Order (biology)

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This article is about the taxonomic rank. For the sequence of species in a
taxonomic list, see taxonomic sequence. For other uses, see Order.
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The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. A class contains one or

more orders. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.

Order (Latin: ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks

in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological
classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of
organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes. An immediately higher
rank, superorder, is sometimes added directly above order,
with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a
group of related families.
What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist,
as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no
exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position.
There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or
recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while
others are recognized only rarely.[1]
The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. [2] For some groups
of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes. Orders
of plants, fungi, and algae use the suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales).[3] Orders
of birds and fishes use the Latin suffix -(i)formes meaning 'having the form of'
(e.g. Passeriformes), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so
consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla, Actiniaria, Primates).

Contents

 1Hierarchy of ranks
o 1.1Zoology
o 1.2Botany
 2History
o 2.1Botany
o 2.2Zoology
o 2.3Virology
 3See also
 4References
 5Works cited

Hierarchy of ranks[edit]
Zoology[edit]
For some clades covered by the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature, several additional classifications are sometimes used,
although not all of these are officially recognized.

Name Latin prefix Examples

Magnorder magnus, 'large, great, important' Boreoeutheria

Superorder super, 'above' Euarchontoglires, Parareptilia

Grandorde
grand, 'large' Euarchonta
r

Mirorder mirus, 'wonderful, strange' Primatomorpha

 Name Latin prefix Examples

Order Primates, Procolophonomorpha

Suborder sub, 'under' Haplorrhini, Procolophonia

Infraorder infra, 'below' Simiiformes, Hallucicrania

Parvorder parvus, 'small, unimportant' Catarrhini

In their 1997 classification of mammals, McKenna and Bell used two extra

levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder.[4] Michael
Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position. Michael Benton (2005)
inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. [5] This position was
adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others.
Botany[edit]
In botany, the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-
defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. [6] Any number of
further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. [6]
The superorder rank is commonly used, with the ending -anae that was
initiated by Armen Takhtajan's publications from 1966 onwards.[7]

History[edit]
The order as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own
distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus (genus summum)) was
first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his
classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl
Linnaeus was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three
kingdoms of nature (then minerals, plants, and animals) in his Systema
Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.).
Botany[edit]
Title page of the 1758 edition of Linnaeus's Systema Naturæ.[8]

For plants, Linnaeus' orders in the Systema Naturae and the Species

Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes
into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first
consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as
the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus
de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated
taxa that are now given the rank of family. (See ordo naturalis, 'natural order'.)
In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson's Familles naturelles
des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the
word famille (plural: familles) was used as a French equivalent for this
Latin ordo. This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de
Candolle's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868), the precursor of the
currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and
plants.
In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International
Botanical Congress of 1905, the word family (familia) was assigned to the
rank indicated by the French famille, while order (ordo) was reserved for a
higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named
a cohors[9] (plural cohortes).
Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders"
or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognised by Linnaeus as
orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae). Such names are
known as descriptive family names.
Zoology[edit]
In zoology, the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the
orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups.
Some of his ordinal names are still in use (e.g. Lepidoptera for the order of
moths and butterflies; Diptera for the order of flies, mosquitoes, midges, and
gnats).[citation needed]
Virology[edit]
In virology, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses's virus
classification includes fifteen taxa to be applied
for viruses, viroids and satellite nucleic acids: realm, subrealm, kingdom,
subkingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, subclass, order, suborder,
family, subfamily, genus, subgenus, and species.[10] There are currently
fourteen viral orders, each ending in the suffix -virales.[11]

See also[edit]
 Biological classification
 Cladistics
 Phylogenetics
 Taxonomic rank
 Systematics
 Taxonomy
 Virus classification

References[edit]
1. ^ Tobin, Allan J.; Dusheck, Jennie (2005). Asking About Life.
Boston: Cengage Learning. pp. 403–408. ISBN 978-0-030-
27044-4.
2. ^ Translation Bureau (2015-10-15). "Capitalization:
Biological Terms". Writing Tips, TERMIUM Plus®. Public
Services & Procurement Canada. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
3. ^ McNeill et al. 2012 & Article 17.1
4. ^ McKenna, M.C. & Bell, S.G. (1997), Classification of
Mammals, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-
0-231-11013-6
5. ^ Benton, Michael J. (2005). Vertebrate
Palaeontology (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-63205-637-8.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b McNeill et al. 2012 & Article 4
7. ^ Naik, V.N. (1984), Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Tata
McGraw-Hill, p. 111, ISBN 9780074517888
8. ^ Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria
naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum
characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin)
(10th ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius.
9. ^ Briquet, J. (1912). Règles internationales de la
nomenclature botanique adoptées par le congrès
international de botanique de Vienne 1905, deuxième edition
mise au point d'après les décisions du congrès international
de botanique de Bruxelles 1910; International rules of
botanical nomenclature adopted by the International
Botanical Congresses of Vienna 1905 and Brussels 1910;
Internationale Regeln der botanischen Nomenclatur
angenommen von den Internationalen Botanischen
 Kongressen zu Wien 1905 und Brüssel 1910. Jena: Gustav
Fischer. Page 1.
10. ^ "ICTV Code. Section 3.IV, § 3.23; section 3.V, §§ 3.27-
3.28." International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
October 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
11. ^ "ICTV Taxonomy". International Committee on Taxonomy
of Viruses. 2018. Retrieved Nov 8, 2019.

Works cited[edit]
 McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.;
Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.;
Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van
Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland,
N.J. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for
algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted
by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress
Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum
Vegetabile. Vol. 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag
KG. ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6.
hide
 v

 t

 e
Taxonomic ranks

Realm (vir.) Superphylum/Superdivision Superclass Legion Magnorder Section (zoo.) Supertribe Genus Species
Subrealm (vir.) Phylum/Division Class Cohort Superorder Superfamily Tribe Subgenus complex
Domain/Superkingdom Subphylum Subclass Order Family Subtribe Section (bot.) Species
Kingdom Infraphylum Infraclass Suborder Subfamily Infratribe Series (bot.) Subspecies
Subkingdom Microphylum Subterclass Infraorder Infrafamily Variety (bot.)
Infrakingdom/Branch Parvclass Parvorder Form (bot.)

Authority control: National libraries  Germany

Categories: 
 Orders (biology)
 Botanical nomenclature
 Plant taxonomy
 Zoological nomenclature
 Bacterial nomenclature
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