your lungs It
provides a reliable channel for oxygen to enter your body because it is a rigid, flexible tube. Lastly, the
Bronchi to help you breathe.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: Respiratory system (pulmonary system) information: Myvmc. HealthEngine Blog. (2019,
May 6). Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://healthengine.com.au/info/respiratory-system.

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8. Describe the three regions of the pharynx and their functions. (10 points)

The Pharynx is divided into three regions, they are the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and
laryngopharynx. The Nasopharynx, acts only as an airway. For the Oropharynx, the passageway
for both air and food. Lastly, the Laryngopharynx, a critical link via which food, drink, and air flow.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: OpenStax, L. L. &. (n.d.). Anatomy and physiology II. Organs and Structures of the
Respiratory System | Anatomy and Physiology II. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/organs-and-structures-of-the-respiratory-

9. If a person sustains an injury to the epiglottis, what would be the physiological result? (15 points)

As a result, he/she might have difficulties in eating and drinking entering the trachea, and
according to what I’ve searched it might cause infections or pneumonia.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: A & P Chapter 22 Critical Thinking Flashcards | Quizlet. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24,
2021, from https://quizlet.com/200883833/a-p-chapter-22-critical-thinking-flash-cards/.

10. Compare and contrast the conducting and respiratory zones. (10 points)

The conducting zone refers to the organs of the respiratory system that are not directly involved in
gas exchange. Instead, establish an air path, clean dirt, warm/humidify the air, and so on (nasal
cavity, pharynx, larynx, etc.). All organs/structures directly involved in gas exchange are
considered to be in the respiratory zone (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli)

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s:A & P Chapter 22 Critical Thinking Flashcards | Quizlet. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24,
2021, from https://quizlet.com/200883833/a-p-chapter-22-critical-thinking-flash-cards/.

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 Davao Doctors College
Medical Laboratory Science Program
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ACTIVITY NO. 12
The Digestive System
Names: Caparos, Precious
Lim, Lushagne
Secro, Alexa Bea SCORE:

Course/Yr. /Sec.: BMLS 10-1C Group No. 7

Date Performed: 11/16/2021 Date Submitted: 11/27/2021
General Instruction:
✓ The name of the student/s who answered EACH question must appear in the ‘student
contributor/s’ to ensure that all students in that group have contributed to the answering of the lab
sheets.
✓ Answers should be PARAPHRASED and not copy pasted from internet or book sources. It must
be PROPERLY cited at the end of EACH question.
Scoring: n (total number of points) + 10 (format) + 10 (equal student contribution)
LEARNING OUTCOME EVALUATION:
1. Label all digestive organs of the GI tract.

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2. Label the elements of the alimentary canal.

3. Label the different aspects of the mouth.

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4. Label the major salivary glands and ducts.

5. Label the aspects of the stomach accordingly.

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6. Label the accessory organs, structures, and ducts of the digestive system.

7. Label the structures and features of the large intestine.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Secro, Lim

Source/s:
The Digestive System. (2021, March 2). Hhtps:// bio.libretexts.org/@go/page/34630.
The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus. (2021, March 2). https://bio.libretexts.org/@go/page/34634
Overview of the Digestive System. (2021, March 1).). https://bio.libretexts.org/@go/page/34632

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8. Describe the pathway food takes upon ingesting it, making sure to include all accessory structures.
(5 points)

The pathway ingesting the food which is the digestive system which process food into molecule that
utilized or absorbed the cell of the body. The molecules are small enough to absorbed and the waste
product are eliminated. By this it’s consists of along continuous tube that extends from mouth to the
anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s:
SEER Training Modules, Module Name. U. S. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer
Institute. Updated date 9/18/2018. <https://training.seer.cancer.gov/>.

9. Explain the differences between the layers of the gastrointestinal tract. (5 points)

Gastrointestinal tract has four layers which include the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and
adventitia or serosa. Mucosa is a lining epithelium including glandular tissue and the innermost layer
of the gastrointestinal tract that absorptive and secretory layer of the GI tract. While submucosa is a
dense, irregular layer of connective tissue, large blood vessels that support the mucosa. The
muscularis is the one who are responsible for the segmental contractions and peristatic movements
in the gastrointestinal tract. And lastly the serosa it consists of a secretory epithelial layer and a thin
connective tissue that reduce the friction from muscle movement.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s:
Human Physiology/The gastrointestinal system. Provided by: Wikibooks. Located
at: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_gastrointestinal_system. License: C
C BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike

10. List each type of tooth. How do they function during mastication? (5 points)

There are four types of tooth which include incisors, canines, premolars and molars. This fours types
function during mastication to help the food grind to your mouth which the incisors is the teeth were
use to take the bites of your food and the canines is the sharpest teeth that used for ripping and
tearing food apart while the premolars and molars are responsible to chewing and grinding food.

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 Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro
Source/s:
Brichford, C. (2017, August 13). The 4 types of teeth and how they function.
EverydayHealth.com. https://www.everydayhealth.com/dental-health/basics/types-teeth-how-they-
function/

11. List the accessory and primary structures of the GI tract. Why would accessory structures not be
classified as primary organs/structures of the digestive system? (5 points)

The GI tract consist of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large
intestine. This are the accessory organ which include the teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such
as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Accessory structures not classified as primary
organs/structures because the accessory digestive organ is help with digestion but not part of the
digestive tract.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: William C. Shiel Jr. (2021, March 29). Definition of accessory digestive
organ.MedicineNet. https://www.medicinenet.com/accessory_digestive_organ/definition.htm

12. Offer a theory to explain why segmentation occurs and peristalsis slows in the small intestine. (5
points)
The absorption and digestion are occurring in the small intestine which segmentation can reduced
the rate of peristalsis that allow chemical digestion for the nutrient adsorption were occur.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s:
Anatomy and physiology II. (n.d.). Lumen Learning – Simple Book
Production. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cuny-kbcc-ap2/?s=references

13. Explain how the stomach is protected from self-digestion and why this is necessary. (5 points)

The stomach is protected from self-digestion with the help of the mucosal barrier and also by its own
enzymes which protect the stomach from digestion it is necessary because it can help to covered
the stomach by the think coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s:
The stomach – Anatomy and physiology. (2013, March 6). BCcampus Open Publishing – Open
Textbooks Adapted and Created by BC Faculty.
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiologyopenstax/chapter/the-stomach/

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14. Describe unique anatomical features that enable the stomach to perform digestive functions. (5
points)

The stomach uniquely performs in the way of digestion because it secretes acid and enzymes that
help to digest food. The stomach receives food from the esophagus and enters to the stomach
through a muscular valve that allow the food to pass from stomach to the intestine.

Student Contributor/s: Secro, Lim, Caparos

Source/s:
Hoffman, M. (2011, June 11). The stomach (Human anatomy): Picture, function, definition,
conditions, and more. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-stomach

15. Explain how nutrients absorbed in the small intestine pass into the general circulation. (5 points)

Small intestine can absorb nutrient to transport into the blood capillaries that adjacent to enterocyte
this blood are drains to the hepatic portal of vein and livers. This nutrient is stored in liver and enter
by the hepatic and goes for processing of the health from there general circulation.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s:
Body, V. (2013, August 16). Absorption and elimination | Digestive anatomy. Visible Body - Virtual
Anatomy to See Inside the Human Body. https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/digestive/digestive-
absorption-and-elimination

16. Why is it important that chyme from the stomach is delivered to the small intestine slowly and in
small amounts?

It is important that chyme must be delivered from the stomach slowly and in small amount because
digested food can travel slowly that the nutrient can absorbed and enter to the blood steam and the
stomach will digest the food into the chyme where the extraction of nutrient will begin.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: OpenStax, The Small and Large Intestines. OpenStax CNX. Feb 6,
2017 http://cnx.org/contents/430d8e5a-f699-4949-9849-5b4ca1125fa2@5. © Feb 6, 2017 OpenStax. Textbook
content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license.

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17. Describe three of the differences between the walls of the large and small intestines.
The difference between the wall of large intestine and small intestine are the large intestine is
much broader than the small intestine and takes much straighter path through the abdomen and
also large intestine are involved in the absorption of water while the small intestine is responsible
for the absorption of nutrient from the digested food.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s:
Kutteri, M. (2018, December 5). Discover the differences between small and large intestine.
BYJUS. https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-small-intestine-and-large-intestine/

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 Davao Doctors College
Medical Laboratory Science Program
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ACTIVITY NO. 13
The Urinary System

Names: Caparos, Precious Tejeros

Lim, Lushagne
Secro, Alexa
SCORE:

Course/Yr. /Sec.: MLS 10-1C Group No. 7

Date Performed: 25/11/2021 Date Submitted: 11/27/2021

General Instruction:

✓ The name of the student/s who answered EACH question must appear in the ‘student
contributor/s’ to ensure that all students in that group have contributed to the answering of the lab
sheets.
✓ Answers should be PARAPHRASED and not copy pasted from internet or book sources. It must
be PROPERLY cited at the end of EACH question.
Scoring: n (total number of points) + 10 (format) + 10 (equal student contribution)

LEARNING OUTCOME EVALUATION:

1. Identify the urinary organ based on the functions presented in the table, and place the correct label in the
image provided (see next page). (20 points)

A. Identify the urinary organ.

ORGAN
1.The Kidneys Maintains water balance of the blood.
2. Urinary Bladder Serve as a storage area for urine.
3. Urethra Transports urine to the body exterior.
4. Renal Artery Transports arterial blood to the kidney.
5. Kidneys Produces urine.
6. The Female Urethra Is shorter in women than in men.

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B. Place the correct label.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: https://images.app.goo.gl/HG2CeRjarqza1mGr9
https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/26-2-water-balance/
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/anatomy-of-the-urinary-system
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/urine-transport-storage-and-elimination/
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21197-urinary-system
https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/urinary/urinary-system-structures

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2. Draw and label the internal anatomy of the kidney, showing its structures. (20 points)

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: https://images.app.goo.gl/vgh8bWenGceQTcw67
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3. Discuss how urine is being formed. (20 points)

The urine is formed by three different processes, which are Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, and
tubular secretion. It is mainly located at the glomerulus and all filtrations begin at the glomerulus, once the
fluid comes into the capsule it will be called the filtrate. All the substance/liquid will be gathered in this
process before it can pass on to the next process. In Tubular reabsorption, this is where the fluid starts to
reabsorb and other substances/solutes are absorbed in this process. In this process begin to reabsorb the
filtrate fluid, also some substances are hard to absorb like uric acid, etc. The last process is tubular
secretion, in this process, it is the opposite type of tubular absorption. This process is the main important
process because this process is important for getting rid of substance that has not been filtrated

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BQWaJAciMz7Nqn9P7hAWYWxS9bXd8-r-/view?usp=drivesdk

4. Discuss the relationship between urine volume, urine color, and specific gravity. (20points)

In dehydrated canine animals with normal renal function, urine specific gravity is typically 1.030, and it can
be used to differentiate between pre-renal and renal azotemia (1). Urine with a darker yellow tint is thought
to be more concentrated. With a correlation coefficient of 0.522 (y = 1.0207 0.00374x), urine specific gravity
and 24-hour urine volume had a negative connection. A urine specific gravity of more than 1.010 was found
in the majority of patients (81.6%) with 24-hour urine volumes less than 2.1.

Student Contributor/s: Caparos, Lim, Secro

Source/s: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022534717381430
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5764211/

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