KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND NATURAL SCIENCES

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Family planning is a national mandated priority public health program to attain
the country’s national health development: a health invention program and an
important tool for the improvement of the health and welfare of mothers, children and
other members of the family. It also provides information and services for the couples
of reproductive age to plan their family according to their beliefs and circumstances
through legally and medically acceptable family planning method. Family planning is
defined by WHO as “a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily upon the
basis of knowledge ,attitudes and responsible decisions by individuals and couples, in
order to promote the health and welfare of family groups and thus contribute
effectively to the social development of a country.(A study of knowledge, attitudes and
practice of family planning among the women of reproductive age group in Sikkim. By
R.Prachi, G. Suva das,B. Ankur, J.Shipra, K.Binita.Published on February 2008)
The World Health Organization (WHO) and Department of Health (DOH) are
working to promote family planning by producing evidence-based guidelines on safety
and service delivery of contraceptive commodities, and helping countries introduce,
adapt and implement these tools to meet their needs.
It is important that family planning is widely available and easily accessible
through midwives and other trained health workers to anyone who is sexually active-
including married couples and adolescence. Midwives are trained to provide locally
available and culturally acceptable contraceptive methods. Other trained health
workers, for example community health workers, also provide counseling and some
family planning methods, for example pills and condoms. For methods such as
sterilization, women and men need to be referred to clinician.
Despite the fact that contraceptive usage has increased over a period of time,
there exist a Knowledge Attitude and Practice –gap regarding contraception (Ramesh
et al., 1996). The reasons for not using any family planning methods are lack of
knowledge and education, religious belief and fear of side effects. Family planning has
two main objectives; firstly, to have only the desired number of children and secondly,
proper spacing of pregnancies (Mao, 1999).

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In the Philippines, Family Planning has a big impact on families especially

couples who are engage with family planning. It is not a prognosis imposed on the
parents but an expression of responsible parenting based on informed choices and
decisions of couples to achieve their desired family sized based on their social and
economic capacity. (DOH-2016)
In the Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippine Statistic Office conducted a
survey on the prevalence of family planning and also the effects of it on couples
engage on the Program. Some couples are claiming that there are lots of effects of
family planning which includes psychological aspects etc. Cordillera Administrative
Region was recorded with the lowest contraceptive use at 50.0 percent. The
contraceptive use in CAR slightly increased by 7.9 percentage points from 46.3
percent in 2003 to 50.0 percent in 2017. However, contraceptive use decreased from
61.2 percent in 2013 to 2017 possible cause of decreasing the use of contraceptive on
the area is due to its effects. (DOH-CAR_2016)
In the Province of Kalinga Mr. Themogen Bosleng of POPCOM-CAR
conducted a seminar to assess the impact or effects of family planning gathered by
the health workers in the province, Physical aspects, Psychological aspects and
emotional aspects are the outcomes effect of family planning on couples. (DOH-
KALINGA, 2017) The disquieting number of populations is the major problem in
[present time. Nowadays, even though increased facilities are being provided for
family planning program in all the sections of the society, the factors such as age,
education, religion, number of living children prevail, awareness, practice and attitude
which play an important role in adopting family planning methods. (Herrin, Alejandro.
OrtebaJr.,Aniceto. Acejo. Iris. Cuenca, Janet. Del Prado, Fatima. An evaluation of the
Philippine Population Management Program (PPMP). Philippine Institute for
Development Studies Discussion Papers Series No. 3003-18(December,2003). See
also Lacsamana, Jay Commission on Population: Review of its Mandate and Policy
shift, Institutional Performance and Resources.)
A tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolution: whereas it had
taken all of humanity history up to the year 1800 for world population to reach 1 billion,
the second billion was achieved in only 130 years (1930), the third billion in 30 years
(1960), the fourth billion in 15 years (1974), the fifth billion in 13 years (1987), the sixth
billion in 12 years (1999), the seventh billion in 12 years (2011). During the 20 th

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century alone, the population in the world has grown from 1.65 billion to 6 billion. The
growth rate has declined to 1.18% between 2010 and 2015 and is projected to decline
further in the course of the 21st century. However, the global population is still growing
and is projected to reach about 10 billion in 2050 and more than 11 billion in 2100 if it
is not being controlled through appropriate and effective way. This year 2020 the
world population reached 7.7 billion

Conceptual Framework

Global unmet need for contraception: 214 million women of reproductive age
in developing countries who want to avoid pregnancy are not using a modern
contraceptive method. Reasons for this includes: limited choice of methods, limited
access to contraception, particularly among young people, poorer segments of
populations, or unmarried people; fear or experience of side effects, cultural or
religious opposition, poor quality of availability services, users and providers bias,
gender-based barriers. The unmet needs for contraception are remains too high. This
inequity is fueled both growing populations, and a shortage of family planning
services. In Africa, 24.2% of women of reproductive age have an unmet need for
modern contraception, in Asia, and in Latin America and the Caribbean- region with
relatively high contraceptive prevalence- the levels of unmet needs are 10.2% and
10.7% respectively (Trends in Contraception Worldwide 2015, UNDESA).
We need further scientific documentation regarding Factors Affecting Family
Planning Methods among married woman to know unmet need for family planning.
Having many children is a common practice in most developing countries like Sudan;
therefore, it is necessary to increase the use of modern family Planning (FP) service.
Contribution in fertility control, in addition to improve the socioeconomic
development of the local community and the population as a whole. High availability of
variety of contraceptive methods, high level of use of permanent and long-term
contraceptive method, providers’ suggestion of method choice, partner participation in
the choice of a contraceptive method, education level. All are considered factors
influence the high prevalence rate in developed countries.

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A creation of awareness and knowledge are important factors to change the

negative attitude of the users. A recent cross-sectional study done by Khan et-al. In
barely India in 2012 stated that lack of awareness was the crucial factor makes the
married women not using modern family planning, contraceptives.
On the other hand, in order to use the family planning methods, the married
woman should be equipped with full information about varying methods of
contraceptive for appropriate selection and utilization of family planning service.
If the Philippines population management policies and programs have had no
measurable impact on population growth, thy have produced one notable outcome.
The notion that the government should mange population growth and instruct the
population in fertility control and “responsible Parenthood” has become part of the
normal social, political and health care landscape in the Philippines. Moreover, an
infrastructure of familiar government ministries, offices and officials has been
established throughout the country to give effect. To government policies.
The advantages of the RH bill include the couple’s choice in the number of
children they may like, the selection of the family planning methods they will use; and
more importantly the reproductive health education they may derive from proposed
law. And Reproductive Health Bill in the Philippines has hope to provide midwives for
skilled attendance to childbirth and emergency obstetric care, even in the
geographically isolated and depressed area. Thus, the one cause of maternal
mortality, that arising from unattended births, will be depressed.
The disadvantage of Reproductive Health Bill in the Philippines is the undue
focus being given to reproductive health and population and development, when many
more urgent and important health problems need to be depressed in the country,
those that cause a significant number of deaths across the country such as
cardiovascular diseases and infections. Financial resources allotted by foreign donors
to assist the Philippines government programs could actually be better spent towards
pursuing health programs targeting communicable disease than purchasing artificial
contraceptives. The disadvantages of the proposed law include the presumed
encroachment on the law to the revered Filipino values of abortion; the violation of
religious dogma in a predominantly Catholic Nation; and the allocation of; limited
government resources to the family planning programs. Those supporting the bill
argued that providing contraceptive methods to those who are poverty stricken will

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reduce the expanding population. They also argue that it will reduce the number of
death and spread of STD’s. Those who oppose the bill argue that providing
contraception will encourage more sexual behavior, and increase the number of
unwanted pregnancies. The RH bills are Reproductive Health Bill in the Philippines
that aims to provide universal access to birth control.
To date, much of the research on factors affecting family planning has
focused on individual- level attitudes, and contraceptive use. Numerous studies
focused on community- level health outcomes have examined whether socioeconomic
status, supply environmental and quality of health care are associated with a health
behavior or outcome- that is, these studies have demonstrated that women’s
behaviors are associated with the behaviors or attitudes of other who live around
them. Latent demand for family planning may be translated into actual use if programs
can dispel false perceptions about contraceptives.
In the other hand, this research focused on Modern Family Planning Methods
among Married Woman in Kalinga, including Demographic profile of the respondent;
practices, knowledge, attitudes towards contraceptives, importance of Family Planning
Method indicated and also the sources of information.

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Independent Variable
1. To determine the
Demographic profile of the
respondent in Barangay
Guina-ang Pasil, Kalinga as Dependent Variable
to:
Knowledge, Attitudes and
1.1 Age Practices on Modern
1.2 Educational Family Planning Methods
Attainment among Women of
Reproductive Age in
1.3 Occupation
Guina-ang, Pasil, Kalinga
1.4 Number of living .
Children
1.5 Religion.
2. To determine the level
of awareness on Modern
Family Planning Methods
among Women of
Reproductive age as to:
2.1 Knowledge
2.2 Attitudes
2.3 Practices

Figure 1. Paradigm of the study

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COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND NATURAL SCIENCES

STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the Demographic profile of the respondent in Guina-ang Pasil

Kalinga as to:
1.1 Age
1.2 Educational Attainment
1.3 Occupation
1.4 Number of living Children
1.5 Religion.

2. To determine the level of awareness on Modern Family Planning Methods among

Women of Reproductive age as to:
2.1 Knowledge
2.2 Attitudes
2.3 Practices

Significance of the Study

The result of this study is beneficial to the following:

College of Health and Natural Sciences (CHNS)- The finding of this study is to help
the CHNS student by providing data related to Family Planning, to uptick their
knowledge and to be aware regarding Family Planning Methods.
Community. This study will provide additional knowledge of the community people on
the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Family Planning Methods and to increase
awareness in the importance of modern Family planning in the community.
Married Women of Reproductive Age- This study provide many benefits to the
Family, Increased awareness of the importance of preconception care, Enables to
regain her health after delivery, gives enough time and opportunity to love and
provide intention to her children and also prevents maternal deaths by allowing
woman to delay motherhood, space births, avoid an intended pregnancies and
abortions.

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Health Care Providers. This study provides a specific time for the community, for
them to be able to be an effective and efficient Midwife, to have a different experience
and for their job, to be able to diagnose the community well and to provide
Information, Education, communication regarding Family Planning Method.
Local Government Unit - This study served as their reference and to the authority to
help their advocacy to control the increasing number of population in our country.
The Researcher- This study will help the researcher to affirm the importance of
information about factors Affecting Family Planning.
Future Researchers- serves as a baseline of information for further study similar to
this study

Scope and Delimitation

This study was focused on the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Modern
Family Planning Methods among women of reproductive age who ages 20-49 years
old in Barangay Guina-ang, Pasil, Kalinga . The selection of the respondent is only
limited to 50 married women who are living in the chosen area where the research
was conducted in Guina-ang, Pasil, Kalinga

Definition of Terms

Knowledge- state of awareness of the respondents towards modern family planning

methods
Attitude- the way of feeling or thinking of the respondents towards modern family
planning methods
Practices – the level of regularly doing or performing the do’s and don’ts in using
modern family planning methods
Women of Reproductive Age -Refers to all women aged 15-49 years old, in some
estimates from censuses and surveys.
Age- This refers to an individual’s development measure in terms of the years
requisite for like development of an average.

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Awareness of Family Planning Method- This refers the level of awareness of the
respondent regarding Family Planning Method.
Family Planning- This refers to the ability and activity of parents to choose the
number and space the birth of their children.
Modern Family Planning Methods- This refers to the various methods used in family
planning.
Number of Children living- It refers to the total number of children living.
Occupation- It refers to the job of the women and their husband are holding at the
time of interview and was classified as: housewife, farmer, government employee,
business owner and others.
Practice of Family Planning- It refers on the actual application or use of ideas of a
woman regarding family planning method.
Religion-The belief and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially to God

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Chapter II
Related Literature

Spouses’ views of contraception in the Philippines by Ann E. Biddlecom, John

B, Casterline, and Aurora E. Perez. Data from a 1993 survey in the Philippines
indicate that, in aggregate, men, a nd women have similar views of contraception. For
example, 72% of husbands and 77% of wives strongly approved of contraception, and
at least half believed that relatives and friends approved (although men were less
likely than women to think so). At the couple level, however, men’s perceptions about
contraception often differ to those of their wives. A relatively large amount of
disagreement exists about the importance of certain contraceptive attributes and the
extent to which these attributes apply to specific methods. This disagreement is
associates both with lower levels of contraceptive use and with greater conflict over
intentions to use contraceptives in the future.
Do Family Planning Programs Affect Fertility Preferences? (Matlab,
Bangladesh) by Ronald Freedman. A literature review finds studies about family
planning programs have reduced fertility preference. The evidence from Matlab ,
Bangladesh demonstrated that this intensive program did not decrease preferences;
however, it did crystallize latent demand for fewer children , resulting in a demand for
contraception. A few intra multivariate studies found small program effects, decreasing
the number of children that couples want. Most studies of program media effects are
flawed but possible selection bias, but one longitudinal study avoids this pitfall and
finds large effects for the country. Program feedback effects are plausible but not yet
demonstrated empirically. The effects of a coercive program are plausible, at least in
China, but not definitely demonstrated. Several promising unpublished studies may
strengthen the case for programs effects in reducing fertility preferences, now often

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based on plausible but not conclusive evidence, stronger generations require better
studies of a wider range of locations.
Effects of family planning methods by Belfield the study stated that to be an
effective and efficient contraceptive provider, one needs to know why and how people
make contraceptive choices. To minimize unintended pregnancies will depend on the
user’s maximum satisfaction and confidence with the method, and the method’s
effectiveness. To develop a method that is perfect is next to impossible, because that
method has to be, 100% safe, 32 effectives, without side-effects, non-intercourse
related, reversible and cheap. To admit that no contraceptive method is suitable for
everyone poses a big challenge to contraceptive providers.
On Family Planning purpose by Speizeret Al. The study stated that it is
uncommon for contraceptives to be without challenges, whether they are facility,
policy, provider or legislation related. South Africa is a country with limited resources
and facilities, so the effective use of contraceptives has a potential to improve not only
the lives of the men, women and children involved, but also those of their families and
communities. The primary reason for having sex is not always procreation.
A study of Poverty, Fertility preference and Family Planning practice in the
Philippines be Ancieto C. Orbeta Jr... It is well known that poverty incidence is always
higher among larger households. His is true in the Philippines as it is many part of the
world. In the case of the Philippines, for instance, Orbeta (2005) highlights the
enduring positive relarionship between family sizes and the poverty incidence as well
as severity using family income and expenditure data for the past 25 years. Results of
research summarized in Orbeta (2005) also highlights how large family size savings,
labor force participation and earnings of parents as well as on all human capital
investment in children. The flipside of this study is that it’s also well known that poorer
household have poorer access to public services and access to family-planning
service is not an exception. This is reflected in lower contraceptive prevalence rate
and higher unmet needs for Family Planning.
The aim of his study is to identify the features of the family planning service
provision that are influential in ensuring safe and appropriate contraceptive use and
optimal effectiveness of user-dependent methods. A systematic research was carried
out of the published and unpublished studies available up to December 1997 that
examined the relationship between family planning service provision and

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contraceptive use. Articles that reported primary data on long-term outcomes were
scored by at least two of the authors of the present study. Particular attention was
paid to evaluating methods of measuring quality of care. A total of 142 articles were
identified, but only 16 reported primary data relating to long-term outcomes. The
quality of provider-client exchanges was found to have a net incremental effect on
contraceptive use. Evidence of effectiveness of methods to improve uptake,
continuation of method uses, and safe appropriate use of fertility control is scant. The
evidence that is available indicates that training in communication with clients
(particularly about side-effects of contraceptive methods) and an emphasis on client
choice are key components of effective interventions. The tasks of listening to clients,
and tailoring services to local needs, are crucial to the success of family planning
service provision.
Contraceptive Use among Filipino Women (Based from the Results of 2011
Family Health Survey) The 2011 Family Health Service (FHS) is a nationwide survey
designed to provide information on fertility, maternal and child health, family planning,
maternal and child mortality, and other health-related concerns in order to assist policy
makers and program managers in evaluating and designing strategies for improving
health and family planning services in the country. The 2011 FHS updates findings
from the series of Family Planning Surveys conducted from 1995 to 2006, and various
rounds of the National Demographic and Health Survey. The survey was designed to
provide data representative of the country and its 17 administrative regions. The 2011
FHS involved interviewing all women who are 15 to 49 years of age in the sample
households. These women were asked questions about some of their background
characteristics, the children they have given birth to, use of family planning methods,
antenatal and postnatal care received during pregnancy, vaccinations received by
their children, and other valuable health-related information. The classification of a
household to indicate its socio-economic status was done by the National Statistics
Office based on the responses on the presence of household conveniences, that is, a
household was assigned a score that will indicate its socio-economic standing.
Barriers of Modern Contraception Practices among Asian Women by
FatemehNajafi-Sharjabad. Family planning has been cited as essential to the
achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Family planning has direct
impact on women’s health and consequence of each pregnancy. The use of modern

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contraception among Asian women is less than global average. In Asia a majority of
unintended pregnancies are due to using traditional contraceptive or no methods
which leads to induced unsafe abortion. Cultural attitudes, lack of knowledge of
methods and reproduction, socio demographic factors, and health service barriers are
the main obstacles to modern contraceptive practice among Asian women. Culturally
sensitive family planning program, reforming health system, and reproductive health
education through mass media to create awareness of the benefits of planned
parenthood are effective strategies to improve modern contraceptive among Asian
women.
On Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among married couples
in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia by Tilahun, T et. Al. the study shows the result, that the
concept of family planning was well known in the studies population. Sex-stratified
analysis showed pills and injectable were commonly known by both sexes, while long-
term contraceptive methods were better known by women, and traditional methods as
well as emergency contraception by men. Formal education was the most important
factor associated with better knowledge about contraceptive methods, in particular
among women. In general, only 4 out of 811 men ever used contraception, while 64%
and 43% females ever used and were currently using contraception respectively.
The impact of family planning program on unmet need and demand for contraception
by John Bongaarts. Much of the existing literature on the demographic impact of
family planning programs focuses on their role in increasing contraceptive use, which,
in turn, accelerates fertility decline. What is not clear, however, is whether this effect
operates solely through a reduction in unmet brought about by eliminating obstacles to
use of whether and to what extent the program also affect demand for contraception
through messages concerning the benefits of family planning. This article aims to
shed additional light on this issue by analyzing data from recent Demographic and
Health Surveys conducted in 63 developing countries. The first section reviews
general levels and trends in unmet needs, demand, and use over the course of the
fertility transition. The second section presents different types of evidence of program
effects, including results from a controlled experiment and from country case studies.
The evidence indicates a program impact on both unmet need and demand.

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Chapter III
Methodology

This chapter presents a brief description of the research design which was
utilized in the conduct of the study. It includes the locale and population of the study,
the research instrument, data gathering procedure, treatment of data and the
statistical tools used.

Research Design
The research used the descriptive survey method of research which involves
the use of questionnaire as a main tool in gathering data and information,
supplemented and validated by informal interview to determine the factors affecting
family planning among married woman.

Locale of the study

The study was conducted in Barangay Guina-ang Pasil Kalinga in region CAR
which consist of 4 sitio namely: Paklang, Dallog, C-act, and Palituggong.
.
www.google.map

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Respondents of the Study

The respondent of this research was those who are married woman and
willing to participate to this research most especially to those who has sensitive
beliefs, personalities, and attitudes toward to these issues in Kalinga.

Instrumentation
The instrument was based on the study of Jay Lincoln et.al (Knowledge,Attitude
and Practices of Family Planning among women of Reproductive Age,2017).It consist
of two parts wherein part I aims to determine the Demographic profile of the
Respondents and Part II determine the level of Knowledge,Attitude and Practices of
modern Family planning methods among women of Reproductive Age.

Data Gathering Procedures

Before the researchers started gathering the needed data through communication
letter, they asked permission from the Barangay Chairman of the bario. Upon approval
of the letter, the researcher personally floated the questionnaires to ensure the validity
and infinity.

Data Analysis
The data gathered from the 50 married women of the reproductive age confirmed
thru interview was quantified using the such as Frequency, percentage and rank.
The weighted mean was used to quantify the respondent using the formula of:
Ʃxw = ƩwiFi
fi

Where: Ʃxw= weighted mean

WiFi= summation of weighted frequencies
Fi=total number of respondents

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Chapter IV
Results and Discussions

This chapter presents the discussion of the analyzed data on the socio-
demographic profile of the respondents, factors affecting the use of family planning
method by the respondent, family planning practiced by the respondents, Level of
awareness to all married woman regarding the importance of family planning
methods, different attitudes, the importance and mode/source of awareness towards
family planning methods by the respondents.

Table 1.1
Distribution of the respondent as to Age
AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
20-24 7 14% 4
25-29 11 22% 1
30-34 11 22% 1
35-39 8 16% 3
40-44 10 20% 2
45-49 3 6% 5
TOTAL 50 100%

The distribution of the respondents as to age in Guina-ang Pasil, Kalinga is

shown in table 1.1.The highest in rank is the age 25-29 and 30-34 and the lowest
rank is 45-49. Only few who are using contraceptive methods as they say that reason
out that their beyond their age is the menopausal age.

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Table 1.2
Distribution of the respondents according as to Educational Attainment
EDUCATIONAL FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
ATTAINMENT
PRIMARY 16 32% 2
SECONDARY 18 36% 1
TERTIARY 16 32% 2
TOTAL 50 100%

Based from the table above, majority of the respondent just attended
secondary which is the 36%, 32% belongs to the primary and tertiary level of
education. The result implies that during the data gathering, most of the respondent
didn’t complete their education which reasons includes; lack of financial income, loss
of interest in studying and early pregnancy.

Table 1.3
Distribution of the respondents as to Occupation
OCCUPATION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
HOUSEWIFE 20 40% 1
FARMER 16 32% 2
GOVERNMENT 12% 4
EMPLOYEE 6
SALESWOMAN 8 16% 3
TOTAL 50 100%

Concerning the occupation of the married women in Guina-ang Pasil, Kalinga,

majority of the respondents were house wives which is 40% because their husband
prefer to look for living and the wives will took care of their children while government
employee id 12% and rank 4 which is the respondents did not all completed their
schooling.

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Table 1.4
Distribution of the respondents as to Number of Living Children
NUMBER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
OFLIVING
CHILDREN
1-3 20 40% 1
4-6 20 40% 1
7-9 10 20% 2
TOTAL 50 100%

The distribution of the respondent as to number of children living is shown in

table 1.4. Most of the respondents have 1-3 and 4-6 children so that’s the reason in
using contraceptive methods for they have achieved the number of children. And only
10% have 7-9 children as they reason out that they prefer to have the exact number of
children and their husband were not able to understand the mode of contraceptive
methods, they also do not attend seminars and meeting regarding family Planning.

Table 1.5
Distribution of the respondents as to Religion
RELIGION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
R.C 18 36% 1
UCCP 16 32% 2
JW 0 0 0
BAPTIST 6 12% 4
FREE 20% 3
BELIEVERS 10
TOTAL 50 100%

The distribution of the respondents as to religion is shown in table 1.5. Majority

of the respondents were Roman Catholic because it is the main and it is where their
ancestors were baptized and the lowest rank is Baptist where in only few were in
Guina-ang Pasil.

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Table 2.1
Level of Knowledge of the respondents Towards Family Planning Methods
INDICATORS AWM DESCRIPTION
1.Birth control pills are effective even if a
woman misses taking them for 2 or 3 3.7 Moderately Aware
days in a row.

2.Female sterilization is one way to avoid 4.9

pregnancy. Very much Aware

3 .Health education is important for

women who want to use contraception. 4.38 Extremely Aware

4 .Contraceptive pills do not guarantee 4.1

100% protection. Very much Aware
5 .Condoms prevent STIs. 4.64 Extremely aware
6 .Common side effects of contraceptive
pills include mood swings and weight 4.5 Very much aware
gain.

7. There is an increased risk of breast

cancer in women taking estrogen 4.5 Very much aware
containing contraceptives.

8.Using both condom and pills is

considered to be a very effective 4.56 Extremely Aware
contraceptive.

TAWM 4.41 Extremely Aware

The table shows that the level of knowledge of the respondents towards
Family planning methods in Guina-ang, Pasil is shown that the total average
weighted mean is 4.41 which is extremely aware on the information’s about Family

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Planning methods. The highest average weighted mean is 4.9 which is the female
sterilization is one way to avoid pregnancy where in all the respondents were aware
about the 99% effectiveness of Female sterilizations.
The lowest average is 3.7 which is the birth control pills are effective even if a
woman misses taking them for 2 or 3 days in a row which some women were not
aware on using the hormonal pills especially the married women who are leaving in a
farflung area and not updated about the information’s about family planning methods.
,

Table 2.2
Attitudes of the Respondent towards Family Planning Methods
INDICATORS AWM DESCRIPTION
Contraceptive should be used to limit number
of children. 4.92 Strongly Agree
Contraceptives should be used to increase
the time interval between childbirth. 4.4 Agree
Spacing will allow a child to be healthier. 4.4 Agree
The ideal age of having a first child is 20-30 4.0 Agree
years old.
The ideal number of children should be 4.5 Agree
between 3-5.
Contraceptive provide a sense of safety. 4.7 Agree
Contraceptive Methods can protect the health 4.4 Agree
of family and community.
Discussion about contraception with spouse 1.9 Strongly Disagree
is embarrassing.
TAWM 4.15 Agree

The table shows that the Attitudes of the Respondents towards Family
Planning Methods most of the respondents in Guina-angPasil, Kalinga. The higest
Average weighted mean is 4.92 which is contraceptive should be used to limit number
of children, the respondents have all known that the contraception is the only way to
limit the number of children as they cooperate in using natural family methods while

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the lowest average weighted mean is discussion to the discussion about

contraception with spouse is embarrassing because they disagree, their spouses
understand and cooperate in using family planning methods.

Table 2.3
Level of Practices of the Respondents towards Family Planning Methods
INDICATORS AWM DESCRIPTION
Always visit the health center for my 4.6 Very Much Practiced
family.
use contraceptive every time when I do 4.5 Very much Practiced
not intend to get pregnant.
use different types of contraceptives. 3.6 Moderately Practiced
current method of contraceptives 3.7 Moderately Practiced
changes from time to time.
Practice traditional contraceptive
methods including withdrawal, fertility 3.72 Very Much Practiced
awareness method and breastfeeding
If you were not using any
contraceptives.
TAWM 4.0 Very Much Practiced

The table 4 shows the practices of the respondents towards family planning
method of Guina-ang, PasilKalinga. The highest average weighted mean is always
visit the health center for my family which is 4.6, which is the respondents always
practiced to visit the Barangay Health Station for the checkups of their family
planning method use while the lowest average is Use different types of contraceptives
because the respondents do not change their methods they used when they know that
the methods suits their healthy lifestyle.

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Chapter V
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary of the methodology used and findings of
the study in answer to the objectives of the study, namely; To determine the
Demographic profile of the respondent in Guina-ang, Pasil, Kalinga as to: age,
educational attainment, occupation, number of living children and religion; .To
determine the level of awareness on modern Family Planning Methods among women
of Reproductive Age in Guina-ang, Pasil, Kalinga as to: Knowledge, attitudes and
practices of Modern Family Planning Methods among Women of Reproductive Age in
Guina-ang, Pasil, Kalinga.

Summary of Findings:
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Age: The distribution of the respondents as to age in Guina-ang Pasil, Kalinga shown
in table 1.1.The highest in rank is the age 25-29 and 30-34 because the ideal age of
the married women in Guina-ang is the said age bracket and the lowest rank is 45-49
where in the said ages were only few who is using using contraceptive methods as
they reason out that their beyond their age is the menopausal age.
Educational Attainment: The distribution of the respondent as toEducational
Attainment is majority of the respondent just attended secondary which is the 36%,
32% belongs to the primary and tertiary level of education. The result implies that
during the data gathering, most of the respondent didn’t complete their education
which reasons includes; lack of financial income, loss of interest in studying and early
pregnancy.
Occupation: Concerning the occupation of the married women in Guina-ang Pasil,
Kalinga, majority of the respondents were house wives which is 40% because their
husband prefer to look for living and the wives will took care of their children while
government employee id 12% and rank 4 which is the respondents did not all
completed their schooling.
Number of Living Children: The distribution of the respondent as to number of
children living is shown in table 1.4. Most of the respondents have 1-3 and 4-6
children so that’s the reason in using contraceptive methods for they have achieved

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the number of children. And only 10% have 7-9 children as they reason out that they
prefer to have the exact number of children and their husband were not able to
understand the mode of contraceptive methods, they also do not attend seminars and
meeting regarding family Planning.
Religion: The distribution of the respondents as to religion is shown in table 1.5.
Majority of the respondents were Roman Catholic because it is the main and it is
where their ancestors were baptized and the lowest rank is Baptist where in only few
were in Guina-ang Pasil.

Level of Knowledge of the respondents Towards Family Planning Methods:

The table shows that the level of knowledge of the respondents towards
Family planning methods in Guina-ang, Pasil is shown that the total average
weighted mean is 4.41 which is extremely aware on the information’s about Family
Planning methods. The highest average weighted mean is 4.9 which is the female
sterilization is one way to avoid pregnancy where in all the respondents were aware
about the 99% effectiveness of Female sterilizations.
The lowest average is 3.7 which is the birth control pills are effective even if a
woman misses taking them for 2 or 3 days in a row which some women were not
aware on using the hormonal pills especially the married women who are leaving in a
far flung area and not updated about the information’s about family planning methods.

Attitudes of the Respondent towards Family Planning Methods:

The Attitudes of the Respondents towards Family Planning Methods most of the
respondents in Guina-ang Pasil, Kalinga. The highest Average weighted mean is 4.92
which is contraceptive should be used to limit number of children, the respondents
have all known that the contraception is the only way to limit the number of children as
they cooperate in using natural family methods while the lowest average weighted
mean is discussion to the discussion about contraception with spouse is
embarrassing because they disagree, their spouses understand and cooperate in
using family planning methods

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Level of Practices of the Respondents towards Family Planning Methods:

The practices of the respondents towards family planning method of Guina-
angPasilKalinga. The highest average weighted mean is always visit the health center
for my family which is 4.6, which is the respondents always practiced to visit the
Barangay Health Station for the checkups of their family planning method use while
the lowest average is Use different types of contraceptives because the respondents
do not change their methods they used when they know that the methods suits their
healthy lifestyle.

Conclusion
In all, the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Modern Family Planning Methods
among married Women in Kalinga, was knowledgeable towards contraceptive
methods. Base on gathered data collected, respondents are aware about Family
Planning Methods existence and they also used some methods. However, most of the
respondents are aware but not knowledgeable enough about some information
regarding family planning methods. Reasons includes: Most of the respondents who
are living in far flung area do not attend seminars and meetings regarding family
planning because they are busy in their field works. According to the respondents in
choosing the methods that they use, hormonal pills are more convenient and easier to
use, no pain, no needles, movements free, unlike the other injectable contraceptives.
But the attitude of the respondents towards family planning methods are not
hundred percent regularly used. Although most of the respondents were using their
preferred method, some of them failed do take it. Needs of more sources,
encouragement and counsel are highly needed to the community people most
especially to all married woman, to give them enough information that they needed
regarding family planning method, to encourage them to use family planning methods
most especially to those who are not ready to bear a child and to prevent unwanted
pregnancy and visit clinics for more information and recommendation.

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Recommendations
On the bases of the findings of the study the following are recommended;
1. Information, dissemination the different family planning methods should be
conducted in the community, like Rural Health Units, Barangay Health
Stations, to give information to those who are not knowledgeable enough
regarding family planning methods.
2. Counseling among teenage mothers regarding family planning methods highly
recommended.
3. The Women with reproductive Age should visit regularly the BHS and RHU’s.
REFERENCES:

Family Planning: a global handbook for providers:2018 revision (2018)

The Population Council, ‘’Declaration on Population: The World Leaders Statement.’’

Studies in Family Planning, No. 26, January, 1968(Accessed 2010-0918)

Philippines National Statistics Office, National Demographic survey, 1993 (May, 1994)
p.4 (Accessed 2010-09-18)

Commission on Population, Republic of the Philippines, About Us. (Accessed 2010-

09-18)

Senate Economic Planning Office Policy Brief, Promoting Reproductive Health: A

Unified Strategy to achieve the MDG’s(July,2009) Accessed 2010-09-17

Herrin, Alejandro. OrtebaJr.,Aniceto. Acejo. Iris. Cuenca, Janet. Del Prado, Fatima. An
evaluation of the Philippine Population Management Program (PPMP). Philippine
Institute for Development Studies Discussion Papers Series No. 3003-
18(December,2003).

Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, Moral Norms for Catholic Hospitals
and Catholics in Health Services (8 December, 1973). Accessed 2010-09-30

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Salisbury.P, NW et.al(2016) Family planning knowledge,attitudes,and practices

R.Prachi, G. Suva das,B. Ankur, J.Shipra, K. (A study of knowledge, attitudes and

practice of family planning among the women of reproductive age group in Sikkim,
February 2008)

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APPENDIX A
LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

July 2020

Dear Respondents,

The undersigned BS Midwifery Students of the College of Health and Natural

Sciences of Kalinga State University are currently conducting a research entitled

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES ON MODERN FAMILY PLANNING

METHODS AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN GUINA-ANG PASIL

KALINGA, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of our subject Midwifery Research

19; Paper Writing and Presentation.

In this regard, may we request your cooperation by answering the

questionnaires honestly, so that the correct data’s will be extracted.

Rest assured that the data or information gathered will be used exclusively for
the study and the same shall be confidentially treated.

Thank you very much and God Bless!

Respectfully Yours,

Balansi, Alpha

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APPENDIX B

LETER TO THE BARANGAY CAPTAIN

Republic of the Philippines
Cordillera Administrative Region
Tabuk City, Kalinga
July 2020

To the Respected Barangay Captain,

The undersigned BS Midwifery Students of the College of Health and Natural

Sciences of Kalinga State University are currently conducting a research entitled

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES ON MODERN FAMILY PLANNING

METHODS AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN GUINA-ANG PASIL

19; Paper Writing and Presentation.

In this regard, may we request your kindness to allow us to conduct our

research particularly to the married women in our Barangay.

Rest assured that the data or information gathered will be used exclusively for

the study and the same shall be confidentially treated.

Thank you very much and God bless!

Respectfully Yours,

Balansi, Alpha

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APPENDIX C

QUESTIONAIRE
PART1. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
NAME: (OPTIONAL)

ADDRESS:

AGE:
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
20-24 ( )
Primary ( )
25-29 ( )
Secondary ( )
30-34 ( )
Tertiary ( )
35-39 ( )
40-44 ( )
RELIGION:
45-49 ( )
R.C ( ) Jehovah’s Witnesses ( )
UCCP ( ) Free Believers ( )
Baptist ( )

OCCUPATION:
HOUSEWIFE ( )

LABOURER/FARMER ( )

GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE ( )

BUSINESS OWNER ( )

OTHERS :please specify:-----------

NUMBER OF CHILDREN LIVING:

1-3 ( )
4-6 ( )
7-9 ( )

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Level of Knowledge of the respondents on Modern Family Planning Methods among

women of Reproductive Age

INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
1.Birth control pills are effective even if a woman
misses taking them for 2 or 3 days in a row.
2.Female sterilization is one way to avoid
pregnancy.
3 .Health education is important for women who
want to use contraception.
4 .Contraceptive pills do not guarantee 100%
protection.
5 .Condoms prevent STIs.
6 .Common side effects of contraceptive pills
include mood swings and weight gain.
7. There is an increased risk of breast cancer in
women taking estrogen containing
contraceptives.
8.Using both condom and pills is considered to
be a very effective contraceptive.

Level of Attitudes of the Respondent towards Family Planning Methods

INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
1.Contraceptive should be used to limit my number of
children.
2. Contraceptives should be used to increase the time
interval between my childbirth.
3.Spacing will allow a child to be healthier.
4.The ideal age of having a first child is 20-30 years
old.
5.The ideal number of children should be between 3-
5.
6.Contraceptive provide a sense of safety.
7.The method of contraception I am using is
adequate.
8.Contraceptives benefits males too.

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9.Discussion about contraception with my husband is

embarrassing.
10. My husband does not approve my use of
contraceptive.

Level of Practices of the Respondents towards Family Planning Methods

INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
1.I always visit the health center for my family.
2.I use contraceptive for unplanned pregnancy.
3.I use contraceptive every time when I do not
intend to get pregnant.
4.I use different types of contraceptives.
5.My current method of contraceptives changes
from time to time.
6.I experience to use Natural Family Planning like
withdrawal, fertility awareness method and
breastfeeding when I do not use Artificial FP.

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APPENDIX D
CURICULUM VITAE

ALPHA M. BALANSI

Birthdate:May 22,1998
Birthplace:Guina-ang Pasil Kalinga
Parents: Elisa B.Balansi
Narciso S. Balansi
Religion: Roman Catholic
Educational Background:
Primary: Pasil Central Elementary School
Secondary: Central Pasil National Highschool
Tertiary: Kalinga State University

“FOR WITH GOD NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE”

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