THE ROLE OF CSR IN FINANCINAL PERFORMAMENCE OF

PAKISTAN.

GROUP MEMBERS NAME: Abdullah Narejo (1947220.)

SUPERVISOR: Sir DR Sabeeh Iqbal

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 06/06/2022

 CONTENTS
A. ABSTRACT:..............................................................................................................................................................3

B. BACKGROUND:.......................................................................................................................................................3

C. C OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY (BULLETED POINTS 3 TO 5)..................................................................6

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY (FINDINGS, CONTRIBUTION/ALL COMBINED)...............................6

E. CONTRIBUTION & NOVELTY:...........................................................................................................................7

F. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:........................................................................................................................8

G. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:............................................................................................................11

H. EXPLANATION & JUSTIFICATION:..................................................................................................................11

I. POPULATION AND STUDY SAMPLE (100 WORDS).....................................................................................13

J. SAMPLE SIZE AND SELECTION OF SAMPLE (100 WORDS).....................................................................13

K. SOURCES OF DATA (100 WORDS)....................................................................................................................13

L. COLLECTION OF DATA (100 WORDS)............................................................................................................13

M. DATA ANALYSIS METHODS (100 WORDS)...............................................................................................14

N. TIMEFRAMES (MAKE A GANTT CHART).....................................................................................................15

o. References:................................................................................................................................................................15

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 a. Abstract:

Mainly, the problem addressed in the following study the threat to existing resources and the
growing need for CSR implications in Pakistan economy. In doing so some hypothesis and run such
as is CSR is higher in banking sector as compare to other sectors to verify the implication and
existences of Csr in the Pakistan industries. Due to lack of infrastructure facilities, Pakistan is
unable to explore it to full extend and many needs to be explored down. Followed by regressions
and multi- regressions lines are run down to test the relationship with other variables and co-
relations is calculated and compared with p-values to see the strength of relationships. Major
findings were to the most CSR is allocated to banking sectors because of higher code of conduct.
Moreover, with the significant findings of B-coefficient and P values implies that there is a
significant results that CSR has a strong relationship with other variables such with TQM and it
significantly enhances the organizantal performance. Also, it has a relationship with other variables.
Moreover, a new variable explored in the study (CSR-E & EIB are positively related and
implications of CSR-e at workplace tends to rise innovative behaviour at workplace. thus, further
disclosure, made necessary by ICAP, needs to be reported in books and new implications of
variables needs to be explored for further study and to further validate our claims, provided that we
obliged by the current recommendations with the current trend is continued, and thereby using
resources in a sustainable ways so that scarce resources are available for future generations.

b. Background:

1) Development And Testing Of Corporate Social Responsibility :(CSR)

Index For Pakistan:

According to Khalid & Nasir (2015), this study aims to identify, analyses, evaluates & talks on
evolution of CSR for five reorganized selected industries of Pakistan, Namely, Banking sector,
Industries (chemical & fertilizers) Media Industries, Petroleum Industries. It judges the aforesaid
firm criteria based on legal, social, ethical ground, and through qualitative & quantitate means
analyses the data for example Corporate life social responsibility to identify for the
possibility/implication for CSR Activities & internal & external constraints. It judges Also, it aims
to highlight future threats & recommendations presented & for the future to contain the growing
problem on resources depletion & CSR.

2) Corporate Social Disclosure In Pakistan: A Case Study Of Fertilizers

Industry:

According to Nazir (2010), this study aims to analyse the corporate governing practices for famous
firms such as Engro Chemicals, mainly Fauji Fertilizers, and Dawood Hercules Chemicals by the
method of case studies & through which determine the viability, co-relationship for CSR &
environmental social governance & role of domestic & ethical process in production. Thereby
exploring determinates such as social corporate disclosure, social commitments, ethical & integrity
of work, which in turn help firm sustain firm a positive brand image.

3) Impact Of Total Quality Management On Corporate Green Performance

Through The Mediating Role Of Corporate Social Responsibility:
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According to Abbas (2019), this study aims to determine the relationship between corporate green
performance & total quality management though a mediating variable, corporate social
responsibility. It also serves a warning to existing firm for the over-consumption of natural
resources & thus emphasizes the need for renewable production/resources in production. Thus, it
promotes the concept for sustainability. Moreover, it also mentioned techniques like TQM to
achieve these goals (CGP, CSR, renewable sources) leading firm towards achieving excellence in
operation.

4) Connecting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) To Customer Loyalty:

A Mediation Analysis In Hoteling Industry Of Pakistan

According to Shah & Jan (2021), mainly the study is focused towards hoteling industry. That is to
say, it provides hoteling study a direction for the CSR implication in their operation on the basis of
trust, credibility & word of mouth. This also shows that there is a co-relationship between CSR &
customer loyalty. In relationship for consumer perception & CSR, there is a direct relationship as
well.

5) Corporate Social Responsibility or Cause-Related Marketing? The Role

Of Cause Specificity Of Csr:

According to Zee & Sheikh (2011), in this study, because specificity of CSR is highlighted through
which it confirms & compare the effects of CSR & CRM on the behaviour of consumers.
Determinants of cause specify that are highlighted are company customer fit & cause fit which
directly effects customer attitude & perception, which in turn effects CSR. It also highlights that
nowadays, to incorporate some level of CSR has become a norm/customary practices & essential to
make it visible to society, Cause Related Marketing provide essential benefits to the firm that is
cheaper, easier to communicate, large scale effect such as Long term brand image. Mainly religious
oriented parties support the argument for religious oriented cause. Personal affinities play a vital
role as because fit designs deemed to be positive to customer perception.

6) The Inter-Relation Of Corporate Social Responsibility At Employee Level,

Servant Leadership, And Innovative Work Behavior In The Time Of
Crisis From The Healthcare Sector Of Pakistan:

According to Ahmad et al. (2021), the main focus of this study is to test the relationship b/w CSR &
EIB in health care sector & so mainly in hospitals were subject of the study. It emphasizes the need
of strategic leadership & CSR-E to the workers & sub partner, which provides a boost & stimulus
for organization & employees to be encouraged & motivated towards innovative skill behaviour.
For CSR-E to be nurture, a better suitable style is to servant leadership rather than other
management level of staff. Lastly, but not the least it test it the first objective through mediating
variable, servant leadership, effects on CSR-Employees & employees innovation behaviour.

7) Influence Of Corporate Social Responsibility On The Performance Of

Organization And Commitment Of The Employee: A Case Of The
Banking Sector Of Pakistan:

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According to Shaikh (2019), the main idea in this article that is emphasizes is to test the CSR with
Employee organizational commitment & evaluate business performance based on that. Particularly,
in banking industry (NBP & HBL). It is concluded that if an organization is doing CSR Activities,
their employees will be more motivated to work harder & it encouragers a positive behaviour in the
firm. This will boost firm revenue & loss of less chances & internal & external disagreements. This
in particular testifies business performance is higher with CSR & EOC implied. & directly
proportional & cause & effect relationships do exist.

8) Sustainability, Digital Transformation And Fintech: The New Challenges

In Banking Industry:

According to Sanchez-Roger & Antón (2021), the main idea highlighted in this article, the
importance of DNN model, which is a necessary tool for new industry & new form of currency,
CBDC, to effectively implement in this country. In doing so, it also have analysed the effect on
commercial bank deposits such as leading to outflow of commercial bank deposits to CBDC (i.e.:
digitalized & encrypted) also, increase in systematic risk will lead to digital bank run. Therefore,
Limits will be added to avoid disruptions in economies. In particular, developing economies, like
Pakistan. It’s been test marketing on counties such as Korea & Sweden & restrictions by basil-III &
capital loss & absorption requires will be added to prevail the usage of such electronic currency,
Also, effective implementation of DNN is needed. These promote the idea of long term
sustainability as well.

9) Employees’ Perception Of Corporate Social Responsibility Impact On

Employee Outcomes: Mediating Role Of Organizational Justice For Small
And Medium Enterprises (SMES)

According to Sarfraz et al. (2018), the purpose of this study is to analyse the co-relationship
between employee perception of CSR & employee outcomes in Pakistan for Small medium
enterprises. Incorporation of CSR in SMES will lead to greater common advantage: job satisfaction
& Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Moreover, it also considers the organizational justice role
on CSR implication. This study lays a framework for the effectiveness & implementation of
aforesaid variables. Also, this will boost employee motivation & bran d image in long term, which
increases organizational & employees commitments, resulting in decreasing Employee Turnover
rate.

B) Problem Statement (50 to 100 Words)

Mainly, the problem highlighted is how to remove obstacles threatening CSR for Pakistan &
effective implementation for the viability for pakistan.in doing so; it explores dimensions such as
GCP, TQM, ESG, Social Disclosure & ICAP standards to be incorporating the CSR in their books
of accounts as a requirement in future. For the effectiveness of CSR, it has also highlighted
renewable resources & environmentally friendly needs & sustainability & it validates whether or
not criteria such as customer loyalty, CRM, trust, Credibility, word of mouth, servant leadership do
affect CSR & do generate any benefit for the business. Are CSR & EIB having any relationship?
Lastly, but not the least, it explores dimensions for sustainability for digital currency such as CBC
& how It can encourage CSR, lack if technical Infrastructure, & requirements needs by Basel-III &
bank specific capital & loss absorption requirements to control systematic risk & reduce the reliance
on commercial deposits. New variant of CSR: CSR-E is explore to validate the claim for employees

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outcomes (job satisfaction, organizational commitments, organizational performance, & implication
of their designs to achieve a better CSR ratio)

c. C Objectives of The Study (Bulleted Points 3 To 5)

 The main objective of our Article is the implication & role of CSR in financial performance.
Following are some of the main points through which we can achiever bigger objective b
completing some small objectives:
 Identify & evaluates the possibility & role of CSR with current trends of Pakistan
 More need of renewable process & renewable techniques & corporate social disclosure
 More need of Cause specific CSR & Cause related camping’s, making it visible to gain long
term financial & social benefits,
 Encouraging EIB, EOC, OP, combined servant leadership style in organizational structure
so to increase efficiency & effectively, those effects financially & socially.
 The role of sustainability with the implication of CBDC for a sustainable future for CSR for
Pakistan.

Note: the explanation is already being given in significance & background.

d. Significance Of The Study (Findings, Contribution/All Combined)

i. SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE (300 TO 500 WORDS)

On the basis of environmental vs. industrial companies, the petroleum industry wins over that the
rest four. The behaviour of the firm is directly proportional to social work, commitments, &
communities. Also, social corporate responsibility has become a core unit in business. It is needed
for sustaining a survival & long term image in market. For Humane variable, welfare &charity are
rated higher in telecom industries. Customer loyalty do play a key role & positively affect CSR
Comparatively, among aforesaid factors, there was equivalent influence of word of mouth &
credibility (significant) as compare to the trust-insignificant. CRM is affected based on customer
affinity zones. Positive impact are only limited to its higher customer affinity zone. While, in case
of lower Customers with lower customer affinity zone, it will be negatively affected. In contrast to
that, a positive CRM can compensate for Negative CSR. It also gives moral & ethics to organization
to work for as they will be more united for a common cause & motivated to work for, within the
limits of legal, social & environmental boundaries. This led to greeter employee outcomes such as
job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behaviour & sense of security & promotes
Organizational justice. CSR is encouraging pleasant feeling among employee & discouraging
unpleasant feelings among employee. Thereby encouraging higher level of Organizational
Citizenship behaviour the higher the CSR, the lower the Turnover rates of employees (Inverse
relationship Companies who incorporated causes-fit designs are more deemed positive to consumer
perception.

ii. COMMERCIAL SIGNIFICANCE (300 TO 500 WORDS)

Because of high code of conduct, the banking industry has a significant value of CSR maintained.
In terms of corporate governance, the fertilizers & chemical industries are ranked higher. TQM &
TQM significantly enhances organizations to achieve Green Performance Objectives. If
organizations can effectively managed manages its TQM activities, which will increase labours

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turnover& motivation, which will result in higher CGP. CSR is positively related to GCP Also,
social corporate responsibility has become a core unit in business. It is needed for sustaining a
survival & long term image in market. TQM Leading to continuous improvement leading to
innovation in products, creating & satisfying consumer demand & low or minimal losses. Thus,
CSR-E implications at the workplace tends to rise innovate behaviour in workplace. The main
findings were CSR-E & EIB were positively related. Not to mention servant leadership that
encourages employees to be motivated & unite everyone for a common cause, boosting
organizational performance & positive significant co- relationship between CSR with the OP, CSR
with ESG. Suggests wide variety of models for CBDC will lead to different range of output &
ability/ need of financial inclusion. Hence, there is strong positive relationship b/w CBDC &
sustainability & in turn CSR.
The results also indicate there was a causal relationship between the variables

e. Contribution & Novelty:

The aforesaid articles, report contribute to our knowledge about the current depletion & need of
sustainability & how to remove obstacles threatening CSR of Pakistan &why it vital for Pakistan to
have it.

Khalid & Nasir (2015) highlighted the Need of CSR index that is not been identified & it also
proposes future research for more measurement of CSR & CSL to be incorporated in designs of
organizations.

Nazir (2010) explores Environmental reporting is yet to be explored; this ensures that business has a
minimum effect on business environment. For future, ICAP has launched the reporting standards
regarding internal & Disclosure of risk. It explores new dimensions such as environmental issues &
ICAP disclosure requirements.

Abbas (2019) highlights the need for Focus on more for sustainability. In doing so, it bridges the
GAP between GCP, TQM & CGP & implementation of TQM & other such techniques in efficient
manner. It contributes by laying a framework & designs of some techniques that helps organization
achieving CSR CGP. For future, many other variables such as operational and others like that needs
to be explored to validate the claim of significances more effectively.

Shah & Jan (2021) the writer contributes by further elaborating & evaluating in the light of trust,
credibility & word of mouth that are essential for a hoteling industry to survive.

Sheikh & Beise-zee (2011) contributes to the existing literature by implicitly & explicitly
mentioning the role of cause specify on the behaviour & communication effectiveness of CSR. For
future, more key variables, other than religious & non-religious groups, needs to be exploited.

Ahmad et al. (2021) contributes to the existing literature by further elaborating the importance of
CSR-E to ensure & improves the innovation capability & inability of employees. It also explores
new dimensions by exploring a new mediating variable: servant leadership.

Shaikh (2019) explores the existing literature regarding the importance of CSR & Employee
commitment at workplace. That is to say, how employee commitment at workplace improves CSR
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& OP. it also tested latent variables with key variables to bridges the gap existing in previous
literature for CSR & OP by testing to verify the significances.

Sanchez-Roger & Antón (2021) defines the framework for digital currency, CBDC, & introduces it
as a variable for sustainability. Many trade-offs & ways needs to be exploited to protect banking
sector.

Sarfraz et al. (2018) emphasizes this study fills the existing gap by further exploring & addressing
CSR & employee outcomes with the perspective of organizational justice. Therefore, it studies the
impact of CSR on the behaviour of employee & collective outcomes.

Note: the explanation is already being given in significance & background.

f. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Khalid & Nasir (2015) summarizes the viability & evaluation of CSR on the ground of Legal,
Social & economical ground. Also, in the articles, it identifies some practices (through quantitative
& qualitative means), i.e.: Need for CSR index, Rakings for CSR, Corporate Social Life
responsibility & CSR relationship, implication & then with the help of it, it produces some
recommendations, by analysing & emphasizing the current threat. They also provide measures for
obstacles that are threatening CSR of Pakistan. They also test it claim on various sectors of
Pakistan, namely, Banking sector, Industries (chemical, Fertilizers, petroleum, international sectors.
there is a strong need of CSR index & incorporation to be done as much faster as possible for
reporting standards. These criteria need to be set up. Moreover, the knowledge of CSR is still
limited much needs to be done to open up its full potential, especially for a country like Pakistan; it
will be a major boost for the economy. Similarly, Abbas (2019) identifies the need for sustainability
& importance of renewable resources in long run. It also talks about Total Quantity Management
approach, which leads to corporate green performance, which leads to higher CSR. An effective
Approach to Total Quantity Management will lead to higher Corporate Green Performance which
led to higher CSR, thereby achieving Excellence in their conduct & operations. Moreover, it also
talks about capitalizing renewable resources that by aforesaid techniques that can be recycled,
leading to a positive CSR & favourable image for the company & sustainable use of those resources
so that more limited resources will be available for future generations. These aforesaid Reasons &
Techniques mentioned serves as warning for the manufacturing firms who detoriates the non-
renewable resources at a high increasing rate at large. However, other variable such as operational
Staff need to be soon exploited to validate the claim of this study, CSR= K (TQM+GCP), Volume
of CSR Activities is also used to determine the relationship between TQM & CGP. In additions to
that, Nazir (2010) put more light to the study, (verifying the results) by identifying the relationship
between Corporate Governance & CSR practices. This is done to prove the viability of CSR. It also
highlights firm need to properly disclose(make it visible) in their reports in the future & to the
society by doing social Commitments/Activities, the behaviour of the firms/ the integrity of work is
highly dependent on the social work that will boost the brand Image of firm along with many other
advantages, leading to a positive CSR. ICAP has launched the reporting standards & how well
these companies incorporating Environmental reporting, the study thus focus on new dimensions
such as corporate environmental issues & put into discussions to further explore the concept of
CSR. Companies who are not environmentally friendly have to work on the urgent basis the
implication of Corporate Social responsibility in their company’s structure. With that it also
identifies the firm ethical & domestic process on social corporate disclosure for the industry.
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Furthermore, Shah & Jan (2021) analyses the relationship of CSR with Customer loyalty on the
basis of trust, Credibility, word of mouth that paves a road map for hoteling industry success.
However, the variable used are limited, more variable needs to be exploited to further validate the
claim for CSR, Customer is directly proportional or not to CSR. It also mentioned & proves their
claim by Social identity theory, stating that positively generating word of mouth affects
significantly the positive CSR. Apart from that, Sheikh & Zee (2011) further investigates on the
business Past practices of business & recent crises have established a threat to a need for the
implications of CSR as duty for firm to incorporate some level of CSR in their operations. This will
lead to numerous benefits for the customer, businesses at a cheaper cost, consequently, this research
also established there is a positive relationship between Customer loyalty & CSR; Customer affinity
directly related to customer loyalty, thereby enhancing CSR, Customer-company congruence
moderates or increases the relationship towards the CSR. Cause related Marketing Campaign is
related to CSR. It also emphasis on the role of CSR. Moreover, after a sample, society who were
religious oriented highly supports the idea of CSR, Thus customer cause supports CSR
implications. However, more variable other than non-religious & religious needs to be incorporated
to further prove their claim, how cause-related/ do cause-related marketing significantly affect the
CSR. Lately, Sarfraz et al. (2018) talks on the vital role of CSR nowadays, in particular SMES. The
implications of CSR can lower the labour turnover rate, increase job satisfaction & enhances
organizational Citizenship behaviour. Firms who are responsible socially will likely to boost
employee motivation; self-Image Thereby, increasing Organizational Commitment/Justice & Job
satisfaction as per social identity theory also proves the fact. This study highlights the importance of
strategic leadership to the workers; co-workers, in encouraging the employee to display their
innovation skills at the workplace. This study also fills the gap the research gap b/w CSR &
employee outcomes in light of organizational justice, thereby studying the impact of CSR on the
behaviour of employee outcomes. Employee perception & Employee outcomes do affect the CSR.
Employee perception of CSR highly co-related with job satisfaction & organizational justice. CSR
work as a stimulus for employee as they encourage positive feeling among employees &
discourages negative thoughts for the organization & boss, further eliminating the cycle of hatred &
distrust, lead to optimal efficiency point & effective organizational citizenship behaviour. Ahmad et
al. (2021), similar to Abbas (2019) works, states that this study highlights the importance of
strategic leadership to the workers & co-workers, in encouraging the employee to display their
innovation skills at the workplace. Also it introduces the new variable, CSR-E, this study proves the
essential for the CSR-E to foster an effective employment innovation behaviour & which can lead
to firms achieve new heights.

Lastly, Shaikh (2019) & Sanchez-Roger & Antón (2021) have analysed the banking sector of
Pakistan & one favours it whole the author holds a neutral view on the digital currency; According
to Shaikh (2019), if an organization is doing CSR, there employee will be more committed to the
work as per Ahmad et al. (2021) statement, in particular HBL & NBP. It also test latent variables
with key variables to bridge the gap in exiting literature Moreover, it also highlights the role of
mediating variable, employee commitment, on Organizational Performance & thereby on CSR.
During their study, it was shown that there were causal relationship between the aforesaid variables
& further validates the claim that there is a positive relationship between CSR & Employee
organizational commitment. Moreover, Sanchez-Roger & Antón (2021) states that CBDC is a new
form of Currency, digital currency, different from cash & reserves. This paper concludes based on
the findings the implication ns of CBCC on the current banking sector; its impact. Also, it tells that
the introduction on of CBCC will lead to outflow of commercial banks deposit. This can be
effectively achieved by maintaining a capital structure in line with Basel III, and complying with
bank-specific capital and loss absorption requirements & Risk Assessment techniques. Korea and
Sweden is tested on closed (free) economy: CBDC & sustainability to CBDC. Thus, a transfer of
wealth from commercial to CBDC will happen, cash will be reduced. Hence, increase in systematic

9
risk will lead to digital bank run. Limits will be added to avoid disruptions of any kind in the
market. In short, this provides a framework for CBDC, but many trade-offs are still to be explored
to protect banking sector from future aforesaid crises. With that, it explores some of the features of
CBDC & it discusses some of it models for CBDC for Financial inclusion. It also touches the
importance of sustainability with CBDC.

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 Legal; (mediating and moderating)
 ICAP
 Environmental protection laws,
g. Research Design and Methods:
 Illustration:  Environmental reporting, corporate
governance.

Environmental:
Moderating variable:
TQM & Community involvement, Corporate
CSR Green Performance

Social
Moderating variable:
Community involvement Employee &
organizational citizenship behaviour & customer
loyalty CRM.
Mediating: servant leadership & Organizational
Justice
Note Kindly check explanation is Corporate & economic
more detailed Moderating:
Renewable resources techniques (TQM)
Mediating: servant leadership b/w CSR & EIB

h. Explanation & Justification:

The main variable for my study is corporate social responsibility and the other key
variables or independent variable(X) is legal, environmental, social & corporate
(Commercial) dimensions. Mathematically, let say legal dente x1 and so on: the
regression equation= Y= a+ Bx1+Bx2+BX3+Bx4…..+Error. Thus, this shows there is a
relationship. To test the strengths of relationship co relation is calculated (check data
analysis) which shows there is strong relationship between these variables, Moreover, it
is proven by some mediating and moderating variables, such as TQM, the organizations
that are socially responsible committed towards society –social commitments and do
follow environmental laws, these effects the key variables(x1..) which in turn effects
why as proven by multi-regression line analysis. Also, logically, this fact do exist &
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mediating variable, which act as an arbitrator, such as organizational justice, the more
they are just in their principals and follows the ethical behavior and conduct in their
businesses activities, the more their employers are responsible for work, which in turn
foster employee innovation behavior and improves the productivity and decreases labor
turnover rates, thus increasing organizational performance. One of the examples is
servant leadership, which shows there are a motivation/ encouraging displaying their
innovative skills and freedom for employees to talk and behave in professional and
exercise ethical & professional behavior. This promotes job satisfaction & citizenship
behavior; the higher it is the lower the rate of employee’s turnovers (taking leaves). Thus
it shows an inverse relationship exists between CSR implications & employees turnover
as that are more committed to work. Moreover, this improves the goodwill of the firm &
help businesses sustains a long term positive image by giving a competitive edge to
those who apply such activities and techniques in their operations/procedures. Apart
from that, servant leadership acts as a mediating variable b/w CSR & EIB as well.
Furthermore, the need of renewable resources is increasing day by day and economics
says resources are scares and the problem of scarcity exists. There needs to be a balance
between the uses of such valuable resources so that sustainability should be there
(available for future generations to come). That’s why the writer has emphasizes on the
use of techniques such as corporate green performers and TQM, which act as an
moderating variable(t-1) and in later years the future(t+1) results will be visible as future
generations don’t have the problem of running out of such resources. Ways such as
recycling of waste, TQM and corporate governance and sufficient disclosure is needed
in books in future to be maintained so that there is a check and balance on these firms &
thereby these organizations will reduce the threat of depletion of non-renewable
resources. Furthermore, the idea of constants is used in these studies, which shows there
is a limitation on use of resources, and these limitations must be noticed by the society
as well as corporate sectors. Moreover, with the applicable ratios calculated in annual
reports, which shows organizations are coping with ideas of CSR, and there have been
an increasing trend that has been observed. However, the scope of such studies is wider
and much more needs to be done to better explore the options and viability of CSR in
regional and international level. Moreover as far as the key variable of CRM is
considered, it has been evaluated with dimensions such as customer loyalty on the basis
of trust, credibility & effect on customer loyalty, which shows there is a positive
relationship between consumer related campaigns through positive word of mouth it can
be spared out, the higher the CRM (i.e.: positive word of mouth & trust) the higher the
CSR. This factor is essentials for hoteling industry (a mediating factor b/w hoteling
industry and CSR) and this claim is been supported by social identity theory. Also,
company customer fit and cause fit directly affects customer attitude that in turn affects
CSR. (A direct relationship exists). Apart from commercial and Environmental point of
view, it benefits to economy as discussed in the idea in sustainability. A new form of
currency, which is environmental friendly, known as CBDC, which leads to outflow of
commercial banks deposits to CBDC, hence cash consumption will reduced (printing of
notes) & with applicable limits applied, we can avoid over use/disruptions in economy.
People will move towards these & this will be as per Basel III &capital and absorption
requirements, which father promotes the idea of sustainability as environment is less
polluted.

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i. Population And Study Sample (100 Words)

In this sample, I have taken sample of cities with private economy such as Sweden,
Ukraine, and Korea & Karachi. However my population is to test all financial
performance on all industries, but with limited resources I have chosen sample for the
above cities and in following industries: banking, textile, chemical and fertilizers, media
industries & petroleum industries, which is consistent with my research objectives.
Engro chemical, Fauji fertilizes and Dawood Hercules chemicals. I have also used
international constraints, both on private and public firms. Some of the research is also
based on telecom & hoteling industries. Apart from Karachi, cities such as Lahore
Islamabad, Sialkot and Islamabad were also tested. Also. Techniques such as TQM OF
big Chinese Firm, medium & large size manufacturing firm registered with SECP were
also used for testing. Namely, Hijaz hospital. Pakistan kidney and liver institute (PKLI)

j. Sample Size And Selection Of Sample (100 Words)

Cross sectional data is obtained from 463 respondents from chemical and fertilizes and
telecom industries, petroleum industries. The data was collected from highly religious
places Such as mosques, Shrines, and less religious places for example cinema &
theaters. Overall combination of 406 respondents answered and evaluates the scenarios.
Apart from that, health sector that have an essential requirement to foster EIB, were also
tested. A total of 0.9K (9000) respondents were tested for hospital, EIB to test CSR. 806
respondents were tested from a wide known banking industry (NBP & HBL). The data is
also collected from 300 respondents belonging to SMES Sectors. For hoteling industries,
CRM is also tested in respect to CSR.

k. Sources Of Data (100 Words)

Sources of data are KSE100 index (Annual reports: Ratios such as gas emission, waste and
customer retention rate) & articles & case study methods to analyze their ethical, social,
environmental on/for corporate social responsibility. However, the need of CSR index is
also highlighted in many studies. Existing theories are also showed to validate the claim
made in the research such social identity theory validates the claim for there is a positive
strong relationship b/w CRM and CSR.

l. Collection Of Data (100 Words)

Data is obtained through surveys, Questionaries’ and secondary data analysis. Following
are criteria used: Environmental, Energy consumption, product, Employees, Community
involvement. Data is also obtained through personal & electronic visits and personal
staff. The data tested was on the dimensions such as leadership, process management,
Strategic planning, and Customer focus Information and analysis, HRM. Respondents
were interviewed. However, there were limitations, of incorporating all the data in one,
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 especially banking sector so that’s why only two aforesaid banks are chosen. Cross
sectional survey designs were also used in case of SMES. For hoteling industry, data
criteria such as credibility, word of mouth and trust are used for dimensions, which act
signals for hoteling industry.

m. Data Analysis Methods (100 Words)

The data is analyzed through Regression line for CSL for Constraint’s, Hypothesis
development & testing to see whether claims are correct. Co-relation is tested to see how
strong & whether there is any relationship exist or not. B-coefficient is also calculated.
SEM techniques were used for analysis of data; Random sampling is also preferred in
banking studies cases. The quantitative data analysis was also used. Different
measurements scales were used for example in case of SMES the likert type scales were
used, & nominal scales, interval scales were also used.
Regression run: Y= a+ Bx1+Bx2+BX3+Bx4…..+Error
Multi: Y= a+ (Bx1*CX1) + (Bx2*CX2) + (BX3*CX3) + (Bx4* CX4) …..+Error
*CX shows the mediating/moderating variables-further classifications. (Legal-
environmental reporting CX1…..and so on)
Hypotheses: Ho: organizational justice improves CSR
Ho; R>0.5
H1: organizational justice do not improves CSR
H1: R<0.5
HO: in banking sector have higher CSR than other sectors
HO uB<Uo.
H1: banking sector don’t have a higher CSR than other sectors
H1: Ub>Uo.
CLS= K(CPCLS)=K(∑MI+∑EI+∑HI] + [∑ME+∑EE+∑HE]] =
CP Description of Symbols: IES = Internal Environment Sustainability ∑MI = Summation Internal
Management Practices ∑EI = Summation Internal Environment Practices ∑HI = Sum of Internal
Humane Practices EES = External Environment Sustainability ∑ME = Summation External
Management Practices ∑EE = Summation External Environment Practices ∑HE = Summation
External Humane Practices CP = Corporate Practices = Intentional Constant CLS = Corporate Life
Sustainability

14
 n. Timeframes (Make A Gantt Chart)

A01 A02 A03 A04

Assignments Time: 1 Time: Time: 2 Time: rest till 3rd
week. 2 week week: June
Work: Work: Work: Work:
analysis Literat Introducti Collection of
and ure on and sample, data,
collectio review literature relevant search
n of integral review and analysis of
relevant citation from all methodologies
articles s articles used & review
Lapse of Time period

o. References:

Khalid, G. K., & Nasir , D. M. (2015). Development and Testing of Corporate Social
Responsibility. Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research, 1-24.
Sarfraz, M., Qun, W., Abdullah, M. I., & Alivi, A. (2018). Employees’ Perception of Corporate
Social Responsibility Impact on Employee Outcomes: Mediating Role of Organizational
Justice for small and Medium Enterprises. Sustainability, 1-19.
Abbas, J. (2019). Impact of total quality management on corporate green performance. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 1-12.
Ahmad, N., Scholz, M., Arshad, M., Jafri, S., Sabir, R., Khan, W., et al. (2021). The Inter-
Relationship of Corporate Social Responsibility at employee level, servant Leadership, &
Innovative work Behaviour in the time of crises from he healthcare sector of pakistan.
International Journal of Enviromental Research & Public Health, 1-16.

15
Nazir, M. S. (2010). Corporate Social Disclosure in Pakistan: A Case Study of Fertilizers . The
Journal of Commerce, 1-11.
Sanchez-Roger, M., & Antón, E. (2021). Sustainability, Digital Transformation & Fitnech: The
New Challenges in Banking Industry. Sustainability, 1-18.
Shah, M. U., & Jan, M. (2021). Connecting Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) to Customer
loyalty: A mediation Analysis in hoteling Industry of pakistan. Peshawar, Pakistan: SAGE
Open.
Shaikh, E. (2019). Influence of Corportae Scocial Responsibility on the performence of
organziation & commitment of employee: A case of the banking sector of Pakistan. Annals
of Contemporary Developments in Management & HR (ACDMHR) , 1-15.
Sheikh, S.-u.-R., & Zee, R. B. (2011). Corporate social responsibility or cause-related Marketing?
The Role of Cause Specifity of CSR. journal of Consumer Marketing, 27-39.

Writing Guidelines
 No redundancy or repetition of any thought in multiple places.
 Divide paragraphs to cover distinct issues separately.
 Ensure complete coherence of the write-up.
 Use connecting words or phrases for anchoring and coherence. To contradict the previous
thought, write ‘on the other hand’, ‘conversely’, ‘nevertheless’ or ‘in contrast’. To add to
previous thought, write ‘in addition to that’, ‘moreover’ or ‘furthermore’. Use other anchoring
and connecting words to connect sentences and paragraphs.
 In Chapter 1 and 2, each section and sub-section shall state in 1-2 sentences about what
this section is about in the beginning and the last paragraph of each section and subsection

16
 shall summarise the discussion except for Problem Statement and Objectives of the Study
in Chapter 1.
 Avoid pictures of human beings or places.
 Every piece of fact shall have a source.
 To give Pakistan’s context, newspapers and magazines can also be cited if there is limited
literature for Pakistan. But, primary emphasis shall be on research papers.
 Avoid writing in the first person. Instead of I or We, use ‘This Study …’
 Avoid copying any sentence as is from anywhere. Summarize in own words to avoid
plagiarism.
 No spelling and grammatical mistake should be there. Proofread multiple times before
submission. Use ‘GRAMMARLY’ Ad-in in the MS Word. But, do not rely on it at all. Need to
avoid any single spelling, grammar or punctuation mistake. Multiple manual proofreading
within group highly recommended.

Style Guidelines

Text Size in Main Body: 12

Main Headings Size:
Sub Headings Size:
Font and Text Size:
Reference Style:
Text Alignment:
Line Spacing:
Space between Paragraphs:
14 (Capitalized and Bold), Times New Roman
12 (Capitalized and Italic), Times New Roman
12, Times new Roman
APA 6th Edition Format (Refer to Lecture 3B on Zabdesk)
Justified
Single 1.0
Leave Blank One Line of Text (Single 1.0)

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