WELCOME TO SCIENCE 8

CLASS
WORK AND
ENERGY
WORK DONE IS A
MEASURE OF WHAT IS
REQUIRED TO MOVE AN
OBJECT OVER A DISTANCE
• The unit, joule (J) is named after the
English Physicist James Prescott Joule.
This is also a unit of energy. One (1)
Joule is equal to the work done or energy
expended in applying a force of one
Newton through a distance of one meter.
POWER
- IS THE RATE AT WHICH WORK IS
PERFORMED OR ENERGY IS CONVERTED.
THIS MEANS THAT THE FASTER A
PERSON WORKS , THE MORE POWER
SHE/HE EXERTS.
CAN YOU EXPLAIN HOW DOING WORK CAN
TRANSFER ENERGY HERE?
1. Between the person and the ball, is there work done? Explain.
Ans. Yes. The force you exerted in pushing the ball is in the same
direction as the motion of the ball.
2. Who did the work?
Ans. The person did the work.
3. To which object the work is done?
Ans. The work is done on the ball.
4. Between the ball and the empty bottle, is there work done? Explain.
Ans. Yes. The direction of force exerted by the ball is the same direction
as the motion of the empty bottles.
FACTORS AFFECTING POWER :
1. WORK ( FORCE AND DISTANCE ) OR
ENERGY

2. TIME
EXAMPLES :

•1. ANDREI DOES 500 J OF WORK IN

CLIMBING A STAIR. IF HE DOES THE
WORK IN FIVE SECONDS , WHAT IS
HIS POWER OUTPUT ?
2. A BOX WEIGHING 800 N IS
RAISED 10 METER UP WITH A
PULLEY COMBINATION IN 10
SECONDS .WHAT AMOUNT OF
POWER IS USED ?
ENERGY
THE ABILITY OR CAPACITY
TO DO WORK
FORMS OF
ENERGY
 KINETIC ENERGY – IS A FORM OF
MECHANICAL ENERGY THAT IS PRESENT IN
MOVING OBJECTS

POTENTIAL ENERGY – is an energy

possessed by an object at rest. It is the
stored energy in resting object, such as
gravitational potential energy, and elastic
potential energy.
UPPER RESPIRATORY

1. OSNE

1.NOSE- gateway and the first organ of the

respiratory system wherein the air (oxygen)
enters the body. It is responsible for the
sense of smell and helps in respiration and
speech production.
 NOSTRILS

• also called as “nares.” These are external openings in the nose and
serves as the passage of air into the body.
NASAL CAVITY
• inside part of the nose. It warm, moisturize and
filter the air that enters the body. It is lined with a
mucous membrane that helps keep the nose moist
by producing mucus.
CILIA
• tiny hairs that are located on the surface cells of the
mucous membrane that moves back and forth. The
mucus traps any foreign particles which moved by
the cilia toward the front of the nose. This helps
clean the air before it goes to the lungs.
MUCOUS MEMBRANE

• lines the nasal cavity. It produces mucus that is

moist and sticky that captures dust, germs, and
small particles that could irritate the lungs.
UPPER RESPIRATORY

2. HYANRXP
2. Pharynx or throat- passageway of air from the oral and
nasal cavities to the lungs, it is also the passage of food to the
esophagus. Adenoids and tonsils are located in the pharynx which plays
an important role to protect the body from infection.
 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF EPIGLOTTIS AND
RESPIRATION?
SWALLOWING : AT THE TIME OF EATING FOOD OR
SWALLOWING, THE FLAP-LIKE STRUCTURE OF
EPIGLOTTIS FOLDS OVER THE ENTRANCE OF THE
TRACHEA , THUS PREVENTING THE FOOD FROM
ENTERING THE WINDPIPE. CONVERSELY, AT THE SAME
TIME OF BREATHING, THIS FLAP IS OPEN WHICH
ALLOWS AIR TO TRAVEL INTO THE LARYNX.
 UPPER RESPIRATORY

3. RANXLY

3. Larynx or voice box – a hollow tubular structure

that connects the pharynx and the windpipe (trachea). It is where
the vocal folds or vocal cords lie and prevents the passage of food
and other foreign particles in the lower respiratory tracts. The
epiglottis is leaf-shaped flap cartilage behind the tongue which
protects the trachea during eating to prevent from inhalation of
food
II. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

1. THERACA

TRACHEA or WIND PIPE –

a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx
to the bronchi of the lungs. It serves as a
passageway of air, moistens, and warms
while it passes into the lungs.
II. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

2. GULNS
2. Lungs – it is the primary organs of the respiratory
system. The lungs are protected by a bony and muscular
rib cage and, a double-layered membrane (pleura) that
lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs.
They help the oxygen we breathe enter the red blood cells
and get rid of carbon dioxide when we breathe out.
II. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

3. RONCHIB AND LESHOIRONBC

3. Bronchi and Bronchioles – the two

branches that split from the trachea and lead directly
to the lungs, called bronchi (singular, bronchus).
Bronchioles are small bronchial tubes that deliver air
to alveoli.
II. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

4. VALIOEL

4. Alveoli or Air sacs – tiny air sacs like

grapes located at the end of the bronchial tubes and are
surrounded by blood capillaries. The gas exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide happens between the alveoli
(singular, alveolus) and blood by the process of diffusion
-Endpoint of the respiratory
system
-Exchange of O2 and CO2 in the
bloodstream
II. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

5. PHARMGIAD
5. Diaphragm – a dome-shaped structure that
separates the chest and abdomen. It is the main
respiratory muscle responsible for inhalation and
exhalation. During inhalation, the lungs expand and the
diaphragm moves downward. In exhalation, the
diaphragm relaxes and returns to its normal shape.
• The air enters and is filtered in your nose. The air then
passes through the throat and into your windpipe,
which is called the trachea. Your trachea splits into two
branches, called bronchi that go into each of your two
lungs. The main organ of respiration is the lungs. These
branches continue to split into smaller branches called
bronchioles, like twigs on a tree. The smallest branches
end in thin air sacs called alveoli, like clusters of grapes,
where the gas exchange happens. The muscle that is
responsible for breathing is the diaphragm.
PATHWAY OF AIR

HOW DOES THE AIR GO IN AND OUT OF OUR

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

Inhalation:

nose → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx →

trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
EXHALATION

alveoli → bronchioles → bronchi → trachea →

larynx → pharynx → nasal cavity → nose
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

•Help us to become alive. Oxygen is necessary for life to

exist. Without it, the cells in the body would not be able to
release the energy in food for power, and they would die
within minutes. When you inhale air, your respiratory
system gets oxygen. When you exhale, carbon dioxide is
released.
EVERY BREATH YOU TAKE

1.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4.
9.

5.

10.

6. 11.

WORD BANK
Trachea (windpipe) Lungs Nose Pharynx (throat)

Larynx (voice box) Diaphragm Bronchi Alveoli

Nasal cavity Epiglottis Bronchioles

CONSTRUCTED LUNG MODEL
•Materials:
•1 1.5 liter empty plastic bottle
•3 balloons (1 big, 2 small)
•1 sturdy straw 1 pair of scissors
•5 rubber bands
WHAT DOES EACH PART OF THE
CONSTRUCTED LUNG MODEL REPRESENT?

2-liter plastic bottle =

Two balloons =
Two straws =
Larger balloon =
WHAT HAPPEN AS YOU PULL DOWN THE RUBBER
SHEET AT THE BOTTOM OF YOUR MODEL?

•Air rushes into the lungs (2

balloons)
WHAT HAPPENS AS YOU PUSH IT UP?

•Air rushes outside the lungs (2

balloons).
HOW DOES THE MOVEMENT OF THE
DIAPHRAGM CAUSE THE AIR TO GO AND
OUT OF THE LUNGS?

•The contraction and relaxation of

the diaphragm cause the air to go
in and out of the lungs.
WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IF YOU PRICK THE
BALLOON? OR CLOG THE BALLOON?

•The balloon will not get enough

air similar with a damage
lungs.
 • When you breathe in, or inhale, the diaphragm muscle
contracts. Inhaling moves the diaphragm down and expands
the chest cavity. Simultaneously, the ribs move up and increase
the size of the chest cavity. There is now more space and less
air pressure inside the lungs. Air pushes in from the outside
where there is a higher air pressure. It pushes into the lungs
where there is a lower air pressure. When you breathe out, or
exhale, the diaphragm muscle relaxes. The diaphragm and ribs
return to their original place. The chest cavity returns to its
original size. These is now less space and greater air pressure
inside the lungs. It pushes the air to the outside where there is
a lower air pressure.
•