‫م‬ ‫ا‬

1 ‫ل–ا‬ ‫ا‬

:1 ‫ا‬

 x +1 −1
f ( x ) = ;x ≠ 0
x (1

 1
f ( 0) =
 2
:0 f ‫) رس ا ل ا ا‬
1
: lim f ( x ) DE&) . f ( 0 ) = : )
x →0 2

( )( ) = lim ( ) (x + 1 ) − 1

o m
2
x +1 −1 x +1 −1 x +1 +1 x + 1 − 12

c
1 1
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim = lim =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

.
x →0 x →0 x →0
x +1 +1 x →0
x +1 +1 x →0
x +1 +1 x →0
x +1 +1

l
x x x x 2

o
0 1 f ‫ن‬I lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) ‫أن‬

o
x →0

c h
s
 x 2 − 5x + 6
( ) = ;x ≠ 2

a
 f x
x 2 −x −2 (2

1

m
 f ( 2) = −

i
 3

d
:2 f ‫ل‬ ‫) رس ا‬

.
1
: lim f ( x ) DE&) . f ( 2 ) = − : )

w
x →2 3
( x − 2 ) ( x − 3)

w
x 2 − 5x + 6 x − 3 −1
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim =
x →2 x − x − 2
(
x →2 x − 2
) ( x + 1) x →2 x + 1 3

w
x →2 2

2 1 f ‫ن‬I lim f ( x ) = f ( 2 ) ‫أن‬

x →2

 sin x
f ( x ) = ;x ≠ 0
 x + 1 −1 (3

 f ( 0) = 2

:0 f ‫لا ا‬ ‫) رس ا‬

: lim f ( x ) DE&) . f ( 0 ) = 2 : )
x →0

4/13
 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
1 ‫ل–ا‬ ‫ا‬

(
sin x . x + 1 + 1 ) (
sin x . x + 1 + 1 ) = lim sin x .( x +1 +1 ) = lim sin x .
lim f ( x ) = lim
sin x
= lim = lim ( )
x + 1 + 1 = 1× 2 = 2
x →0 x →0 x + 1 −1 x →0 ( x + 1 −1 )( x +1 +1 ) x →0
( )
x + 1 −12
2 x →0
(x + 1 ) − 1 x →0 x

0 1 f ‫ن‬I lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) ‫أن‬

x →0

f ( x ) = x 2 + 2x − 3; x ≥ −2

 x 2 +x −2 (4
 f ( x ) = ; x < − 2
 x +2

m
: −2 f ‫) رس ا ل ا ا‬

o
f ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) + 2 ( −2 ) − 3 = −3 : )
2

.c
lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 + 2x − 3 = −3

l
x →−2 x →−2
x >−2 x >−2

o
( x + 2 ) ( x − 1)

o
x 2 +x −2
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim x − 1 = −3

h
x →−2
x <−2
x →−2
x <−2 x +2 x →−2
x <−2 x +2 x →−2
x <−2

c
f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f ( −2 ) ‫أن‬

s
−2 1 f ‫ن‬I xlim
→−2 x →−2

a
x >−2 x <−2

di m 
f ( x ) = 2
sin ( 3x )
+1 ;x > 0

.
.0 1f ‫ن‬ m . ‫ )& د‬ x (5

w
 f (x ) = x + m − 1 ;x ≤ 0
 2

w
1 1
f (0) = (0) + m − = m − )

w
2 2
1 1
lim f ( x ) = lim x + m − = m −
x →0 x →0 2 2
x <0 x <0

sin ( 3x ) sin ( 3x )
lim f ( x ) = lim 2 + 1 = lim 2 × 3 × + 1 = 2 × 3 ×1 + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7
x →0 x →0 x x →0 3x
x >0 x >0 x >0

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) ) 0 1f
x →0 x →0
x >0 x <0

15 1 1
.m= ‫أي‬ m =7+ ‫ أي‬7 = m − )
2 2 2

5/13
 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
1 ‫ل–ا‬ ‫ا‬


g ( x ) = x − k ;x < 0

.0 1 g ‫ن‬ k . ‫ )& د‬.  g ( 0 ) = 2 (6
 tan x
g ( x ) = 1 + ;x > 0
 x

g ( 0) = 2 )
lim g ( x ) = lim x − k = −k
x →0 x →0
x <0 x <0

tan ( x )

m
lim g ( x ) = lim1 + = 1+1 = 2
x →0 x →0 x

o
x >0 x >0

lim g ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = g ( 0 )

c
) 0 1 g

.
x →0 x →0

l
x >0 x <0

k = −2 ‫ أي‬− k = 2 )

o o
:2 ‫ا‬

c h
a s 
 ( )
.
f x =
x 3 −8
x −2
;x ≠ 2
: ) .1

i m
 f ( 2 ) = 12


d
D f = ({x ∈ ℝ / x − 2 ≠ 0} ) ∪ {2} = ({x ∈ ℝ / x ≠ 2}) ∪ {2} = ( ℝ / {2} ) ∪ {2} = ℝ : D f ‫)& د‬

w . ( ‫ ر‬5 ‫ دا‬f ‫ ) ;ن‬ℝ / {2} 6

f ( 2 ) = 12
1f ‫• ا ا‬

w
) :2 f ‫ل‬ ‫) رس ا‬ •
f ( x ) DE&)

w
: lim
x →2

x 3 −8 x 3 − 23 ( x − 2 ) ( x 2 + 2.x + 22 )
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim = lim x 2 + 2x + 4 = 12
x →2 x →2 x − 2 x →2 x − 2 x →2 x −2 x →2

.2 1 f ‫ن‬I lim f ( x ) = f ( 2 ) ‫أن‬

x →2

.ℝ 6 1f ‫ ا ا‬: L9M

f ( x ) = x 5 − 6x 2 + 3x + 7 : ) .2
( ‫ ود‬/ ‫ دا‬4 ; ) ℝ 6 1f ‫ا ا‬

f ( x ) = 2sin x + 3cos x : ) .3
ℝ 6 1 f 1 : x a 2sin x

6/13
 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
1 ‫ل–ا‬ ‫ا‬

ℝ 6 1 f 2 : x a 3cos x
(ℝ 6 1 ‫ع ا‬ 8) ℝ 6 1 f = f 1 + f 2 ‫إذن‬

f ( x ) = x 2 −1 : ) .4
D f = {x ∈ ℝ / x 2 − 1 ≥ 0} ‫ )& د‬: D f ‫)& د‬

D f = ]−∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞[ : ‫إذن‬

o m
f 1 : x a x 2 − 1 PQ

l .c
( ∀x ∈ D f ) f 1 (x ) ≥ 0 ‫ و‬Df 6 ‫ص‬ R ℝ 6 1 f1 ‫ ا ا‬: )

o
. Df 6 1 f = f1 ‫إذن ا ا‬

h o
c
D f = {x ∈ ℝ / x 2 + 1 ≠ 0 , x ≥ 0} = {x ∈ ℝ / x ≥ 0} = ℝ + : D f ‫ )& د‬. f ( x ) =
x
: ) .5
x +1

s
2

ℝ+ 6 1 f1:x a x
( ∀x ∈ ℝ )
a
f 2 (x ) ≠ 0 ‫ و‬ℝ + 6
+
‫ص‬ R ℝ 6 1 f 2 : x a x 2 +1

i m
f1
( ℝ+ 6 1 ‫ رج دا‬R8 ) ℝ + 6 1f = ‫إذن‬

. d
f2

w
f ( x ) = ( x 2 − 3x + 4 ) × cos x : ) .6

w
Df = ℝ

w
ℝ 6 1 f 1 : x a x 2 − 3x + 4
ℝ 6 1 f 2 : x a cos x
ℝ 6 1 ‫ اء دا‬8 ℝ 6 1 f = f 1 × f 2 ‫إذن‬

x 2 + x −1
f (x ) = + x 2 −x +4 : ) .7
x 2 +1
Df = ℝ
ℝ 6 1 f 1 : x a x 2 + x −1
( ∀x ∈ ℝ ) f 2 (x ) ≠ 0 ‫ و‬ℝ 6 1 f 2 : x a x 2 +1
f1
ℝ 6 1 h= ‫• إذن‬
f2

7/13
 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
1 ‫ل–ا‬ ‫ا‬

( ∀x ∈ ℝ ) f 3 (x ) ≥ 0 ‫ و‬ℝ 6 1 f 3 :x a x 2 −x +4
ℝ 6 1 k = f 3 ‫• إذن‬
ℝ 6 1 ‫ع دا‬ 8ℝ 6 1 f =h +k : ‫و‬

:3 ‫ا‬

[0,1] ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % ( E ) : x 5 − x 3 + 5x − 4 = 0 ‫د‬ ‫أن ا‬ ) .1

m
f : x a x 5 − x 3 + 5x − 4 ‫ا ا‬

o
[0,1] ‫ ا ل‬6

c
1f ‫ا ا‬

l .
f ( 0 ) = −4
⇒ f ( 0 ) × f (1) < 0

o

 f (1) = 1

o
[0,1] ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % f ( x ) = 0 ‫ ا د‬: ( G ‫ > ا‬% ‫ ھ) ا‬1 DE/ ‫إذن‬

c h
π 
I =  ,π  ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % ( E ) : 2sin x = x ‫د‬ ‫أن ا‬ ) .2

s
3 

a
( 2sin x = x ⇔ 2sin x − x = 0 )
f : x a 2sin x − x ‫ا ا‬

i m
π 
 3 , π  ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬6 1f ‫ا ا‬

. d  π  π 3 3 −π

w
f   = 3 − = >0 π 
 3 3 3 ⇒ f   × f (π ) < 0

w
 3
 f (π ) = −π < 0

w
π 
 3 , π  ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % f ( x ) = 0 ‫د‬ ‫ ( ا‬G ‫ > ا‬% ‫ ھ) ا‬1 DE/ ‫إذن‬

π 
 3 , π  ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % ( E ) ‫د‬ ‫ ا‬V)1 ‫و‬

:4 ‫ا‬

 3
1, 2  ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ α ‫ ا‬/‫ و‬9/ : % x3 + 2 x − 4 = 0 ‫د‬ ‫أن ا‬ )

f : x a x 3 + 2x − 4 ‫ا ا‬

8/13
 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
1 ‫ل–ا‬ ‫ا‬

 3
1, 2  ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬6 1f ‫ا ا‬

 3
1, 2  ‫ل‬ ‫ ا‬6 ‫ ق‬% A9 .f ‫ا ا‬

f ' ( x ) = ( x 3 + 2x − 4 ) ' = 3x 2 + 2 : x ∈ 1, 

3
 2
  3
 ∀x ∈ 1, 2   f ' ( x ) > 0 : ‫إذن‬
  
 3

m
1, 2  6 (. ‫ا‬X f ‫إذن ا ا‬

 f (1) = −1

.c o
l
  3
  3  19 ⇒ f (1) × f   < 0

o
f  2  = 8  2

o
  

‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬/‫ و‬9/ : % f ( x ) = 0 ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬/

c h
( G ‫ > ا‬% ‫ ھ) ا‬1 DE/ ‫إذن‬

s
 3

a
1, 2 

di m
.
:5 ‫ا‬

w
1
< α < 1 ‫ و أن‬ℝ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ α ‫ ا‬/‫ و‬9/ : % 2x 3 + 7 x − 4 = 0 ‫د‬ ‫أن ا‬ )

w
2

w
ℝ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ α ‫ ا‬/‫ و‬9/ : % 2x 3 + 7 x − 4 = 0 ‫د‬ ‫أن ا‬ ) : Y‫أو‬

f : x a 2x 3 + 7 x − 4 : PQ

ℝ 6 1f ‫ا ا‬
ℝ ‫ل‬ ‫ ا‬6 ‫ ق‬% A9 .f ‫ا ا‬
f ' ( x ) = ( 2x 3 + 7 x − 4 ) ' = 6x 2 + 7 : x ∈ ℝ

( ∀x ∈ ℝ ) f ' ( x ) ' > 0 : ‫إذن‬

ℝ 6 (. ‫ا‬X f ‫إذن ا ا‬
f (ℝ ) = f ( ]−∞, +∞[ ) =  lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x )  = ]−∞, +∞[ = ℝ
x →−∞ x →+∞
: f ( ℝ ) DE&)
0 ∈ f ( ℝ ) ‫إذن‬

9/13
 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
1 ‫ل–ا‬ ‫ا‬

ℝ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ α ‫ ا‬/‫ و‬9/ : % f ( x ) = 0 ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬

1
< α < 1 ‫أن‬ ) : ?
2
1 
 2 ,1 6 1f ‫ا ا‬

  1  −1
f  = 1
  2  4 ⇒ f   × f (1) < 0
2
 f (1) = 5

m


o
1
< α <1: ( G ‫ > ا‬% ‫ ھ) ا‬1 DE/ ‫إذن‬

c
2

o l .
o
:6 ‫ا‬

h
g ( x ) = f ( x ) − bx [a , b ] 6

c
: ‫ ا‬g ‫ا ا‬

s
1 ‫د‬ ‫ دا‬f ‫ ا ( ت‬DE/ : [a,b ] 6 1 ‫ع دا‬ 8 ) [a , b ] 6 1 g ‫ا ا‬

a
( [a ,b ] 6 ‫ ص‬R ℝ 6 1 x a −bx ‫و‬ [a , b ] ‫ ل‬1 6

m
g ( a ) < 0 V)1 ‫ و‬f ( a ) − ab < 0 ‫ن‬I f ( a ) < ab ‫أن‬ ‫ و‬g ( a ) = f (a ) − ba )

di
g (b ) > 0 V)1 ‫ و‬f (b ) − b 2 > 0 ‫ن‬I f (b ) > b 2 ‫أن‬ ‫ و‬g (b ) = f (b ) − b 2 )

.
g ( a ) × g (b ) < 0 ‫إذن‬

w
g (c ) = 0 3 & [a,b ] 1 c 5 : ( G ‫ > ا‬% ‫ ھ) ا‬1 DE/ ‫و‬

w
f (c ) − bc = 0 3 & [a ,b ] 1 c 5 V)1 ‫و‬

w
f (c ) = bc 3 & [a ,b ] 1 c 5 ‫أي‬

‫&[ا‬ :7
f : x a 2x + x − 1 PQ .1
3

ℝ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ α ‫ ا‬/‫ و‬9/ : % 2x + x − 1 = 0 ‫ ) أن ا د‬: Y‫أو‬

3

ℝ 6 1f ‫ا ا‬
ℝ ‫ ا ل‬6 ‫ ق‬% A9 .f ‫ا ا‬
f ' ( x ) = ( 2x 3 + x − 1) ' = 6x 2 + 1 : x ∈ ℝ

( ∀x ∈ ℝ ) f ' ( x ) ' > 0 : ‫إذن‬

ℝ 6 (. ‫ا‬X f ‫إذن ا ا‬

10/13
 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
1 ‫ل–ا‬ ‫ا‬

0 ∈ f ( ℝ ) ‫ إذن‬f ( ℝ ) = f ( ]−∞, +∞[ ) =  lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x )  = ]−∞, +∞[ = ℝ

x →−∞ x →+∞
: f ( ℝ ) DE&)
ℝ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ α ‫ ا‬/‫ و‬9/ : % f ( x ) = 0 ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬

0 < α < 1 ‫أن‬ ) : ?

[0,1] 6 1f ‫ا ا‬
f ( 0 ) = −1
 ⇒ f ( 0 ) × f (1) < 0
 f (1) = 2

m
0 <α <1: ( G ‫ > ا‬% ‫ ھ) ا‬1 DE/ ‫إذن‬

.c o
l
:f ‫ رة ا ا‬A‫ ) رس إ‬.2

o
x ≤ α ‫ ن‬8 ‫ إذا‬:1 & ‫ا‬

o
f ( x ) ≤ 0 V)1 ‫ و‬f ( x ) ≤ f (α ) ‫ إذن‬ℝ 6 (. ‫ا‬X f ‫) ا ا‬

h
( f (α ) = 0 ‫ إذن‬f ( x ) = 0 ‫د‬ :/ α )

c
x ≥ α ‫ ن‬8 ‫ إذا‬:2

s
&‫ا‬

a
f ( x ) ≥ 0 V)1 ‫ و‬f ( x ) ≥ f (α ) ‫ إذن‬ℝ 6 (. ‫ا‬X f ‫) ا ا‬

di m
.
:8 ‫ا‬

w
g ( 0 ) > 0 ‫ إذن‬g ( 0 ) = sin ( 0 ) + 2cos ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) + 2 × (1) = 2 ) .1

w
π  π  π  π 

w
g   < 1 ‫ إذن‬g   = sin   + 2cos   = (1) + 2 × ( 0 ) = 1 )
2 2 2 2
 π
 0, 2  ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % g ( x ) = x ‫د‬ ‫أن ا‬ ) .2

 π
h (x ) = g (x ) − x : 0, 2  6 ‫ا‬h ‫ا ا‬

π π
( 0,  6 1 ‫ع دا‬ 8 ) 0,  6 1h ‫ا ا‬
 2  2
 h ( 0) = g ( 0) > 0
 π 
 π  π  π π ⇒ h ( 0) × h   < 0
h  2  = g  2  − 2 < 1 − 2 < 0 2
    
 π
 0, 2  ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % h ( x ) = 0 ‫د‬ ‫ ا‬: ( G ‫ > ا‬% ‫ ھ) ا‬1 DE/ ‫إذن‬

11/13
 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
1 ‫ل–ا‬ ‫ا‬

 π
0, 2  ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % g ( x ) = x ‫د‬ ‫ ا‬V)1 ‫و‬

:9 ‫ا‬

1 1 −3
f ( −1) = 4 ( −1) − 3 ( −1) − = −4 + 3 − = (1
3

2 2 2
 −1   −1   −1  1  −1  3 1 −1 3 1 1
3

m
f   = 4   − 3  − = 4   + − = + − =
 2   2   2  2  8  2 2 2 2 2 2

o
1 1
f ( 0) = 4 ( 0) − 3( 0) − = −

c
3

.
2 2

l
1 1 1
f (1) = 4 (1) − 3 (1) − = 4 − 3 − =

o
3

2 2 2

o
(2

h
−1
‫ ( ا‬G ‫ > ا‬% ‫ ھ) ا‬1 DE/ ‫ إذن‬f ( −1) × f   < 0 ‫ و‬ −1, −  6
1
‫د‬ 1f ‫ا ا‬

c
 2   2

s
 1
:.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % f ( x ) = 0

a
 −1, − 2 

m
−1
‫ ( ا‬G ‫ > ا‬% ‫ ھ) ا‬1 DE/ ‫ إذن‬f   × f ( 0 ) < 0 ‫ و‬ − ,0 6

i
1
‫د‬ 1f ‫ا ا‬
 2   2 

. d
 1 
 − 2 ,0  :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % f ( x ) = 0

w
f (x ) = 0 ‫د‬ ‫ ( ا‬G ‫ > ا‬% ‫ ھ) ا‬1 DE/ ‫ إذن‬f ( 0 ) × f (1) < 0 ‫[ و‬0,1] 6 1f ‫ا ا‬

w
[0,1] :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : %

w
[ −1;1] ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ ل‬/ ?9? :.;‫ ا‬6 : % f ( x ) = 0 ‫د‬ ‫ ا‬: L9M

:10 ‫ا‬

g (x ) = f (x ) − x [a , b ] 6
: ‫ ا‬g ‫ا ا‬
( [a , b ] 6 1 ‫ع دا‬ 8 ) [a , b ] 6 1 g ‫ا ا‬
f (b ) ∈ [a;b ] ‫ و‬f ( a ) ∈ [a;b ] ‫ن‬I [a;b ] & [a;b ] 1 1 ‫ دا‬f ‫أن‬
g (b ) ≤ 0 ‫ و‬g ( a ) ≥ 0 ‫ إذن‬f (b ) − b ≤ 0 ‫ و‬f (a ) − a ≥ 0 ‫ أي‬f (b ) ≤ b ‫ و‬a ≤ f ( a ) V)1 ‫و‬
g ( a ) × g (b ) ≤ 0 : ‫و‬

12/13
 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
1 ‫ل–ا‬ ‫ا‬

[ a;b ] ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % g ( x ) = 0 ‫د‬ ‫ا‬: ( G ‫ > ا‬% ‫ ھ) ا‬1 DE/ ‫إذن‬
. [a ; b ] ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ :.;‫ ا‬6 9/ : % f ( x ) = x ‫د‬ ‫ا‬: ‫و‬

つづく

o m
l .c
o o
c h
a s
di m
w .
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