1 Time Teaching Pts LCD TECH AND USES Prelims 1. a. b. c. d. e. f. Apch 2. a. b. c. d. Intro 3.

Since the creation of mankind he is in the continuous process of evaluation. In the fd of science inventions have taken place with a lightening speed. Liquid crystals (LCs) are the most commonly used material invented in the nineteenth century. These were first discovered in 1888 by Austrian botanist named as Friedrich. The first experiment on LCD was made in 1968. LCs mainly comprise of material whose char exists b/w liquid and solid state. A liquid crystal display consists of any array of tiny segments called pixels that can be manipulated to present information. This basic idea is common to all displays, ranging Revision Question -1. Answer -1. Question -2. Answer-2. What does LCD stand for? It stands for Liquid Crystal Display. What do you understand by CRT? It means, Cathode Ray Tube. It Fol will be checked before the start of the lec: Cl attendance. Seating plan and seating arrangements. Copy of the script is placed on the visitors table. Trg aids are aval. Preview is written on the board. Asst instr is ready Remarks

uses the electron beam to form images on screen.

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from simple calculators to a full color LCD television. A LCD consists primarily of two glass plates with some liquid crystal material b/w them. LCD allows displays to be much thinner than CRT tech. LCD consumes much less power than LED and gasdisplays displays because they work on the principle of blocking lt rather than emitting it. 4. Aim 5. Preview 6. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. j. k. 7. a. The subj will be covered in the fol seq: Definitions. Char of LCs. Principles of LCD. Const and working of LCD. Display Addressing. Passive Vs Active Matrix Displays (Cptr LCDs) Colour displays. Diff b/w LCD and CRT. Applications of LCDs. Summary. Definitions Polarization of Lt. Lt waves consist of oscillating elec and magnetic fds at rt angles to each other and the dir of propagation. Either the elec or the magnetic To teach the cl about LCD tech, its applications and diff b/w LCD and CRT. Today we are going to understand the phenomenon of LCD in detail, study its types and various mil and gen applications.

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fd could be sel to define the polarization. Lt emitted from almost all natural and artificial sources consists of indl bursts of EM radiation. Each burst has a specific polarization. b. LCD. An LCD consist primarily of LCs, two glass plates with some liquid crystal material b/w them making an array of tiny segments called pixels that can be manipulated to present info. c. CRT. A CRT is a specialized vacuum tube in which images are produced when an electron beam strikes a phosphorescent surface. d. Pixel. Pixel (a word invented from picture element) is the basic unit of pregnable colour on a cptr display or in a cptr image. Comb of many dots in a grid forms an image. Any picture having more than 2 colours is called pixel map. e.
f.

Substrate. A thin layer of polarized glass is known as substrate. Capacitor. It is capable of holding the elec charge until the next refresh cycle. Liquid Crystals (LCs). LCs are neither solid nor liquid however their behaviour is quite close to liquid state.

g.

8. a.

Char of LCs (Liquid Crystals).(ANX P) A particular type of LC named twisted nematic makes LCD possible.

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These LCs are naturally twisted. When elec current is applied, they untwist to varying degs, depending upon the current/voltage.

c.

LCD use these LCs because they react predictably to elec current so as to con the passage of lt through them.

d.

LCs have attributes of low drive voltage, Low power consumption, thin form, superior image quality and high reliability.

e.

External components of LCDs are: (1) (2) (3) (4) Polarizer. Reflectors. Display dvrs. Back lt assy. LCD works on fol principles: -

9.

Principles of LCD. a. b. c. d.

Lt can be polarized. LCs can transmit and change polarized lt. The structure of LCs can be changed by elec current. These are transparent substances that can conduct elec. LC materials emit no lt of

10.

Const and Working of LCD.

their own. To display anything, LCD req lt from an external source. a. Backlit LCD . (Anx P).

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Cptr displays have Backlit LCD. They are lit with built-in fluorescent tubes placed above, beside and sometimes behind the LCD.

(2)

A white diffusion panel behind the LCD redir and scatters lt evenly to ensure a uniform display.

(3)

Two polarized pieces of glass are placed at 90 deg angle to each other. An LC is placed b/w these polarized pieces of glass in such a way that it is aligned to both the glass plates.

(4)

As lt strikes the first glass plate it is polarized. The molecules in each layer of the LC, then guide the lt they receive to the next layer. As the lt passes through the LC layers, the molecules also change the lts plane of vibration to match their own angel.

(5)

When the lt reaches the far side of the LC substance, it vibrates at the same angle as the final layer of molecules. If the final layer matches up with the sec polarized glass filter, then the lt will pass through.

(6)

If we apply an elec charge to LC molecules, they untwist. When they straighten out, they change the angle of lt passing through them. Consequently, no lt can pass through that area of the LCD, which makes that area darker than the surroundings.

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Reflective LCD (Anx Q) (1) (2) These LCD cannot be seen in darkness since they req a source of lt to display the data. It has a mirror (A) in black, which makes it reflective. Then we add a piece of glass (B) with a polarizing film on the bottom side, and a common electrode plane (C) made of Indium Tin Oxide on top. (3) A common electrode plane covers the entire area of the LCD. Above that, is the layer of LCD substance (D). Next comes another piece of glass (E) with an electrode in the shape of rectangle on the bottom and on top another polarizing film (F), at rt angle to the first one. (4) The electrode is hooked up to a power source like a bty. When there is no current, lt entering through the front of the LCD will simply hit the mirror and bounce rt back out. (5) When the bty supplies current to the electrodes, the LCs b/w the common plane electrode and the electrode shaped like a rectangle untwist and block the lt in that region from passing through. That makes the LCD show the rectangle as a black area.

7 Time 11. a. b. c. d. Mid Cfm Question-1. elec current. Question-2. What are the components of LCDs? Answer-2. An LCD consists, primarily of two glass plates with some liquid crystal material b/w them making an array of tiny segments called pixels that can be manipulated to present info. 12. Display Addressing. Addressing is the process by which pixels are turned on and off in order to create an image. There are two main types of addressing: a. Dir Addressing LCDs (Anx R). (1) (2) (3) (4) With dir addressing, each pixel in the display has its own drive cct. A microprocessor must individually apply a voltage to each element. They are used for simple displays that need to show the same info over and over again. Digital watches, hand held games, stereo, microwave ovens and colour displays are some of the examples. b. Multiplex Addressing LCDs (Anx S) (1) In multiplex addressing, a larger no of pixels are involved. What is the main principle of LCD? Answer-1. The structure of LCs can be changed by Teaching Pts Remarks

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The elms are in a regular order. Their row and colm instead of each elm being driven separately can address them.

(3)

This reduces the complexity of the circuitry because each pixel, no longer needs its own dvr cct.

(4)

If you have a 10 x 10 matrix of pixels, with dir addressing, you need 100 indl dvrs. However, if you use multiplex addressing, you only need 20 dvrs, one for each row and one for each colm. This is a tremendous adv, especially as displays become larger and larger.

13. a.

Passive Vs Active Matrix Displays (Cptr LCDs) Passive Matrix (Anx T) (1) Passive-matrix LCD uses a simple grid to supply a charge to a particular pixel on the display. (2) There are two glass layers called substrates. One substrate is given colms and the other is given rows made from a transparent conductive material. (3) The rows or colms are connected to integrated ccts (ICs) con the charge, which is sent down a particular colm or row. (4) The LC material is sandwiched b/w the two glass substrates, and a polarizing film is added to the outer side of each substrate.

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To turn on a pixel, IC sends a charge down the correct colm of one substrate and a fd is activated on the correct row of the other substrate.

(6)

The row and colm intersect at the designated pixel and that del the voltage to untwist the LCs at that pixel.

(7)

The simplicity of the passive matrix sys is beautiful, but it has significant drawbacks, notable slow response time and imprecise voltage con.

b.

Active Matrix (Anx U) (1) Active-matrix LCD depends on Thin Film Transistors (TFT). Basically, TFTs are tiny switching transistors and capacitors. (2) They are arranged in a matrix on a glass substrate. To address a particular pixel, the proper row is sw on, and then a charge is sent down the correct colm. (3) Since all other rows that the colm intersects are turned off, only the capacitor at the designated pixel receives a charge. (4) The capacitor is able to hold the charge until the next refresh cycle and if we carefully con the amount of voltage supplied to a crystal, we can make it untwist only enough to allow some lt to pass through.

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By doing this in very small increments, LCD can create a gray scale. Most displays today offer 256 lvls of brightness per pixel.

14.

Colour Display (Anx V).

The tech discussed so

far has only been able to describe simple two-colour display. A multi colour display works in fol way: a. b. In order to achieve colour, it is nec to have a display which is black in one state and white in the other. In a white display, all wavelengths pass through and therefore, all wavelengths can be manipulated to create the desired colour. c. To get full colour, each indl pixel is divided into three sub pixels: red, green and blue (RGB). That is to say that for each full colour pixel, three distinct pixels are employed. d. The sub pixels are created by applying colour filters which only allow certain wavelengths to pass through them while absorbing the rest. e. With a comb of red, blue and green sub pixels of various intensities, a pixel can be made to appear in any no of diff colours. This is analogous to a colour CRT like a TV or cptr monitor in which diff phosphors glow red, green or blue when excited by an electron beam. f. The no of colours that can be made by mixing red, green and blue sub pixels depend on the no of

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distinct gray scales intensities that can be achieved by the display. 15. Advancements. LCD tech is constantly evolving. LCD

today emp several variations of liquid crytal tech incl fol; a. b. c. Super Twisted Nematics (STN). Dual Scan Twisted Nematics (TSTN). Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal (FLC). d. Surface Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crytal

(SSFLC). 16. Ser Diff b/w LCD and CRT CRT LCD LCs, glass substrates and ICs are used.

Tech a. Sealed CRT is used fitted with an electron gun. b. Uses electron beam to form images on screen. c. d.

Uses LCs to allow or block the path of lt to form images. Colours are produced Colours are produced by by voltage con of Red- varying the contrast. Green-Blue pixels. One electron gun forms Millions of transistors and image on the entire capacitors to address every screen. sub pixel of the screen.

Gen a. b. Larger in size Hy Thinner Lighter

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c. d. f. g.

More power consumption. Less expensive. True to life and sharp images Ltd size. Robust to environment.

Less power consumption. More expensive. Less sharp images. Unltd size. Sensitive to temp pressure variation. and

17.

DIFF B/W LCD AND TFT LCD

a. b.

TFT Large no of pixels used. Display size is comparatively larger.

Ltd no of pixels used. Display size is comparatively smaller.

c.

Driving ccts used to turn Tiny film transistors are on and off the pixels. used to turn on and off the pixels. Less lvls of brightness of pixels. 256 lvls of brightness per pixel.

d.

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Applications of LCDs Gen (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) b. Mil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) GPS screen. Radar display panels. Gun display panels. SOC display panels. HUD for pilots. Calculator. What are diff types of LCs? Digital Wrist Watches. Mobile Phone Displays. Megnabyte. HUD. Proj TV. Laptop Cptr Screen. Thermometers. Video Cameras. Calculator.

19. a. b.

Final Cfm Question-1. (1) (2) c. d. Back lt. Reflective. What are the types of addressing Answer-1. It has two main types:-

Question-2. LCDs?

Answer-2. There are two types addressing. (1) Direct addressing.

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Multiplex addressing.

Summary. Today LCDs are everywhere we look, but

they didnt sprout up overnight. It took a long time to get from the discovery of liquid crystal to the multitude of LCD applications we now enjoy. Since 1968, LCD manufacturers have steadily dev ingenious variations and improvement on the tech, taking the LCD to amazing lvls of tech complexity. There is every indication that we will continue to enjoy new LCD dev in the future.