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Car

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other uses, see Car (disambiguation), CARS (disambiguation), and Automobile
.(disambiguation)

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Car

Gridlock.jpg 401

Cars and trucks driving on a divided highway, Highway 401 in Ontario, Canada

Vehicle Classification

Various Industry

Transportation Application

Gasoline, electricity, diesel, natural gas, hydrogen, solar, vegetable oil Fuel source

Yes Powered

Yes Self-propelled

3–4 Wheels

2 Axles

Carl Benz Inventor

1886 Invented

A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle that is used for transportation. Most
definitions of cars say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four
wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods.[1][2]
 The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the car, when German inventor Carl Benz
patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen.[3][4][5] Cars became widely available during the
20th century. One of the first cars affordable by the masses was the 1908 Model T, an
American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the
US, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts.[6] In Europe and other parts of
the world, demand for automobiles did not increase until after World War II.[6] The car is
.considered an essential part of the developed economy

Cars have controls for driving, parking, passenger comfort, and a variety of lights. Over the
decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, making them
progressively more complex. These include rear-reversing cameras, air conditioning,
navigation systems, and in-car entertainment. Most cars in use in the early 2020s are
propelled by an internal combustion engine, fuelled by the combustion of fossil fuels.
Electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, became commercially
available in the 2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy than gasoline cars before 2025.
[7][8] The transition from fossil fuels to electric cars features prominently in most climate
change mitigation scenarios,[9] such as Project Drawdown's 100 actionable solutions for
climate change.[10]

There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs to the individual include acquiring the
vehicle, interest payments (if the car is financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel,
depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance.[11] The costs to society
include maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, healthcare,
and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. Traffic collisions are the largest cause of
injury-related deaths worldwide.[12]

Personal benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and

convenience.[13] Societal benefits include economic benefits, such as job and wealth
creation from the automotive industry, transportation provision, societal well-being from
leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from taxes. People's ability to
move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.
[14] There are around one billion cars in use worldwide. Car usage is increasing rapidly,
especially in China, India, and other newly industrialized countries.[15]

Contents

Etymology 1

History 2
 Mass production 3

Fuel and propulsion technologies 4

User interface 5

Electronics and interior 6

Lighting 7

Weight 8

Seating and body style 9

Safety 10

Costs and benefits 11

Environmental effects 12

Emerging car technologies 13

Autonomous car 13.1

Open source development 13.2

Car sharing 13.3

Industry 14

Alternatives 15

Other meanings 16

See also 17

Notes 18

References 19

Further reading 20

External links 21

Etymology

The English word car is believed to originate from Latin carrus/carrum "wheeled vehicle" or
(via Old North French) Middle English carre "two-wheeled cart", both of which in turn derive
from Gaulish karros "chariot".[16][17] It originally referred to any wheeled horse-drawn
vehicle, such as a cart, carriage, or wagon.[18][19]
 Motor car", attested from 1895, is the usual formal term in British English.[2] "Autocar", a "
variant likewise attested from 1895 and literally meaning "self-propelled car", is now
considered archaic.[20] "Horseless carriage" is attested from 1895.[21]

Automobile", a classical compound derived from Ancient Greek autós (αὐτός) "self" and "
Latin mobilis "movable", entered English from French and was first adopted by the
Automobile Club of Great Britain in 1897.[22] It fell out of favour in Britain and is now used
chiefly in North America,[23] where the abbreviated form "auto" commonly appears as an
adjective in compound formations like "auto industry" and "auto mechanic".[24][25] Both
forms are still used in everyday Dutch (auto/automobiel) and German (Auto/Automobil).
[citation needed]

History

Main article: History of the automobile

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Steam Machine Of Verbiest, in 1678 (Ferdinand Verbiest)

The first working steam-powered vehicle was designed—and quite possibly built—by
Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in China around 1672. It was a 65-
centimetre-long (26 in) scale-model toy for the Kangxi Emperor that was unable to carry a
driver or a passenger.[13][26][27] It is not known with certainty if Verbiest's model was
successfully built or run.[27]

Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur, as preserved at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first full-scale, self-propelled
mechanical vehicle or car in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle.[28] He also
constructed two steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved in the French
National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts.[29] His inventions were, however, limited by
problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure.[29] In 1801, Richard Trevithick
built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive, believed by many to be the first
 demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam
.pressure for long periods and was of little practical use

The development of external combustion engines is detailed as part of the history of the car
but often treated separately from the development of true cars. A variety of steam-powered
road vehicles were used during the first part of the 19th century, including steam cars,
steam buses, phaetons, and steam rollers. In the UK, sentiment against them led to the
.Locomotive Acts of 1865

In 1807, Nicéphore Niépce and his brother Claude created what was probably the world's
first internal combustion engine (which they called a Pyréolophore), but they chose to install
it in a boat on the river Saone in France.[30] Coincidentally, in 1807 the Swiss inventor
François Isaac de Rivaz designed his own 'de Rivaz internal combustion engine' and used it to
develop the world's first vehicle to be powered by such an engine. The Niépces'
Pyréolophore was fuelled by a mixture of Lycopodium powder (dried spores of the
Lycopodium plant), finely crushed coal dust and resin that were mixed with oil, whereas de
Rivaz used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.[30] Neither design was very successful, as was
the case with others, such as Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir with his
hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by
internal combustion engines.[3]

Gustave Trouvé's tricycle, the first ever electric automobile to be shown in public

Carl Benz, the inventor of the modern car

In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated the first working (three-
wheeled) car powered by electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity, Paris.[31]
Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach,
and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time, the year 1886
is regarded as the birth year of the car when the German Carl Benz patented his Benz
Patent-Motorwagen; he is generally acknowledged as the inventor of the car.[3][4][5]

The original Benz Patent-Motorwagen, first built in 1885 and awarded the patent for the
concept
 In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878.
Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for
powering a vehicle. His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. He was
awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 (under the
auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883). Benz began
promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between
1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a cheaper model.
They also were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France,
already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz car to his line of
products. Because France was more open to the early cars, initially more were built and sold
in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany. In August 1888, Bertha Benz, the wife of
Carl Benz, undertook the first road trip by car, to prove the road-worthiness of her
.husband's invention

Bertha Benz, the first long distance driver

In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat engine, called
boxermotor. During the last years of the 19th century, Benz was the largest car company in
the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and, because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a
joint-stock company. The first motor car in central Europe and one of the first factory-made
cars in the world, was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed
.to Tatra) in 1897, the Präsident automobil

Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890,
and sold their first car in 1892 under the brand name Daimler. It was a horse-drawn
stagecoach built by another manufacturer, which they retrofitted with an engine of their
design. By 1895, about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the
Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after disputes with their
backers. Benz, Maybach, and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each other's
early work. They never worked together; by the time of the merger of the two companies,
Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG. Daimler died in 1900 and later that year,
Maybach designed an engine named Daimler-Mercedes that was placed in a specially
ordered model built to specifications set by Emil Jellinek. This was a production of a small
number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a
new model DMG car was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach
engine, which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a
.business of his own. Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold to other manufacturers

Carl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie. when economic conditions
began to deteriorate in Germany following World War I, but the directors of DMG refused to
 consider it initially. Negotiations between the two companies resumed several years later
when these conditions worsened, and in 1924, they signed an Agreement of Mutual Interest,
valid until the year 2000. Both enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, and
sales and they advertised or marketed their car models jointly, although keeping their
respective brands. On 28 June 1926, Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged as the Daimler-
Benz company, baptizing all of its cars Mercedes Benz, as a brand honoring the most
important model of the DMG cars, the Maybach design later referred to as the 1902
Mercedes-35 hp, along with the Benz name. Carl Benz remained a member of the board of
directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in 1929, and at times, his two sons also participated
.in the management of the company

Émile Levassor

Armand Peugeot

In 1890, Émile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began producing vehicles with
Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation of the automotive industry in France. In 1891,
Auguste Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a
gasoline-powered vehicle when their self-designed and built Daimler powered Peugeot Type
3 completed 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi) from Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back again.
They were attached to the first Paris–Brest–Paris bicycle race, but finished six days after the
.winning cyclist, Charles Terront

The first design for an American car with a gasoline internal combustion engine was made in
1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York. Selden applied for a patent for a car in 1879,
but the patent application expired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of 16
years and a series of attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was
granted a US patent (U.S. Patent 549,160) for a two-stroke car engine, which hindered, more
than encouraged, development of cars in the US. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford
.and others, and overturned in 1911

In 1893, the first running, gasoline-powered American car was built and road-tested by the
Duryea brothers of Springfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of the Duryea Motor
Wagon took place on 21 September 1893, on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield.[32]
[33] Studebaker, subsidiary of a long-established wagon and coach manufacturer, started to
build cars in 1897[34]: 66  and commenced sales of electric vehicles in 1902 and gasoline
vehicles in 1904.[35]
 In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of
success, with Thomas Rickett even attempting a production run in 1860.[36] Santler from
Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first
gasoline-powered car in the country in 1894,[37] followed by Frederick William Lanchester
in 1895, but these were both one-offs.[37] The first production vehicles in Great Britain
came from the Daimler Company, a company founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896, after
purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its first car in
1897, and they bore the name Daimler.[37]

In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a "New Rational
Combustion Engine". In 1897, he built the first diesel engine.[3] Steam-, electric-, and
gasoline-powered vehicles competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines
achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have
attempted to compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only Mazda's
.version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success

All in all, it is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile and
motorcycle.[38]

Mass production

See also: Automotive industry

.Ransom E. Olds founded Olds Motor Vehicle Company (Oldsmobile) in 1897

.Henry Ford founded Ford Motor Company in 1903

Ford Model T 1927

Kiichiro Toyoda, president of the Toyota Motor Corporation 1941–1950

Mass production at a Toyota plant in the 1950s

.The Toyota Corolla is the best-selling car of all-time

Large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable cars was started by Ransom Olds in
1901 at his Oldsmobile factory in Lansing, Michigan and based upon stationary assembly line
techniques pioneered by Marc Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth Block Mills, England, in
1802. The assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been
pioneered in the US by Thomas Blanchard in 1821, at the Springfield Armory in Springfield,
Massachusetts.[39] This concept was greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1913
.with the world's first moving assembly line for cars at the Highland Park Ford Plant

As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in 15-minute intervals, much faster than previous
methods, increasing productivity eightfold, while using less manpower (from 12.5 manhours
to 1 hour 33 minutes).[40] It was so successful, paint became a bottleneck. Only Japan black
would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors available before
1913, until fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. This is the source of Ford's
apocryphal remark, "any color as long as it's black".[40] In 1914, an assembly line worker
could buy a Model T with four months' pay.[40]

Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each worker to a specific location

instead of allowing them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury.[41] The
combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "Fordism" and was copied by most
major industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the
economic rise of the US. The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with
very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while other countries were
.using less productive methods

In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread worldwide seeing
the founding of Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany
1925; in 1921, Citroën was the first native European manufacturer to adopt the production
method. Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke; by 1930, 250
companies which did not, had disappeared.[40]

Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small
manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included electric
ignition and the electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor
.Company in 1910–1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes

Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so
marketing plans often have heavily influenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who
established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one company, called the General
 Motors Companion Make Program, so that buyers could "move up" as their fortunes
.improved

Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger
production volume resulted in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1930s,
LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used cheaper mechanical parts made by Oldsmobile; in the 1950s,
Chevrolet shared bonnet, doors, roof, and windows with Pontiac; by the 1990s, corporate
powertrains and shared platforms (with interchangeable brakes, suspension, and other
parts) were common. Even so, only major makers could afford high costs, and even
companies with decades of production, such as Apperson, Cole, Dorris, Haynes, or Premier,
could not manage: of some two hundred American car makers in existence in 1920, only 43
survived in 1930, and with the Great Depression, by 1940, only 17 of those were left.[40]

In Europe, much the same would happen. Morris set up its production line at Cowley in
1924, and soon outsold Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford's practice of vertical
integration, buying Hotchkiss (engines), Wrigley (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for
instance, as well as competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925, Morris had 41 per cent of total
British car production. Most British small-car assemblers, from Abbey to Xtra, had gone
under. Citroën did the same in France, coming to cars in 1919; between them and other
cheap cars in reply such as Renault's 10CV and Peugeot's 5CV, they produced 550,000 cars in
1925, and Mors, Hurtu, and others could not compete.[40] Germany's first mass-
manufactured car, the Opel 4PS Laubfrosch (Tree Frog), came off the line at Rüsselsheim in
1924, soon making Opel the top car builder in Germany, with 37.5 per cent of the market.
[40]

In Japan, car production was very limited before World War II. Only a handful of companies
were producing vehicles in limited numbers, and these were small, three-wheeled for
commercial uses, like Daihatsu, or were the result of partnering with European companies,
like Isuzu building the Wolseley A-9 in 1922. Mitsubishi was also partnered with Fiat and
built the Mitsubishi Model A based on a Fiat vehicle. Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, and
Honda began as companies producing non-automotive products before the war, switching
to car production during the 1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to take Toyoda Loom Works
into automobile manufacturing would create what would eventually become Toyota Motor
Corporation, the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. Subaru, meanwhile, was
formed from a conglomerate of six companies who banded together as Fuji Heavy
.Industries, as a result of having been broken up under keiretsu legislation

Fuel and propulsion technologies

See also: Alternative fuel vehicle

 Nissan Leaf electric car 2011

Low battery and motors can improve safety[42]

The transport sector is a major contributor to air pollution, noise pollution and climate
change.[43]

Most cars in use in the early 2020s run on gasoline burnt in an internal combustion engine
(ICE). The International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers says that, in countries
that mandate low sulfur gasoline, gasoline-fuelled cars built to late 2010s standards (such as
Euro-6) emit very little local air pollution.[44][45] Some cities ban older gasoline-fuelled cars
and some countries plan to ban sales in future. However, some environmental groups say
this phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles must be brought forwards to limit climate change.
Production of gasoline-fuelled cars peaked in 2017.[46][47]

Other hydrocarbon fossil fuels also burnt by deflagration (rather than detonation) in ICE cars
include diesel, autogas, and CNG. Removal of fossil fuel subsidies,[48][49] concerns about oil
dependence, tightening environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions
are propelling work on alternative power systems for cars. This includes hybrid vehicles,
plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Out of all cars sold in 2021, nine per cent
were electric, and by the end of that year there were more than 16 million electric cars on
the world's roads.[50] Despite rapid growth, less than two per cent of cars on the world's
roads were fully electric and plug-in hybrid cars by the end of 2021.[50] Cars for racing or
speed records have sometimes employed jet or rocket engines, but these are impractical for
.common use

Oil consumption has increased rapidly in the 20th and 21st centuries because there are
more cars; the 1980s oil glut even fuelled the sales of low-economy vehicles in OECD
.countries. The BRIC countries are adding to this consumption

User interface

Main article: Car controls

In the Ford Model T the left-side hand lever sets the rear wheel parking brakes and puts the
transmission in neutral. The lever to the right controls the throttle. The lever on the left of
the steering column is for ignition timing. The left foot pedal changes the two forward gears
.while the centre pedal controls reverse. The right pedal is the brake

Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, passenger comfort, and safety, normally
operated by a combination of the use of feet and hands, and occasionally by voice on 21st-
century cars. These controls include a steering wheel, pedals for operating the brakes and
controlling the car's speed (and, in a manual transmission car, a clutch pedal), a shift lever or
stick for changing gears, and a number of buttons and dials for turning on lights, ventilation,
and other functions. Modern cars' controls are now standardized, such as the location for
the accelerator and brake, but this was not always the case. Controls are evolving in
response to new technologies, for example, the electric car and the integration of mobile
.communications

Some of the original controls are no longer required. For example, all cars once had controls
for the choke valve, clutch, ignition timing, and a crank instead of an electric starter.
However, new controls have also been added to vehicles, making them more complex.
These include air conditioning, navigation systems, and in-car entertainment. Another trend
is the replacement of physical knobs and switches by secondary controls with touchscreen
controls such as BMW's iDrive and Ford's MyFord Touch. Another change is that while early
cars' pedals were physically linked to the brake mechanism and throttle, in the early 2020s,
.cars have increasingly replaced these physical linkages with electronic controls

Electronics and interior

Panel for fuses and circuit breakers

Cars are typically equipped with interior lighting which can be toggled manually or be set to
light up automatically with doors open, an entertainment system which originated from car
radios, sideways windows which can be lowered or raised electrically (manually on earlier
cars), and one or multiple auxiliary power outlets for supplying portable appliances such as
mobile phones, portable fridges, power inverters, and electrical air pumps from the on-
board electrical system.[51][52][a] More costly upper-class and luxury cars are equipped
with features earlier such as massage seats and collision avoidance systems.[53][54]

.Dedicated automotive fuses and circuit breakers prevent damage from electrical overload

Lighting

Main article: Automotive lighting

 Audi A4 daytime running lights

Cars are typically fitted with multiple types of lights. These include headlights, which are
used to illuminate the way ahead and make the car visible to other users, so that the vehicle
can be used at night; in some jurisdictions, daytime running lights; red brake lights to
indicate when the brakes are applied; amber turn signal lights to indicate the turn intentions
of the driver; white-colored reverse lights to illuminate the area behind the car (and indicate
that the driver will be or is reversing); and on some vehicles, additional lights (e.g., side
marker lights) to increase the visibility of the car. Interior lights on the ceiling of the car are
usually fitted for the driver and passengers. Some vehicles also have a boot light and, more
.rarely, an engine compartment light

Weight

A Chevrolet Suburban extended-length SUV weighs 3,300 kilograms (7,200 lb) (gross weight).
[55]

During the late 20th and early 21st century, cars increased in weight due to batteries,[56]
modern steel safety cages, anti-lock brakes, airbags, and "more-powerful—if more efficient
—engines"[57] and, as of 2019, typically weigh between 1 and 3 tonnes (1.1 and 3.3 short
tons; 0.98 and 2.95 long tons).[58] Heavier cars are safer for the driver from a crash
perspective, but more dangerous for other vehicles and road users.[57] The weight of a car
influences fuel consumption and performance, with more weight resulting in increased fuel
consumption and decreased performance. The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV, a typical city car,
weighs about 700 kilograms (1,500 lb). Heavier cars include SUVs and extended-length SUVs
.like the Suburban

Some places tax heavier cars more: as well as improving pedestrian safety this can
encourage manufacturers to use materials such as recycled aluminium instead of steel.[59]
It has been suggested that one benefit of subsidizing charging infrastructure is that cars can
use lighter batteries.[60]

Seating and body style

See also: Car body style, Car classification, Truck classification, and Vehicle size class

Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats. Cars with
five seats typically seat two passengers in the front and three in the rear. Full-size cars and
large sport utility vehicles can often carry six, seven, or more occupants depending on the
 arrangement of the seats. On the other hand, sports cars are most often designed with only
two seats. The differing needs for passenger capacity and their luggage or cargo space has
resulted in the availability of a large variety of body styles to meet individual consumer
requirements that include, among others, the sedan/saloon, hatchback, station
.wagon/estate, and minivan

Safety

Main articles: Car safety, Traffic collision, Low speed vehicle, and Epidemiology of motor
vehicle collisions

Result of a serious car collision

Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.[12] Mary Ward
became one of the first documented car fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland,[61] and
Henry Bliss one of the US's first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City.[62] There
are now standard tests for safety in new cars, such as the Euro and US NCAP tests,[63] and
insurance-industry-backed tests by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).[64]

Costs and benefits

Main articles: Economics of car usage, Car costs, and Effects of the car on societies

Road congestion is an issue in many major cities (pictured is Chang'an Avenue in Beijing).[65]

The costs of car usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs and auto
maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance,[11] are
weighed against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits—perceived and
real—of vehicle usage. The benefits may include on-demand transportation, mobility,
independence, and convenience,[13] and emergency power.[66] During the 1920s, cars had
another benefit: "[c]ouples finally had a way to head off on unchaperoned dates, plus they
had a private space to snuggle up close at the end of the night."[67]

Similarly the costs to society of car use may include; maintaining roads, land use, air
pollution, road congestion, public health, health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the
end of its life; and can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that car use
generates. Societal benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation,
of car production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from
leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the tax opportunities. The
 ability of humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the
nature of societies.[14]

Environmental effects

See also: Exhaust gas, Waste tires, Environmental effects of transport, Motor vehicle
emissions and pregnancy, Noise pollution, Environmental aspects of the electric car, Vehicle
recycling, and Externalities of automobiles

close-up of 2 exhaust pipes with whitish smoke

This exhaust gas is not the only car pollution

Cars are a major cause of urban air pollution,[68] with all types of cars producing dust from
brakes, tyres, and road wear,[69] although these may be limited by vehicle emission
standards.[70] While there are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel,
and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019.[46] Both gasoline
and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.[71] Cars emit over 3 billion tonnes of carbon
dioxide each year, which is over 5% of the world's total greenhouse gas emissions.[72][73]
As of 2021, due to greenhouse gases emitted during battery production, electric cars must
be driven tens of thousands of kilometers before their lifecycle carbon emissions are less
than fossil fuel cars;[74][75] however this varies considerably[76] and is expected to improve
in future due to lower carbon electricity, and longer lasting batteries[77] produced in larger
factories.[78] Many governments use fiscal policies, such as road tax, to discourage the
purchase and use of more polluting cars;[79] and many cities are doing the same with low-
emission zones.[80] Fuel taxes may act as an incentive for the production of more efficient,
hence less polluting, car designs (e.g., hybrid vehicles) and the development of alternative
fuels.[citation needed] High fuel taxes or cultural change may provide a strong incentive for
consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more fuel-efficient cars,[citation needed] or to not
drive.[80]

The lifetime of a car built in the 2020s is expected to be about 16 years, or about 2 million
km (1.2 million miles) if driven a lot.[81] According to the International Energy Agency fuel
economy improved 0.7 per cent in 2017, but an annual improvement of 3.7 per cent is
needed to meet the Global Fuel Economy Initiative 2030 target.[82] The increase in sales of
SUVs is bad for fuel economy.[46] Many cities in Europe, have banned older fossil fuel cars
and all fossil fuel vehicles will be banned in Amsterdam from 2030.[83] Many Chinese cities
limit licensing of fossil fuel cars,[84] and many countries plan to stop selling them between
2025 and 2050.[85]

The manufacture of vehicles is resource intensive, and many manufacturers now report on
the environmental performance of their factories, including energy usage, waste and water
 consumption.[86] Manufacturing each kWh of battery emits a similar amount of carbon as
burning through one full tank of gasoline.[87] The growth in popularity of the car allowed
cities to sprawl, therefore encouraging more travel by car resulting in inactivity and obesity,
which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases.[88]

Animals and plants are often negatively affected by cars via habitat destruction and
pollution. Over the lifetime of the average car, the "loss of habitat potential" may be over
50,000 square metres (540,000 sq ft) based on primary production correlations.[89]
[clarification needed] Animals are also killed every year on roads by cars, referred to as
roadkill. More recent road developments are including significant environmental mitigation
in their designs, such as green bridges (designed to allow wildlife crossings) and creating
.wildlife corridors

Growth in the popularity of cars and commuting has led to traffic congestion.[90] Moscow,
Istanbul, Bogota, Mexico City and Sao Paulo were the world's most congested cities in 2018
according to INRIX, a data analytics company.[91]

Emerging car technologies

Although intensive development of conventional battery electric vehicles is continuing into

the 2020s,[92] other car propulsion technologies that are under development include wheel
hub motors,[93] wireless charging,[94] hydrogen cars,[95] and hydrogen/electric hybrids.
[96] Research into alternative forms of power includes using ammonia instead of hydrogen
in fuel cells.[97]

New materials which may replace steel car bodies include aluminium,[98] fiberglass, carbon
fiber, biocomposites, and carbon nanotubes.[99] Telematics technology is allowing more
and more people to share cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through car share and carpool
schemes. Communication is also evolving due to connected car systems.[100]

Autonomous car

Main article: Autonomous car

.A robotic Volkswagen Passat shown at Stanford University is a driverless car

Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars, already exist as robotaxis[101]
[102] but have a long way to go before they are in general use.[103]
 Open source development

Main article: Open source car

There have been several projects aiming to develop a car on the principles of open design,
an approach to designing in which the plans for the machinery and systems are publicly
shared, often without monetary compensation. None of the projects have succeeded in
developing a car as a whole including both hardware and software, and no mass production
ready open-source based designs have been introduced. Some car hacking through on-board
diagnostics (OBD) has been done so far.[104]

Car sharing

Car-share arrangements and carpooling are also increasingly popular, in the US and Europe.
[105] For example, in the US, some car-sharing services have experienced double-digit
growth in revenue and membership growth between 2006 and 2007. Services like car
sharing offer residents to "share" a vehicle rather than own a car in already congested
neighbourhoods.[106]

Industry

Main article: Automotive industry

]icon[

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2019)

A car being assembled in a factory

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's
motor vehicles, more than three-quarters of which are cars. In 2020, there were 56 million
cars manufactured worldwide,[107] down from 67 million the previous year.[108]

The automotive industry in China produces by far the most (20 million in 2020), followed by
Japan (seven million), then Germany, South Korea and India.[109] The largest market is
.China, followed by the US

Around the world, there are about a billion cars on the road;[110] they burn over a trillion
litres (0.26×1012 US gal; 0.22×1012 imp gal) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly, consuming
about 50 exajoules (14,000 TWh) of energy.[111] The numbers of cars are increasing rapidly
in China and India.[15] In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the
car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of
populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investment. Many
of these negative effects fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least
likely to own and drive cars.[112][113] The sustainable transport movement focuses on
solutions to these problems. The car industry is also facing increasing competition from the
.public transport sector, as some people re-evaluate their private vehicle usage

Alternatives

Main article: Alternatives to car use

The Vélib' in Paris, France, is the largest bikesharing system outside China.[114]

Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include public transport such as busses,
trolleybusses, trains, subways, tramways, light rail, cycling, and walking. Bicycle sharing
systems have been established in China and many European cities, including Copenhagen
and Amsterdam. Similar programs have been developed in large US cities.[115][116]
Additional individual modes of transport, such as personal rapid transit could serve as an
alternative to cars if they prove to be socially accepted.[117]

Other meanings

The term motorcar was formerly also used in the context of electrified rail systems to
denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers
and baggage. These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban
and intercity railroad systems.[118]

See also

Cars portal

Main article: Outline of automobiles

:General

Automotive safety

Car classification
 Car costs

Green vehicle

Jaywalking

Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year

Motor vehicle theft

Peak car

Steering

Traffic collision

:Effects

Car dependency

Effects of the car on societies

Environmental effects of transport

Externalities of automobiles

Fenceline community

Mobile source air pollution

Noise pollution

Roadway noise

Traffic congestion

Urban decay

Urban sprawl

:Mitigation

Car-free movement

Carfree city
 Congestion pricing

Highway revolt

New Urbanism

Smart growth

Transit-oriented development

Notes

Auxiliary power outlets may be supplied continuously or only when the ignition is active
.depending on electrical wiring

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Further reading

.Halberstam, David (1986). The Reckoning. New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-04838-2
Kay, Jane Holtz (1997). Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America, and how we
.can take it back. New York: Crown. ISBN 0-517-58702-5

.Williams, Heathcote (1991). Autogeddon. New York: Arcade. ISBN 1-55970-176-5

Sachs, Wolfgang (1992). For love of the automobile: looking back into the history of our
.desires. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06878-5

Margolius, Ivan (2020). "What is an automobile?". The Automobile. 37 (11): 48–52. ISSN
.0955-1328

External links

.Wikiquote has quotations related to Car

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.Look up car in Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Media related to Automobiles at Wikimedia Commons

Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

Forum for the Automobile and Society

vte

Car interior

vte

Car design

vte

Automotive design

vte

Internal combustion engine

Part of the Automobile series

Engine block and

rotating assembly
 Balance shaftBlock heaterBoreConnecting rodCrankcaseCrankcase ventilation system (PCV
valve)CrankpinCrankshaftCore plug (freeze plug)Cylinder (bank,
layout)DisplacementFlywheelFiring orderStrokeMain bearingPistonPiston ringStarter ring
gear

Valvetrain and

Cylinder head

Flathead layoutOverhead camshaft layoutOverhead valve (pushrod) layout

Tappet / lifterCamshaftChestCombustion chamberCompression ratioHead gasketRocker

armTiming beltValve

Forced induction

Blowoff valveBoost controllerIntercoolerSuperchargerTurbocharger

Fuel system

Diesel enginePetrol engineCarburetorFuel filterFuel injectionFuel pumpFuel tank

Ignition

MagnetoCompression-ignitionCoil-on-plug ignitionDistributorGlow plugHigh tension leads

(spark plug wires)Ignition coilSpark-ignitionSpark plug

Engine management

Engine control unit (ECU)

Electrical system

AlternatorBatteryDynamoStarter motor

Intake system

AirboxAir filterIdle air control actuatorInlet manifoldMAP sensorMAF sensorThrottleThrottle

position sensor

Exhaust system

Catalytic converterDiesel particulate filterEGT sensorExhaust manifoldMufflerOxygen sensor

Cooling system

Air coolingWater cooling

Electric fanRadiatorThermostatViscous fan (fan clutch)

Lubrication

OilOil filterOil pumpSump (Wet sump, Dry sump)

 Other

Knocking / pingingPower bandRedlineStratified chargeTop dead centre

PortalCategory

vte

Powertrain

Part of the Automobile series

Automotive engine

Diesel engineElectricFuel cellHybrid (Plug-in hybrid)Internal combustion enginePetrol

engineSteam engine

Transmission

Automatic transmissionChain driveDirect-driveClutchConstant-velocity jointContinuously

variable transmissionCouplingDifferentialDirect-shift gearboxDrive shaftDual-clutch
transmissionDrive wheelAutomated manual transmissionElectrorheological clutchEpicyclic
gearingFluid couplingFriction driveGearshiftGiuboHotchkiss driveLimited-slip
differentialLocking differentialManual transmissionManumaticParking pawlPark-by-
wirePreselector gearboxSemi-automatic transmissionShift-by-wireTorque
converterTransaxleTransmission control unitUniversal joint

Wheels and tires

Wheel hub assemblyWheel RimAlloy wheelHubcapTire Off-roadRacing slickRadialRainRun-

flatSnowSpareTubeless

Hybrid

Electric motorHybrid vehicle drivetrainElectric generatorAlternator

Portal Category

vte

Chassis control system

Part of the Automobile series

Suspension

Anti-roll bar (sway bar)AxleAxle trackBeam axleCamber angleCar handlingCoil springDe Dion
tubeDouble wishboneHydrolastic (Hydragas)HydropneumaticIndependent suspensionLeaf
springLive axleMacPherson strutMulti-link suspensionPanhard rodShock absorberSwing
axleToe angleTorsion barTrailing armUnsprung massWatt's linkageWheel
alignmentWheelbase
 Steering

Ackermann steering geometryCaster angleKingpinOversteerPower steeringRack and

pinionTorque steeringUndersteer

Brakes

Automatic brakingAnti-lock braking systemActive rollover protectionBrake bleedingBrake

fadeBrake fluidBrake liningCombined braking systemDisc brakeDrum brakeElectric park
brakeElectronic brakeforce distributionElectronic stability controlEngine brakingHydraulic
brakeHydraulic fluidInboard brakeParking brakeRegenerative brakeVacuum servo

Roadwheels

Tires (Tyres)

Alloy wheelCustom wheelDrive wheelHubcapOutline of tiresRostyle wheelSpinnerWhitewall

tireWire wheels

Portal Category

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Automotive industry

vte

Private transport

Motorized vehicular

CarMotorboatElectric bicycleElectric skateboardHovercraftMotorcycle MopedScooter

(motorcycle)Mobility scooterPrivate jetMotor shipSubmarineMotorized wheelchairPrivate
railroad carPrivate spaceflight

Non-motorized vehicular

Bicycle/CyclingPack animalRoller skatesScooterSkateboardWheelchairHorse-drawn

vehicleHot air balloon

Vehicles for hire

Car rentalAuto rickshawBoda-bodaCycle rickshawGondolaHackney carriageMotorcycle

taxiParatransitPersonal rapid transitPulled rickshawRidesharing companyShare taxiTaxicab

Shared

Shared transportCarsharingCarpoolingCar jockeyFlexible carpoolingPeer-to-peer

ridesharingSluggingVanpoolBicycle-sharing

Non vehicular
 Ice skatesInline skatesRunning Stair ClimbingSwimmingWalking Stair Climbing

Alternatives

Public transportPersonal public transportModal sharePersonal rapid transit

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Kriyòl gwiyannen

Kurdî

Кыргызча

Ladino

ລາວ

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Лезги

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Livvinkarjala
 Lombard

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Македонски

Malagasy

മലയാളം

Malti

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मराठी

‫مصرى‬

Bahasa Melayu

Minangkabau

Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄

Монгол

မြန်မာဘာသာ

Dorerin Naoero

Nederlands

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Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ

नेपाली

नेपाल भाषा

日本語

ߏߞߒ

Нохчийн

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Nouormand
 Occitan

Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча

ਪੰਜਾਬੀ

‫پنجابی‬

‫پښتو‬

Patois

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Tok Pisin

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Qaraqalpaqsha

Qırımtatarca

Română

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Runa Simi

Русиньскый

Русский

Саха тыла

ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ

Scots

Seeltersk

Sesotho

Shqip

සිංහල

Simple English
 ‫سنڌي‬

Slovenčina

Slovenščina

Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ

Ślůnski

Soomaaliga

‫کوردی‬

Српски / srpski

Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски

Sunda

Suomi

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Tagalog

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Татарча/tatarça

తెలుగు

ไทย

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Twi

Tyap

Тыва дыл

ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ

Українська

‫اردو‬
 Uyghurche / ‫ئۇيغۇرچە‬

Vahcuengh

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Volapük

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Walon

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Winaray

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粵語

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中文

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.This page was last edited on 24 October 2022, at 17:57 (UTC)

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