POPULATION

STABILISATION
AND
BIRTH CONTROL

BY
JOHN ANDREW STEPHEN
G
XII
1 POPULATION IN INDIA

2 REASONS FOR POPULATION GROWTH

3 POPULATION CONTROL IN INDIA

4 INVERTED RED TRIANGLE

5 CONTRACEPTIVES USED IN BIRTH CONTROL

6 ILL EFFECTS OF CONTRACEPTIVES THAT

RARELY HAPPEN
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

CONTENTS
 POPULATION IN INDIA
The trends in population size based on censuses of 1901 to 2011 show that the
population increased from 238 million in 1901 to 1029 million in 2001, and further
to 1211 million in 2011. The population has been growing since 1921 and the growth
has been particularly rapid during 1951 to 2001, with the decadal growth being over
20 percent and annual rate of growth above or close to two percent. The decade of
1991 to 2001 did show a small but perceptible fall in the growth rate and the rate
declined notably, to well below two percent, during 2001-2011. The growth of
population was caused by mortality decline and as it happens in the process of
classical demographic transition, fertility decline was lagged, and hence large
transitional growth took place for some time
 REASONS FOR POPULATION GROWTH
 Increased Life Expectancy: While the average annual birth rate in India,
which was 42 per thousand in 1951-61, decreased to 24.8 per thousand in
2011, the country has seen its decadal death rate decline to 8.5 in 2001-2011
from 42.6 in 1901-1911. Since the death rate has also gone down sharply, the
population has tended to grow very fast in India.
 Lack of family planning: If we add the number of miscarriages (6.20 lakh in
2010-11) in the country with an estimated number of births (2.05 crore in
2010-11) in one year, even in this age of family planning, one woman, on an
average, is pregnant at any time in the age group of 15-45 years. All this
happens because a large number of people in our country are illiterate with no
awareness about the various advantages of family planning and the ill-effects
of overpopulation on society.
 Lack of education: The failure of family planning is directly related to large-
scale illiteracy that also contributes to early age of marriage, low status of
 women, high child-mortality rate etc mentioned above. Uneducated families
cannot grasp the issues and problems caused by the increasing population rate.
They are least aware of the various ways to control population, usage of
contraceptives and birth control measures
 Religious reasons: The people who are conservative and orthodox are
opposed to the use of family planning measures. Women in such families are
not allowed to take part in family planning because they are not supposed to
go against the wishes of God. There are also women who argue that children
are born with God’s will and women are destined to give birth to children.
Muslim households have more birth rates than Hindu communities. Surveys
among Muslims from time to time have found that despite the awareness of
modern family planning measures, most respondents, both women and men,
are against their use due to religious reasons and fatalistic outlook
 Compulsions of poverty: Poverty is another reason for the increase in
population in our country. Many poor parents produce more children not
because they do not have the knowledge about contraceptives, but because
they require children to assist them in earning their livelihood. It is clear from
the fact that there is unending number of child labourers in our country. If poor
families stop the children from working, their family income tends to fall way
short of meeting their basic needs.
 Problem of mind-set: Generally, illiterate and uneducated children inherit
their father’s behaviour and choose to give birth to as many children as is
necessary to increase the income of their family. As a son is supposed to be the
bread earner of the family, the poor do not mind producing any number of girl
children in their desire to be ultimately blessed by a male child
 POPULATION CONTROL IN INDIA

In 1952, India became the first country in the developing world to create a state-
sponsored family planning program, the National Family Planning Program. The
program's primary objectives were to lower fertility rates and slow population growth
as a means to propel economic development.

Women in India are not being fully educated on contraception usage and what they
are putting in their bodies. From 2005 to 2006 data was collected to indicate only
15.6% of women using contraception in India were informed of all their options
and what those options actually do. Contraceptive usage has been rising gradually in
India. In 1970, 13% of married women used modern contraceptive methods, which
rose to 35% by 1997 and 48% by 2009.

According to Family Planning 2020, in 2017 there were 136,569,000 women using
modern method contraception which prevented: 39,170,000 unintended pregnancies,
11,966,000 unsafe abortions, and 42,000 maternal deaths due to family planning. In
2012, India's modern contraception prevalence rate among all women was 39.2, in
2017 it was 39.57, and in 2020 is predicted to rise to 40.87.

Us two, our two ("Hum do, hamare do" in Hindi) is a slogan meaning one family,
two children and is intended to reinforce the message of family planning thereby
aiding population planning.

Comparative studies have indicated that increased female literacy is correlated

strongly with a decline in fertility. Studies have indicated that female literacy levels
are an independent strong predictor of the use of contraception, even when women
do not otherwise have economic independence. Female literacy levels in India may
be the primary factor that help in population stabilisation, but they are improving
relatively slowly: a 1990 study estimated that it would take until 2060 for India to
achieve universal literacy at the current rate of progress.
 INVERTED RED TRIANGLE
An inverted Red Triangle is the symbol for family planning health
and contraception services, much as the red cross is a symbol for medical services.
It is especially prevalent in many developing nations such
as India, Ghana, Gambia, Zimbabwe, Egypt and Thailand, where it can be seen
outside shops and clinics that offer family planning products, and as in commercial
and government messages that promote reproductive health services and population
control.
It is frequently placed on contraceptive products, such
as condoms, diaphragms, spermicidal gel, and IUDs (for instance, on the
government-subsidized Nirodh condoms in India and Sultan condoms in Gambia).
 CONTRACEPTIVES USED IN BIRTH CONTROL

A wide range of contraceptive methods (both physical and surgical) used in birth
control are as follows

1) Periodic abstinence
2) Coitus interruptus
3) Lactational amenorrhea
4) Barriers
5) Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
6) Hormonal ring
7) Patch
8) Injection
9) Oral pills
10) Sterlisation
1)Periodic abstinence

Periodic abstinence is also called natural family planning, safety period or rhythm
method. The principle of this method is to avoid sexual intercourse around ovulation
when the woman is most fertile. Ovulation usually occurs 14 days before the onset of
the next menstruation. The fertile period can be estimated by the calendar method,
charting daily basal body temperature, or detecting changes in cervical mucus.
2)Coitus interruptus
Coitus interruptus, also known as withdrawal, is a traditional family planning method
in which the man completely removes his penis from the vagina, and away from the
external genitalia of the female partner before he ejaculates. Coitus interruptus
prevents sperm from entering the woman’s vagina, thereby preventing contact
between spermatozoa and the ovum.

This method might be appropriate for couples

 who are highly motivated and able to use this method effectively;
 with religious or philosophical reasons for not using other methods of
contraception;
 who need contraception immediately and have entered into a sexual act
without alternative methods available;
 who need a temporary method while awaiting the start of another method; or
 who have intercourse infrequently.

Some benefits of coitus interruptus are that the method, if used correctly, does not
affect breastfeeding and is always available for primary use or use as a back-up
method. In addition, coitus interruptus involves no economic cost or use of chemicals
and has no directly associated health risks.
3)Lactational amenorrhea

Lactational amenorrhea is an effective method to prevent pregnancy and space births.

Ovulation does not occur during breastfeeding so one can not get pregnant during
lactation. It is a good method of birth control if a mother is exclusively breastfeeding
in the first six months after giving birth.
Lactational amenorrhea is caused due to disruption of the secretion of gonadotropin-
releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. Suckling during lactation
reduces GnRH secretion, which leads to a decrease in the levels of LH secreted from
the pituitary and oestrogen levels. A surge in the level of LH is essential for
ovulation thus during breastfeeding ovulation does not occur.
Lactation amenorrhea generally lasts for six months after delivery, when the mother
is exclusively breastfeeding the child.
4)Barriers

i)Condom
A condom is a thin, fitted tube worn over the penis during sex (male condoms) or
inserted into the vagina before sex (female condoms). They create a barrier that
keeps semen and other body fluids out of the vagina, rectum, or mouth.
When used properly, male condoms are about 98% effective at preventing pregnancy.
This means that in one year, 2 out of every 100 women whose partners always use
condoms correctly will get pregnant. That number rises to 18 out of every 100 women
whose partners don’t use the condom correctly every time.
Condoms are very effective at preventing STDs like gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes,
and HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). The exact risk varies by the type of disease. For
example, condoms are almost 100% effective at protecting against HIV. But HPV, the
most common sexually transmitted disease, can infect areas that a male condom doesn’t
cover, like the scrotum. Condoms lower the risk of HPV infection, but they don’t get rid
of it.
The most commonly used condom is Nirodh
ii)Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults
The diaphragm is a small, flexible rubber cup that is inserted in the vagina and fits
over the cervix. It should always be used with spermicide.
Unlike condoms, it doesn’t prevent STDs
The cervical cap (FemCap) is a small, bowl-shaped latex or silicone cup. It is
inserted into the vagina and fits snugly over the cervix. The cervical cap is similar to
the diaphragm but smaller. It is always used with spermicidal cream or gel.
5)Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
An intrauterine device (IUD), also known as intrauterine contraceptive
device (IUCD or ICD) or coil, is a small, often T-shaped birth control device that is
inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. IUDs are one form of long-acting
reversible birth control (LARC). One study found that female family planning
providers choose LARC methods more often (41.7%) than the general public
(12.1%). Among birth control methods, IUDs, along with other contraceptive
implants, result in the greatest satisfaction among users
There are 2 types of IUDs
i)Non-medicated IUDs (eg. Lippes loop)
ii)Copper-releasing IUDs (eg. CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375)
iii)Hormone-releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG 20)
6)Hormonal ring
The vaginal ring (NuvaRing) is a small soft, plastic ring that you place inside your
vagina.

It releases a continuous dose of the hormones oestrogen and progestogen into the
bloodstream to prevent pregnancy.

The ring steadily releases the hormones oestrogen and progestogen into your
bloodstream, which prevents the release of an egg each month. It also thickens the
cervical mucus, which makes it more difficult for sperm to move through the cervix,
and thins the lining of the womb so a fertilised egg is less likely to implant itself.
7)Patch
The patch releases a daily dose of hormones through the skin into the bloodstream to
prevent pregnancy. It contains the same hormones as the combined pill – oestrogen
and progestogen – and works in the same way by preventing the release of an egg
each month (ovulation).
8)Injection
Depo-Provera is a well-known brand name for medroxyprogesterone acetate, a
contraceptive injection that contains the hormone progestin. Depo-Provera is given
as an injection every three months. Depo-Provera typically suppresses ovulation,
keeping your ovaries from releasing an egg. It also thickens cervical mucus to keep
sperm from reaching the egg.
9)Oral pills

The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often referred to as the birth

control pill or colloquially as "the pill", is a type of birth control that is designed to
be taken orally by women. The pill contains two important hormones: progestin (a
synthetic form of the hormone progestogen/progesterone)
and estrogen (usually ethinylestradiol and 17β estradiol). When taken correctly, it
alters the menstrual cycle to eliminate ovulation and prevent pregnancy.
The commonly used pill in India is Saheli, which was developed by scientists at
Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India.
10)Sterlization

Sterilization is a permanent form of birth control that is extremely effective at

preventing pregnancy. But it is difficult to reverse if you change your mind, and it does
not protect against STDs. Both men and women can be sterilized. For women, a tubal
ligation is performed; for men, a vasectomy is performed.
Tubal ligation (commonly known as having one's "tubes tied") is a surgical
procedure for female sterilization in which the fallopian tubes are permanently
blocked, clipped or removed. This prevents the fertilization of eggs by sperm and
thus the implantation of a fertilized egg. Tubal ligation is considered a permanent
method of sterilization and birth control.
Vasectomy is an elective surgical procedure for male sterilization or
permanent contraception. During the procedure, the male vasa deferentia are cut and
tied or sealed so as to prevent sperm from entering into the urethra and thereby
prevent fertilization of a female through sexual intercourse. Vasectomies are usually
performed in a physician's office, medical clinic
ILL EFFECTS OF CONTRACEPTIVES THAT RARELY HAPPEN

1)Nausea
2)Abdominal pain
3)Breakthrough bleeding
4)Irregular menstrual cycle
5)Breast cancer
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1)https://ssca.org.in/media/5_Spl_Proceedings_2021_PMK__14062021_Final.pdf
2)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India
3)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Triangle_(family_planning)
4)https://www.famplan.org.hk/en/health-info/contraceptive-methods/periodic-
abstinence
5)https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/mmwr/mec/appendixh.html
6)https://byjus.com/neet/lactational-amenorrhea/
7)https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-condoms
8)https://uhs.umich.edu/contraception-other
9)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device
10)https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/vaginal-ring/
11)https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/contraception-patch.html
12)https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/depo-provera/about/pac-20392204
13)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill
14)https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-sterilization
15)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubal_ligation
16)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasectomy