CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

(CvSU)
DON SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS CAMPUS
Indang, Cavite

College of Engineering and Information Technology

First Semester, Academic Year 2021-2022

Case study

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Architecture on
Architectural Design IV

Submitted by:
Villanueva, Analyn S. (202011009)
Abanes, Ira James C. (202012592)
Mejico, Mike Vincent (202013989)
Cresino, Charles (202011612)
Glodoviza, Dienmar (202012356)
Merin, Alyza Mae (202010931)

Bachelor of Science in Architecture 2-1

Submitted to:
ARCH. MON JEKRIS SERVIÑO, uap
INSTRUCTOR • ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN IV
May 9, 2022
 Table of Contents

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………….…....1

II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY …………………………………....……………….......2

III. CASE EXAMINED…..………………………….……………………………….................3

IV. CASE PLANNING………………………………………………………………………,,…7

V. FINDINGS………………………………………………………………………………,…..11

IV. PROPOSED SOLUTION….………………………………………………………....…...13

V. IMPLEMENTATION…………………………………………………………..….………...16

VI. CONCLUSION ……………………………….....………………...

……..........................17

VII. REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………...…18

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The research examined multimodal connectivity as a strategy for incorporating

new transit modes into actual public transportation networks. The material is separated
into two sections: a theoretical review and the construction of a case study in Tiaong,
Quezon. The case study of Tiaong is constructed, where the development of a new
metro system would revolutionize the urban transportation system network of buses,
jeepneys, and tricycles. The future operation of the three vehicle types and their many
communication systems to integrate strategy assuring coordination and collaboration of
all relevant lines. This comprises defining integration and determining its many
levels, operational consisting of schedule and information, fare and ticket
integration and structural.

The purpose of this research is to examine the operating outcomes of several

terminals with a retail mall and to identify crucial characteristics that can guide the
design, execution, and monitoring of future travelers in the infrastructure project. There
is a subset of study that studies parts of the built environment in relative isolation. These
studies often investigate the influence of various degrees of a quantifiable component,
such as noise, daylight, or air pollution, on measurable results pertaining to health,
psychological atmosphere, and commuters.

The study aimed to provide a design that will address inadequacies in many
elements that restrict commuters from maximizing their travel experience. To make the
design viable for issue solution, we must first obtain the factors that impact it. This will
be the work atmosphere, climate, and flow of the infrastructure.

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Private and public transportation must effectively complement one other in order

to maintain sustainable and livable urban settings. However, in many places today,
transportation is dominated by the vehicle, with a significant reliance on automobiles. As
long as there is infrastructure (road and parking), the vehicle provides freedom of travel,
as popular culture frequently depicts. However, this has proven to be deceptive, as the
degrees of freedom for these journeys have been greatly lowered due to the high
negative side effects, resulting in a more virtual rather than essential freedom. As a
result, initiatives to strengthen transportation infrastructure and shift from an individual
to an individual ownership vehicle, equilibrium are required. Car penalties and transit
incentives, often known as "Push and Pull measures," are a collection of tactics aimed
at determining the optimal role for all modes and resulting in a balanced modal split
while reducing negative side effects and boosting efficiency and performance.

Interactions between commuters and transportation vehicles contribute to the

climatic perception of the transit network environment. Environmental components such
as physical structures and foundations, as well as instructional materials, are employed
to establish an efficient system. Transit that uses community assets as an efficient basis
to increase their viable job or transportation operations. A well-designed transportation
infrastructure that tackles ergonomics, anthropometry, thermal comfort, illumination,
ventilation, color, and legal compliance, allowing passengers to perform better and
leave a positive image on the community. The new transportation structure would
provide understudies with more options to examine as well as a modern engagement
that would elevate their considerations.

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CASES EXAMINED

As a corollary, appropriate urban transportation planning and efficient use of

space are critical in Bangladesh. Dhaka is a fairly tiny city with an ever-increasing
population and a scarcity of space. Transport planning is a major issue in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) has proposed a project that would
help facilitate commuter service, international bus travel, and efficient land use. BRTC
(Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation) International Bus terminal is currently under-
facilitated and unorganized, with no proper traffic management. Furthermore, there are
no suitable passenger facilities or arrival and departure bays, and the terminal does not
present a positive picture of Bangladesh to foreign passengers. The project plan is to
create an international bus terminal in Motijheel with suitable passenger facilities, a bus
service facility capable of handling more buses per hour and accommodating additional
bus parking, as well as a commercial building. The plan will expand the number of

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destinations to 9 inter-district routes and 5 foreign routes, up from 5 and 3
correspondingly.

Transbay Transit Center, which open in 2017, is a cutting-edge multimodal transit

hub in downtown San Francisco, integrating 11 transit systems and connecting the city
to the region, state, and nation. A 2.2-hectare rooftop park will underpin the creation of a
new mixed-use community in the unique, highly sustainable design. Transbay’s
towering light-filled rooms should provide San Francisco a grand entry befitting its
standing as one of the world’s great cities, in the vein of New York’s Grand Central

Terminal and London’s Victoria Station. The Transit Center will is built along Mission
Street for five blocks, one block south of the city’s Financial District. From afar, a softly
undulating façade suspended over the roadway on angled steel columns will create an
elegant, light, and welcome impression. At street level, shops and cafés will entice
visitors and revitalize the neighboring neighborhood, while the trees and flowers of the
rooftop park will entice people to stay for longer periods of time, changing the Transit
Center from a commuter hub to an urban attraction.
 This propose a Union Bus Terminal to satisfy Tacoma, Washington’s suburban
and long-distance bus demands. These requirements are now dependent on two
factors.  Outdated and woefully insufficient stations.

The project concept is based on an examination of existing bus transit in the

area. The area from which future increasing demands have been predicted The location
is a previously vacant 300 by 280 foot block in a deteriorating neighborhood near the
city center. The passenger level of the structure faces a plaza and the downtown center
beyond. Buses approach on the other side through a minor roadway and circulate on a
level under the higher passenger level.For the convenience, a restaurant, stores, and
concessions are featured. Passengers as well as the Terminal's financial well-being.

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 The Manila Multimodal Terminal in Lawton serves a large number of people,
ranging from employees to students. It is congested with buses and fxs traveling to
Sucat and South Mall. The location is between the Carriedo Terminal and the Central
Terminal stations. The property has a section of the railway from the two train stations
running across it, so the vehicles parked within have some artificial shade. There is also
a ferry terminal that transports people to the following stations: Plaza Mexico, Escolta,
Lawton, Quiapo, PUP, Santa Ana, Lambingan, Valenzuela, Hulo, Guadalupe, Pineda,
San Joaquin, Bambang, Kalawaan, Pinagbuhatan – Acacia, Maybunga, and
Nagpayong.

The location features three modest food kiosks, each around 30 square feet.
Both positioned to the right of the entrance, an administrative office, comfort facilities for
both men and women, chairs for those waiting for the bus or fx that they want to travel
on, and a smoking area located near the vehicle egress. Because of the restricted
space for parking buses and fx’s, the facility does not have a parking lot for private

automobiles.

The railway was used as a design element by the site’s architect. Section of the
parking lot for added shade.

The project location is located in MetroManila’s southwestern region, near the

Manila-Cavite Expressway, which connects MetroManila to the province of Cavite. The
Southwest ITS will connect commuters from Cavite to other transport systems serving
MetroManila. The MWM Terminals urban transport terminal will connect all provincial
buses from Cavite to other forms of inter-city transport, as well as the anticipated LRT 1
South Extension. The departure area will have 36 bus bays with departures every 15
minutes, while the arrival area will have 23 bus bays. SWITS is anticipated to serve
more than 34 million passengers per year. This cutting-edge transportation
infrastructure will also house BPO offices and provide a variety of retail, eating, and
shopping opportunities.

CASE PLANNING

Adding bays to existing structures, such as sacrificing landscapes due to poor

design and underestimating the number of passengers, is a common issue with
transportation infrastructure in the Philippines. Transit buildings are a subset of the
public/institutional building category. They are intended to form the use of space as a
teaching tool and the improvement of transportation systems. They indicate the physical
location where one can go from one point to another. A location where commuters and
drivers may congregate and share experiences. A location of critical importance for their
community relationships. Aside from experimental ideas about transportation, it appears
that transit building characteristics, such as spatial layouts, acoustics, heat, light, and
the flow of vehicles and passengers, have an influence on the overall experience,
efficiency, demeanors, and functioning of the transit system. The overall goal is to
minimize vitality usage while maximizing environmental natural quality.

While contemporary building themes may be examined via a variety of academic

perspectives, the present study investigates how modern building design might impact
larger concerns such as environmental and science literacy. A person who is literate in
contemporary building design will benefit from fundamental knowledge from
environmental/sustainability education and scientific education to comprehend both the
and why of modern building design engage in public transit.

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 While a transit building's primary function is to convey commuters from point A to
point B, they are also utilized to shelter passengers, offer emergency evacuation waiting
areas, and to provide and stimulate social gathering in human nature. Building a
transportation system should aid in these efforts, as should moving users. The factors
for developing a transportation system are listed following. Transit systems across the
country are being energized to consider modern plans as well as retrofits in terms of
viable measures that address long-term considerations such as indoor air quality,
energy consumption, instructional materials, transportation, community interaction, and
landscaping and building envelope.

The BRTC Terminal location is nearly flat and level with the road. The property
has an imbalance of green and grey areas, and there is essentially no vegetation. The
location, like the city, has a low and flat terrain. The location lacks a functional drainage
system for both international and inter-district passengers, as well as separate crew

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facilities and many other functions. As a result, it must be assured that no function
interferes with the flow of any other function.

While the BRTC terminal only has one entry and exit point. The rooftop park is at
the center of Transbay's design. It has over a dozen access locations, perhaps including
bridges to nearby structures, and is densely packed with environment and activity. The
landscape incorporates both active and passive activities, such as a 1,000-person
amphitheater, cafés, and a children's playground, as well as quiet spots for reading,
picnics, or simply relaxing. From oak trees to awetland marsh, the park will showcase a
diverse range of Bay Area ecologies.

A circular configuration around a central passenger concourse seems to be the only one
that did not necessitate congestion at the boundaries or splitting of the passenger
concourse in order to accommodate eighteen bus spots in Greyhound Terminal. The
circular shape posed a unique architectural challenge as well. Because of the
arrangement of the bus doors, traffic on the bus driveway must always go clockwise.
Three small food kiosks, each around 30 square feet in size, are available at the area.
An administrative office, comfort facilities for both men and women, chairs for those
waiting for the bus or carriage that they wish to go on, and a smoking area placed near
the vehicle egress are all located to the right of the entrance. The venue does not have
a parking area for individual autos because to limited room for parking buses and fx's.
The architect of the site exploited the railway as a design feature. A section of the
parking lot that has been shaded. Unlike the BRTC Terminal and Greyhoun Terminal in
Tacoma, trees were strategically placed and zoned to obscure any unneeded and
undesirable vistas of the site.

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The Southwest Integrated Transport terminal has the same features as the other four
terminals. Spaces that provide convenience to passengers rather than merely the whole
transportation hub, e.g. BPO offices, restaurants, retail malls, and other leisure facilities
The designer opted to accept its purpose of boosting the economy, which will benefit
both the city and the country.

FINDINGS

BRTC Terminal

⦁ The bus terminal combines several roles, such as different places arrival and
departure, international and inter-district passenger, crew facilities, and many more
functions.

⦁ As a corollary, it must be assured that no function interferes with the flow of any other
function.

Transit Transbay Center

It is an integrated transportation system that includes a subway and a bus terminal.

• The structure houses public functions such as stores and other commercial amenities.

• There are separate layover areas for leaving and arriving buses at the bus station.

• The terminal building is extremely energy efficient due to the use of natural light.

The structure incorporates ventilation, geothermal energy, a green roof, and water
reuse.

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• The whole terminal's roof is planted, providing public space for the entire
neighborhood.

• The Terminal is used as a divider to provide separation between the areas.

• The bus entry and departure circulation pattern follows a one-way regulation.

• There is no overnight parking available.

• There are waiting and rest areas to enhance passenger comfort.

• To assist travellers at the terminal, public vehicle facilities such as taxis, auto-stands,
and private cars are available.

Greyhound Terminal

Every bus terminal has a simple functional flow that is organized in a methodical
manner.

• The bus station features separate stopover areas for leaving and arriving buses.

• In order to generate ventilation, the greatest amount of bus stations are shaded.

By utilizing a vaulted structural canopy

• The ticket desks are located near the lounge and the bus departure area.

• The bus entry and departure circulation pattern follows a one-way regulation.

• There are overnight parking facilities available.

• There are waiting and rest areas to enhance passenger comfort.

• The terminal has a public car facility, such as an auto stand.

• The public restroom is not adequately kept.

• Along with the terminal, shops and associated commercial facilities are required.

Manila Multi-Modal Terminal

⦁ Manila Multimodal's landscaping integrates the terminal with nature.

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⦁ The trees were planted to conceal any unneeded and undesirable site views.

⦁ The materials utilized in this multimodal terminal are traditional, and the planning is
average, which resulted in a design that is simple yet appealing to users, and user-
friendly due to the familiarity of what people may see in nature.

Southwest Integrated Transport Terminal

⦁ It would also assist to decongest Manila and encourage people to use public transit
instead of bringing their individual private automobiles.

⦁ Convenience not just for commuters but also for customers. Because of the areas
provided for commercial businesses, it can help stimulate economic development in the
area.

⦁ It can benefit not only the consumers, but also the economic condition of the people
who live nearby.

PROPOSED SOLUTION

The total number of bays that will be used

(In connection with stations, the word 'bay' is used instead of 'bus stop'), decided by the
number of bus, jeepney, and coach services to be run from the station, as well as how
practicable it is.

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The vehicle maneuver chosen to approach the bays

There are three fundamental forms of vehicle maneuvers. Shunting, drive-through, and
saw tooth maneuvers are employed.

Approaching parking bays with a vehicle move.

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1. Shunting occurs when a vehicle only drops passengers on their concourse before
driving away to park or to a bay position for passenger pickup. This move avoids the
need to wait for a predefined berth and effectively shortens the voyage duration.

2. Drive-through bays are fixed bay sites for dropping off and/or picking up passengers.
Because they are lined up, a vehicle must often approach the bay between two stopped
vehicles. In actuality, isolated islands for extra bays are frequently required, with the
added conflict of passenger and vehicle traffic.

3. ‘'Saw tooth' layouts have fixed bay positions for setting down and/or collecting
passengers, with the concourse profile formed into a saw tooth (also known as echelon)
pattern. In principle, the angle of pitch between the vehicle front and the concourse axis
can range between 1 and 90 degrees. In actuality, though, it frequently ranges from 20
to 50 degrees. The vehicle comes forward and exits reverse, decreasing friction
between passenger and vehicle but necessitating additional caution when reversing out
of the bays.

Passenger facilities

Passenger facilities will be supplied based totally on the expected intensity of use and
the multimodal character of the interchange. If there are existing public restrooms, a bus
and coach information center, and cafés nearby, these may not be necessary on the
station concourse. However, waiting rooms will very certainly be necessary, with
someone on hand to provide information and monitoring. In more elaborate plans, in
addition to a waiting area, a buffet, and public restrooms, kiosks and enquiry, booking,
abandoned luggage, and lost property offices may be included.

By putting passengers in facilities near the establishment will also help to reduce foot
print on the area this will also reduce the amount of extra facilities that require if putted
farther. It also requires waiting rooms, information area, security, and monitoring near
the facility to prevent accidents and to efficient communication to the authorities. In
more elaborate facilities which are farther public restroom, lounge area, kiosks and
enquiry, booking and lose property offices will be included.

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Staff facilities -There will generally be an inspector or inspectors in a station who, in
addition to aiding passengers, are principally responsible with overseeing the arrivals
and departures of cars, their drivers, and conductors. If there is a depot close to the
station, most staff amenities will be available there. If the depot is a great distance
away, it will be required to offer a canteen and facilities on the station grounds so that
employees do not need to return to the depot during breaks and between working hours
until they return their car for long-term parking. If the depot is even further out, all
facilities must be provided at the station site and just minimum amenities at the depot. A
relaxation space, locker rooms, and pay-in facilities should be given in this situation, in
addition to the canteen and bathrooms. The latter is an office space where
drivers/conductors check and then give over fares, which are subsequently checked
and accounted for by clerical employees.

Vehicle maintenance facilities

It will be understood that thorough inspection, repair, and service of vehicles and
coaches is a vital component of a vehicle operator's obligation. Normally, such
maintenance would be done at a nearby depot, which would have a repair shop as well
as fueling, washing, and storage facilities. The inclusion of any or all of these amenities
within a station complex is rare, though not unprecedented.

IMPLEMENTATION

 The entire number of vehicles that will arrive, depart, and park in the station must
be known. This way, the design will be tailored to the real needs of the place,
avoiding a planned extension that would harm the natural landscape.

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  Putting buses in saw tooth movements requires less room to maneuver and
maximizes the area and also by placing bigger vehicles farther than smaller one
will help the confusion of the passengers. Putting shorter cars in a shunting
motion near the center of the lot will also help with driveway efficiency. If used
appropriately, a drive-through in the front of the facility will reduce the
passenger's foot print.

 Approaching parking’s utilizing a shunting technique at a pre-defined spot such

as close dropping areas, the middle of the lot, and also far distant transit entry
and exits.

 Every location should have and position staff facilities such as passenger
amenities, maintenance facilities, and driver's facilities that have effective and
productive workplaces. This will allow the employees to make the most of their
break and avoid excessive weariness.

 Vehicle servicing facilities will be located near the depot, as well as a fueling
station, a washing station, and storage facilities. With them, any vehicle repair
may be performed in a single location without interfering with other activities.

Conclusion

This study identified many elements influencing passenger behavior in a transit

operating point. A well-designed transit facility (which includes ergonomics,
anthropometries, warm consolation, light, ventilation, acoustics, color, and legal

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compliance) leads to improved understudy execution and leaves a lasting impression on
the community about the importance of education. As a remedy, contemporary
construction is presented, which focuses on how to deal with natural building challenges
through passive design and environmentally friendly technology. Each design solution
has its own distinct personality. This is one and responds to various scenarios and
limits, site conditions, and building methods.

REFERENCE\

 A.M Cooper-Ryan, S. Lavin, C. Stonier, & C.L. Cooper, (2018) The impact of
public transport on the health of work commuters: a systematic review.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17437199.2019.1618723?
journalCode=rhpr20

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 M. Hoque, (2011). brtc international bus terminal.
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 V. Elsevier, (2014). Public Transport Integration: the Case Study of

Thessaloniki,
Greece. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235214651400324X

 S. Brudevold, (1957). A bus terminal study for tacoma, Washington.

https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/72299/32301463-MIT.pdf?
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 Kimiey-Horn & Associates, Inc (1997). Case Studies of

Multimodal Partnerships. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_w21-
a.pdf

 Artificio, Baria, Cruz, Mendoza, Pingul, & Tagala, (2017). Guadalupe Multimodal
Transport Terminal.
https://www.academia.edu/33651489/Architectural_Design_4_Guadalupe_Multi
modal_Transport_Terminal_Local_Case_Study

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