CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the study

The definition of family planning that I would like to adopt in this study is the conscious effort to

determine the number and spacing of births. It is the right of individuals and couples to "freely

and responsibly" decide the number and spacing of their children and to have the information,

education and means to do so (World Population Conference, 2010). According to Kaseje D.O

(2013), of the six billion people in the world by 2000, 4.9 billion or 81.67% live in developing

nations. That much has not been achieved in the developing countries by way of reduction in

fertility rate has been very obvious because most of their youths are likely to be in their child

bearing age or approaching.

According to the Nigeria Demographic Health Survey (NDHS 2008), the level of fertility rate is

5.7, which means that an average Nigerian will bear approximately six (6) children. The 2006

population census conducted by Nigerian Population Commission, gave a total number of

Nigerians population at One Hundred and Forty Two Million (142 million), with an annual

growth rate figure of 3.1 percent, which means that Nigeria‟s population will double itself in the

next 22 years if not rose to One Hundred and Fifty Two Million (152 million).

The world Health organization (2012) stated that male involvement in family planning helps not

only in accepting a contraceptive but also in its effective use and continuation by their wives. It
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is well documented that men‟s general knowledge and attitude concern the ideal family size,

gender preference of children. Ideally the family planning method used can help ensure

healthiest timing and spacing of pregnancy. In the pass, fertility and family planning programme

had ignored men role in contraception but now, there has been a shift in objective of male

participation and contraceptive use and achieving demographic goal to achieving gender equality

and fulfilling various reproductive responsibilities.

Eze (2013) defined family planning as “a voluntary step taken by individuals to prevent, delay or

achieve pregnancy”. Family planning as a health program is very beneficial and important to

reduce the currently high growing fertility and maternal mortality rate. Many families are

crumbling due to problems of infertility. However, family planning stands as a solution to this

problem.

Adebusola A.S (2009) is of the view that when men are involved in family planning the whole

family and the entire country will benefit. Family planning is an important tool in combating

poverty and living standard of Nigerians. There is a great disparity between knowledge of family

planning techniques and actual usage as 85% and 10% respectively (National Demographic and

Health Survey of Nigeria 2013)

The National Bureau of statistics (NBS2012) stated that “family planning has remained low due

to lack of contraceptic materials and effective campaigns for child spacing in Urban and Rural

Areas”. Spouses influence, economic status, provider availability and reputation, future

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uncertainly and vasectomy knowledge and understand are factors militating acceptance of family

planning by men.

According to Cates W. (2009), “Family planning is essential to achieving all the Millennium

Development goals”. Vasectomy knowledge, only 26% would accept to undergo vasectomy.

Other study faced challenges like translating the question, bias by subject because data was

based on self-report. Some of the studies were not generalized because the sample size was

small.

If this topic remains unstudied, the government will not plan well for Wuro-hausa community,

and the families will continue to suffer, with increasing number of unwanted pregnancies,

abundant children, maternal and child mortality

1.2 Statement of problem

Adequate knowledge and good attitude of Men family planning increases the rate of utilization

by family holders and thereby making family planning services effective and as a result

increasing good health of mothers as well as the entire community‟s.

In the years passed and up till now, knowledge on family planning has been a topic given

through mass media such as Radio stations, television stations, newspapers, magazines and

community mobilization. Despite the effort made to sensitise the general public, only a few of

men who are family holders are found to be interested. However, fingers are always pointed

toward the women concerning any failure in family planning services ((UNESCO, WHO 2010).
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Therefore, the importance of men involvement in family planning can‟t be overemphasized

because of their vital role in the family setup especially in Africa where culture and norms are

the basics of the family. Women who show up for family planning services do it most at times

without the consent of their other spouse and this is because of their disagreement toward the

engagement of the family services into the family (Mbizvo, M. and D. Adamchak 2012)

It is a strategy by family planning facilitators for men to be massively involved in the family‟s

decision to engage family planning into the home but however, this isn‟t obtainable but instead

against it.

Through encounter in conversations and statistical record, the researcher discovered that women

are mostly the ones that utilize family planning services in Wuro Hausa Community of Yola

South Local Government of Adamawa State and the researcher could not really figure out why

men are not so much involved considering even its familial benefit to the family. Therefore, the

above stirred up the interest of the researcher to assess the knowledge and attitude of men toward

family planning and their implication to health in Wuro Hausa Community of Yola South Local

Government of Adamawa State.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1. To assess the knowledge of men on family planning

2. To assess the attitude of men toward family planning

3. To identify the implications of family planning on the health of the community

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1.4 Research question

1. What is the knowledge base of men on family planning?

2. What is the attitude of men toward family planning?

3. What is the implication of family planning on the health of the community?

1.5 Significant of the study

Efficient knowledge and good attitude by men will give the family a size that will not pressurize

their limited resources.

To the women, this will reduce the risk of unsafe abortions, maternal mortality and morbidity.

To the children, there will be low infant mortality, child abuse and they will have proper

education.

To the health care workers example, Nurses and midwives, burden of being over worked with

complicated cases of pregnancies will reduced.

To policy makers, the study findings will help them to ascertain the extend of the knowledge and

attitude men toward family planning and to re-enforce their policies.

To wuro-hausa community, juvenile delinquencies and child abandonment will reduce and there

will be increased number of well behave children in that community.

To the government, it will help them to know the statistic and ensure proper education of men

and provision of appropriate family planning services.

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This research will also serve as source of reference to future researchers who have an interest in

studying the same or related topic.

1.6 Scope/Delimitation

The scope of the study is to find out the knowledge and attitude of men toward family planning

and its implication to health in wuro-hausa community.

1.7 Operational definition of terms

Knowledge: the level of awareness of men on family planning in wuro-hausa community.

Attitude: this is their behavior of men toward family planning in wuro-hausa community.

Men: male age 20 years and above.

Family planning: is when an individual or couple decides to prevent space or decide to become

pregnant.

Health: state of physical, psychological and emotional wellbeing of people of wuro-hausa

community.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

In this chapter, related literature on family planning is reviewed. The purpose of the literature

review is to understand what is currently known about family planning the role of men in family

planning and its implication to health, and all materials that is used is found relevant to the

research problem and the researcher used textbooks, Nursing Journals, Medical Journals and

internet Facilities.

2.1 Conceptual Review

2.1.1 Family planning definitions

Family planning refers to the planning of when to have children, and the use of birth control. It

allows individuals and couples to anticipate and have their desired number of children, and to

achieve healthy spacing and timing of their births. Family planning is achieved through use of

contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility. Other techniques commonly

used include sexuality education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections,

pre-conception counseling and management, and infertility management. The use of birth control

to determine the number of children there will be in a family and when those children are born.

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Some of the definitions given by various social scientists and demographers.

James Allman: The conscious action taken by an individual or couples to regulate the number

and spacing of their children in accordance with their personal preferences.

M. Iqbal Chaudhry: Family Planning does not imply absence of children nor sterilization, but it

is concerned only with low rate of reproduction and nothing un-natural and inhuman.

Nasar M. Shah: Knowledge about methods to prevent or delay pregnancy is essential for

women and to control the number of children

Christopher Tietze: Individuals and couples adopt patterns of birth control in accordance with

their cultural values reinforced by formal or informal social pressure.

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2.1.2 Benefit of family planning

 Saving children's lives: There are strong links between family planning and

improvements in child health and survival. There are two key means by which access to

contraception can positively influence the health and well-being of children.

 Well-being: Promoting family planning and ensuring access to different contraceptive

methods for women and couples is vital to ensuring women's well-being and autonomy,

whilst supporting the health and development of communities.

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  Prevention of HIV and AIDS: Family planning lowers the risk of unintended

pregnancies among women living with HIV, resulting in fewer infected babies and

orphans. Additionally, male and female condoms protect against unintended pregnancies

as well as STIs including HIV.

 Empowering people and enhancing education: Family planning helps people make

informed choices about their sexual and reproductive health. Family planning represents

an opportunity for women for enhanced education and participation in public life,

including paid employment in non-family organizations. Additionally, having smaller

families allows parents to invest more in each child. Children with fewer siblings tend to

stay in school longer than those with many siblings.

 Reducing adolescent pregnancies: Pregnant adolescents are more likely to have preterm

or low birth-weight babies. Babies born to adolescents have higher rates of neonatal

mortality. Many adolescent girls who become pregnant have to leave school. This has

long-term implications for them as individuals, their families and communities.

2.1.2 Various method of contraception

Modern forms include:

Oral contraceptive pills: Combined hormonal contraceptives consist of an estrogen and a

progestogen, and act primarily by preventing ovulation through the inhibition of follicle-

stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The progestogen component also renders the

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cervical mucus relatively impenetrable to sperm and reduces the receptivity of the endometrium

to implantation. These mechanisms render combined hormonal contraceptives very effective in

the prevention of pregnancy. Annual failure rates vary between 0.02% (two per 10 000

women/year) when full adherence to instructions for use is assumed (Ketting, 2010).

A variety of innovations have been developed since combined hormonal contraceptives were

first made available in the late 1950s, but not all of these have proved valuable in practice.

Changes in drug components, doses used and the temporal sequencing of exposure to drugs have

incorporated new technologies and responded to suggested risks. While regional variations in use

are abundant, the dominant trends have been towards less androgenic progestogens, lower doses

of estrogen and progestogen, the near abandonment of hormonal contraceptives with an

estrogen-only phase, a proliferation of different product formulations and the continuing

development of novel delivery systems. In combined hormonal contraception, ethinylestradiol is

the most common estrogen although other are used occasionally. Avariety of progestogens is

available and these differ in their properties with regard to progestogenic and androgenic

characteristics. The estrogen and progestogen contained in combined hormonal contraceptives

are usually given in a monthly cycle, and a variety of regimens ensure that the doses of the two

constituentsproduce menstrual cycling. In general, estrogen and progestogen are taken in

combination for 21 days followed by 7 drug-free days (often placebo tablets) during which time

withdrawal bleeding usually occurs. Other cyclic schedules may be used to reduce or eliminate

menses. A constant combination of estrogen and progestogen doses may be used (monophasic)

or the doses of progestogen and (less often) estrogen may vary in two (biphasic) or three
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(triphasic) phases. While oral administration predominates, combined hormonal contraceptives

can also be administered by injection, a transdermal patch or a trans-vaginal device. Although

the primary indication of these medications is to prevent pregnancy through regular use, they are

also used to regulate menstrual disorders, to treat acne vulgaris or for emergency contraception.

Worldwide, more than 100 million women use combined hormonal contraceptives. While their

use is more common in developed countries, substantial consumption also occurs in the

developing world. Recent trends suggest that overall use has continued to increase slowly in

some regions, while it has remained constant in others. The demographic and social

characteristics of combined hormonal contraception users are known to differ from those of non

users of these drugs.

Fig 1.0 Oral contraceptive pills 21 active (white) and 7 non active (red)

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Implants: The contraceptive implant is hormone-based and highly effective, approved in more

than 60 countries and used by millions of women around the world. The typical implant is a

small flexible tube measuring about 40mm in length and is inserted under the skin (typically in

the upper arm) by a health care professional. After it is inserted it prevents pregnancy by

releasing hormones that prevent ovaries from releasing eggs and thicken cervical mucous. The

two most common versions are the single-rod etonogestrel implant and the two-rod

levonorgestrel implant.

Brands include:

 Norplant and Jadelle (Norplant II)

 Implanon/Nexplanon

 Sino-implant (II), marketed as Zarin, Femplant and Trust

Benefits of the implant include fewer, lighter periods; improved symptoms of premenstrual

syndrome; long-lasting, up to three years; smoker- and breastfeeding-safe; and the convenience

of not needing to remember to use it every day. In some cases, negative side effects do occur, the

most common being irregular bleeding for the first six to 12 months. Less common symptoms

include change in appetite, depression, moodiness, hormonal imbalance, sore breasts, weight

gain, dizziness, pregnancy symptoms, and lethargy.

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 Fig 1.1 Implant (brand) Nexplanon

Combined injectable contraceptives (CICs): Combination injectable contraceptives (CICs)

provide a highly effective, reversible method of preventing pregnancy, and they do not

require daily administration or use at the time of coitus. Although they are used in many

countries, their acceptability could be limited

by method characteristics, such as the need to obtain a monthly injection or bleeding pattern

changes.

Birth control methods that can be injected may contain two hormones, a progestin and an

estrogen. These combined injectable contraceptives (CICs) are effective in preventing pregnancy

and can be stopped when a woman wants to get pregnant. This review looked at CICs for how

well they prevented pregnancy and for the bleeding patterns and other side effects that may

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occur. We also studied whether women stopped using them early and whether women liked

them.

Four types of CICs. The combined methods required monthly injections. Four trials compared a

CIC to 'depo', which has only a progestin. 'Depo' injections should be taken every three months.

Five trials compared a CIC with a different combined injectable. Three trials compared a

combined injectable with a different dose of the same hormones, with a progestin‐only

injectable, or with an intrauterine device (IUD).

More women using combined injectables had normal bleeding than women using progestin‐only

injectables like 'depo.' Also, fewer women using CICs stopped using them because of bleeding

reasons than progestin‐only users. However, users of combined injectables were more likely to

stop using them overall and to stop for other medical reasons. Many factors can affect whether

women keep using the method, including whether the women liked it.

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Fig 1.2 Combined injectable contraceptives (brand) DEPO-PROVERA 150mg/1ml

Patches: A contraceptive patch or The birth control patch is a thin, beige, 1¾-inch (4½-

centimeter) square patch that sticks to the skin. It releases hormones through the skin into the

bloodstream to prevent pregnancy. Hormones are chemical substances that control the

functioning of the body's organs.

The combination of the hormones progesterone and estrogen in the patch prevents ovulation (the

release of an egg from the ovaries during women monthly cycle). If an egg isn't released, a

woman can't get pregnant because there's nothing for a guy's sperm to fertilize.

The hormones in the patch also thicken the mucus produced in the cervix, making it difficult for

sperm to enter and reach any eggs that may have been released. The hormones can also

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sometimes affect the lining of the uterus so that if the egg is fertilized it will have a hard time

attaching to the wall of the uterus.

Like other birth control methods that use hormones, such as the birth control pill or birth control

ring, a girl uses the birth control patch based on her monthly menstrual cycle. She puts on the

patch on the first day of her menstrual cycle or the first Sunday after her menstrual cycle begins.

She will change the patch on her skin once a week for 3 weeks in a row. (The patch should be

applied to one of these four areas: the abdomen, buttocks, upper outer arm, or upper torso —

except for the breasts.) On the fourth week, no patch is worn, and a girl's period should start

during this time.

Ongoing studies suggest the birth control patch is as effective as the birth control pill. That

means that about 9 out of 100 couples will have an unintended pregnancy during the first year of

use. Of course, the chance of getting pregnant depends on whether you use the patch correctly.

Delaying or missing a weekly application or removing a patch too early lowers its effectiveness

and increases the chance a girl will become pregnant.

The birth control patch is a safe and effective method of birth control. Most young women who

use the patch have no side effects. Smoking cigarettes while using the patch can increase a

women risk of certain side effects, which is why health professionals advise women who use the

patch not to smoke.

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The side effects that some women have while using the patch are similar to those experienced

with the birth control pill. These may include:

 irregular menstrual bleeding

 nausea, headaches, dizziness, and breast tenderness

 mood changes

 blood clots (these are rare in women under 35 who do not smoke, but there may be a

higher risk with the patch than with the Pill).

Fig 1.3 Patches and there locations of application

 Vaginal ring: The birth control ring (AKA NuvaRing) is a safe, simple, and affordable

birth control method that you wear inside your vagina. The small, flexible ring prevents

pregnancy by releasing hormones into your body. The ring is really effective if you

always use it the right way. The NuvaRing works by stopping sperm from meeting an egg
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 (which is called fertilization). Like most birth control pills, the ring contains the

hormones estrogen and progestin, which are similar to hormones our bodies make

naturally. You wear the ring inside your vagina, where your vaginal lining absorbs the

hormones. The ring‟s hormones also thicken the mucus that lives on the cervix. Thicker

cervical mucus makes it hard or the sperm to swim to an egg — kind of like a sticky

security guard.

Fig 1.4 Vaginal ring

 Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a barrier method of birth control. It is moderately

effective, with a one-year failure rate of around 12% with typical use. It is placed over the

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cervix with spermicide before sex and left in place for at least six hours after sex. Fitting

by a healthcare provider is generally required.

Side effects are usually very few. Use may increase the risk of bacterial vaginosis and

urinary tract infections. If left in the vagina for more than 24 hours toxic shock syndrome

may occur. While use may decrease the risk of sexually transmitted infections, it is not

very effective at doing so. There are a number of types of diaphragms with different rim

and spring designs. They may be made from latex, silicone, or natural rubber. They work

by blocking access to and holding spermicide near the cervix.

The diaphragm came into use around 1882. It is on the World Health Organization's List

of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.

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Fig 1.5 Diaphragms

 Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs): An IUD is a tiny device that's put into your uterus to

prevent pregnancy. It‟s long-term, reversible, and one of the most effective birth control

methods out there. There are 5 different brands of IUDs, These IUDs are divided into 2

types: copper IUDs (ParaGard) and hormonal IUDs (Mirena, Kyleena, Liletta, and

Skyla). The ParaGard IUD doesn‟t have hormones. It‟s wrapped in a tiny bit of copper,

and it protects you from pregnancy for up to 12 years.

Both copper IUDs and hormonal IUDs prevent pregnancy by changing the way sperm

cells move so they can't get to an egg. If sperm can‟t make it to an egg, pregnancy can‟t

happen. The ParaGard IUD uses copper to prevent pregnancy. Sperm doesn‟t like

copper, so the ParaGard IUD makes it almost impossible for sperm to get to that egg.
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The hormones in the Mirena, Kyleena, Liletta, and Skyla IUDs prevent pregnancy in two

ways:

1. They thicken the mucus that lives on the cervix, which blocks and traps the sperm, and

2. The hormones also sometimes stop eggs from leaving your ovaries (called ovulation),

which means there‟s no egg for a sperm to fertilize. No egg, no pregnancy.

One of the awesome things about IUDs is that they last for years — but they‟re not

permanent. If you decide to get pregnant or you just don‟t want to have your IUD

anymore, your nurse or doctor can quickly and easily take it out. You‟re able to get

pregnant right after the IUD is removed.

Fig 1.6 Intra Uterine Devices

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 Male and female condoms:

(Male Condoms): are small, thin pouches made of latex (rubber), plastic (polyurethane,

nitrile, or polyisoprene) or lambskin, that cover your penis during sex and collect semen

(cum). Condoms stop sperm from getting into the vagina, so sperm can‟t meet up with an

egg and cause pregnancy.

Condoms also prevent STDs by covering the penis, which prevents contact with semen

and vaginal fluids, and limits skin-to-skin contact that can spread sexually transmitted

infections. Lambskin condoms do not protect against STDs. Only latex and plastic

condoms do.

(Female condoms): are an alternative to regular condoms. They provide pretty much the

same great protection from pregnancy and STDs. What‟s different about them? Instead

of going on the penis, female condoms go inside your vagina for pregnancy prevention

or into the vagina or anus for protection from STDs. They‟re sometimes called internal

condoms or referred to by their brand name, FC2 Female Condom

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 Fig 1.7 Male and Female Condom

 Vasectomy: A vasectomy is a simple surgery done by a doctor in an office, hospital, or

clinic. The small tubes in your scrotum that carry sperm are cut or blocked off, so sperm

can‟t leave your body and cause pregnancy. The procedure is very quick, and you can go

home the same day. And it‟s extremely effective at preventing pregnancy, almost 100%.

There are two types of vasectomies: the incision method, and the no-scalpel (no-cut)

method. No-cut methods lower the risk of infection and other complications, and

generally take less time to heal.

Vasectomies are meant to be permanent — so they usually can‟t be reversed. You should

only get a vasectomy if you‟re 100% positive you don‟t want to be able to get someone

pregnant for the rest of your life.

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Vasectomy blocks or cuts each vas deferens tube, keeping sperm out of your semen.

Sperm cells stay in your testicles and are absorbed by your body. Starting about 3

months after a vasectomy, your semen (cum) won‟t contain any sperm, so it can‟t cause

pregnancy. But you‟ll still have the same amount of semen you did before. There just

won‟t be any sperm in it.

Vasectomies don‟t change the way having an orgasm or ejaculating (Cumming) feels.

Your semen (cum) will still look, feel, and taste the same after a vasectomy — it just

won‟t be able to get anybody pregnant.

Fig 1.8 Male reproductive organ showing vas deference cut (vasectomy)

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 Female sterilization: Tubal ligation is a surgical procedure that permanently closes or

blocks your fallopian tubes. Every month, an egg leaves one of your ovaries (called

ovulation). The egg moves through one of your fallopian tubes for a few days, waiting

for sperm to come fertilize it. Pregnancy happens if a sperm cell meets up with one of

your eggs, and the fertilized egg implants in your uterus.

When the fallopian tubes are blocked after a tubal ligation, sperm can't get to an egg and

cause pregnancy. Tubal ligation is sometimes known as sterilization, female sterilization

or “getting your tubes tied.” There are a few different types of sterilization procedures.

You still get your period after tubal ligation — you just can‟t get pregnant.

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 Fig 1.9 Internal female reproductive organ showing fallopian tubes closed or

blocked (Tubal ligation)

2.2 Theoretical frame work

HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL (NOLA J. PENDER)

The Health Promotion Model was designed by Nola J. Pender to be a "complementary

counterpart to models of health protection." It defines health as a positive dynamic state rather

than simply the absence of disease. Health promotion is directed at increasing a patient's level of

knowledge. The health promotion model describes the multidimensional nature of persons as

they interact within their environment to pursue health.

Pender's model focuses on three areas: individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-

specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes. The theory notes that each person has

unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The set of

variables for behavior specific knowledge and affect have important motivational significance.

The variables can be modified through nursing actions. Health promoting behavior is the desired

behavioral outcome, which makes it the end point in the Health Promotion Model. These

behaviors should result in improved health, enhanced functional ability and better quality of life

at all stages of development. The final behavioral demand is also influenced by the immediate

competing demand and preferences, which can derail intended actions for promoting health.

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1. Individuals seek to actively regulate their own behavior.

2. Individual all their bio-psychosocial complexity, interact with the environment, progressively

transforming the environment as well as being transformed over time.

3. Health professionals, such as nurses, constitute a part of the interpersonal environment, which

exerts influence on people through their life span.

4. Self-initiated reconfiguration of the person-environment interactive patterns is essential to

changing behavior.

There are thirteen theoretical statements that come from the model. They provide a basis for

assessment of the knowledge and attitude of men toward family planning and its implication to

their health. The statements are:

1. Prior behavior and inherited and acquired characteristics influence beliefs, affect, and

enactment of health-promoting behavior.

2. Persons commit to engaging in behaviors from which they anticipate deriving personally

valued benefits.

3. Perceived barriers can constrain commitment to action, a mediator of behavior as well as

actual behavior.

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4. Perceived competence or self-efficacy to execute a given behavior increases the

likelihood of commitment to action and actual performance of the behavior. 5.Greater

perceived self-efficacy results in fewer perceived barriers to a specific health behavior.

5. Positive affect toward a behavior results in greater perceived self-efficacy, which can in

turn, result in increased positive affect.

6. When positive emotions or affect are associated with a behavior, the probability of

commitment and action is increased.

7. Persons are more likely to commit to and engage in health-promoting behaviors when

significant others model the behavior, expect the behavior to occur, and provide

assistance and support to enable the behavior.

8. Families, peers, and health care providers are important sources of interpersonal

influence that can increase or decrease commitment to and engagement in health-

promoting behavior.

9. Situational influences in the external environment can increase or decrease commitment

to or participation in health-promoting behavior.

10. The greater the commitments to a specific plan of action, the more likely health-

promoting behaviors are to be maintained over time.

11. Commitment to a plan of action is less likely to result in the desired behavior when

competing demands over which persons have little control require immediate attention.

12. Persons can modify cognitions, affect, and the interpersonal and physical environment to

create incentives for health actions.

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2.3 Empirical Review

2.3.1. Knowledge of family planning

The rate of population in Nigeria is 3.00% which is among the highest in the world,

consequently, there is need to encourage the use of contraceptives in order to reduce the alarming

growth rate. This is particularly important considering the age at first marriage among especially

the Hausa people.

International perspective on sexual and reproductive health 2010, two years after the birth

spacing program was established, the National population committee (NPC) conducted a

qualitative study exploring Jordanian men's and women's attitudes and practices concerning

family planning. Findings from 24 focus-group discussions held throughout the country revealed

that respondents typically defined family planning as "a deliberate decision to limit all future

births." Most said that economic considerations were the main reason that they used (or intended

to use) family planning, although some cited the ability to provide a good quality of life for their

children as the most pressing reason for wanting to limit their family size.

In a study by the Jordanian National Population Commission JNPC 2010 on Final Report on

Family Planning Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in Jordan revealed that, 98% of respondents

said they had heard about the concept of birth spacing. However, only 40% correctly defined it

as "planning for pregnancies"; 42% mistakenly thought it means "delivering a smaller number of

children," and 10% said that it means "using contraceptives to prevent pregnancy."

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Similar research by Jordanian National Population Commission JNPC 2011 showed that 69% of

respondents were aware of the presence of some male contraceptives on the market, 60%

opposed the marketing of male methods. Some 70% did not know of any source of information

about male contraceptives; 35% stated that media and information programs should be available,

including 26% who called for a special television program addressing issues related to male

contraceptives.

When asked about their knowledge and readiness to use male contraceptives, in a study on

Family planning and women's lives, 28% of the respondents voiced their awareness and

willingness to do so. While 33% said they would use a method if their wives were unable for

medical reasons to use any female contraceptives, 60% said they would not use a method in such

circumstances, and 15% said that they did not know what they would do (Family Health

International (FHI), 2012).

Many works have been done worldwide on men‟s participation in family planning, but there is a

dearth of researches on similar issues in Nigeria, especially when it comes to people of

traditional background and the rural communities. According to Demographic Health Survey

data from 15 countries most in Africa, it was observed that more men are more likely than

women in the same country to report knowledge and use of contraception or if not, using, that

they intend to use it (USAID, 1996). It was also indicated that most family planning methods and

program efforts are focused on women and men often feel uncomfortable and unwelcome in

family planning clinics that are oriented to women. Increasingly however, programs are focusing
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more on men and addressing their interests and needs. This will encourage women‟s use of

contraception, and improved continuation rates among men.

Knowledge of contraceptives among the respondents is generally high with 63.6 percent of the

respondents indicating knowing at least one method. Knowledge of family planning methods is

associated with place of residence, age and education.

2.3.2. Attitude

Men‟s perception, knowledge and attitude are very important in family planning issue. Men‟s

attitudes towards family planning influence their partner‟s attitudes and eventual adoption of

contraceptive method. Present study has addressed men‟s attitudes towards the use and choice of

contraception by women in India.

The National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS-3) data has been used. Findings show, 22% men in

India think contraception is women's business, and men should not have to worry about it. 16%

men believe, by using contraception, women may become promiscuous. According to 49% men,

a lactating woman, can‟t become pregnant, 66% men accept that male condom, if used correctly

in most of the time, can protect unwanted pregnancy.

Men at present continue to determine familial fertility and contraceptive decisions.

Consequently, at least for the time period relevant for current policy planning purposes, the

willingness of husbands to adopt or allow their spouses to use family planning practices will

determine the pace of fertility reduction in Nigeria. The results revealed that there is high
32
knowledge of contraceptives, a generally negative attitude towards limiting family size for

economic reasons, and consequently low rates of contraceptive use.

In this case, the attitudes of people toward family planning and contraception will influence

adoption of family planning methods. The attitudes of an individual may be influenced by a

number of factors such as education, age, income, influence of other individuals around him, etc.

Typically favorable attitudes to family planning methods will translate into use and can be

expected to affect fertility. This makes the attitudes of males significant since most decisions to

use contraceptives are influenced by men, particularly in sub-Saharan patrilineal societies like

the Hausa. 7, 8, 9 the inclusion of men in Zimbabwe 2013, has affected the success of the family

planning programme. This is because there are many women who desire to use family planning

but could not do so because of unfavourable attitudes of their spouses.

Khalifa 2012, study on Attitude of Urban Sudanese Men toward Family planning revealed that

because the husband pays dowry in marriage to the bride's family as a compensation for the loss

of her services and expenses of upbringing. In return, she is expected to contribute to the

husband's family in terms of labor and bearing of children. For this reason, a woman cannot

cease child bearing voluntarily because it will be seen as failure of the wife to fulfill her

obligation.

Consequently, there is a general negative attitude towards use of family planning. Negative

attitude results from low literacy level 5 and prevailing religious, political and cultural beliefs of

33
the people. Inaccessibility of the services, especially in rural areas, may be a limiting factor,

while the apparent benefits parents derive from their children do not support fertility control.

Consequently, there is a desire for large family resulting from positive values attached to family

life, marriage and procreation (Kritz, 2011).

Consequently, there is a desire for large family resulting from positive values attached to family

life, marriage and procreation. The desire for a large family is deeply entrenched in the

fundamental belief that children are a gift from God, which makes people desire as many

children as God grants. This belief is buttressed in the dominant religions in the country, Islam

and Christianity. (Davis, 2014).

All the ethnic groups abhor barrenness, while women with many children among some ethnic

groups are honored. For instance among the Igbos "Ewu-Ukwu" is a ceremony for mothers of ten

or more children. Women who attain this position of distinction enjoy some privileges with high

esteem. 22 In addition; the perception of family planning by people in northern Nigeria is

remarkably influenced by the religion of the people, which is deeply rooted in their culture and

tradition.

The attitudinal disposition of the respondents towards family planning methods is generally

unfavorable, with 55 percent of the respondents having unfavorable attitude and 35.7 percent

having favorable attitude. This is possibly related to the cultural and religious beliefs of the

people which discourage the practice unless on medical grounds.

34
Implication

The issue of family planning all over the world has attracted attention due to it important in

decision making about population growth and development issues. Uncontrolled birth is a major

contributing factor of an increase in the world‟s population, particularly in Nigeria.

There are so many problems that have been found to result from poor family planning method.

Some of these problems include: Over population, criminal abortion, child dumping, increased

child morbidity and mortality, as well as increases material morbidity and mortality rates. Over

population as one of the consequences of poor family planning has succeeded in causing a lot of

harm to individuals, families, society and the nation at large.

Maternal mortality and child mortality have been found to occur due to poor family planning

practice, according to the statement of the WHO (World Health Organization) and United Nation

Education, Scientific Children‟s Organization (UNESCO) in 2010) that over three million

children and two hundred thousand women die each year and also women‟s health and action

research (2014) had showed rates of child and maternal mortality and morbidity rate in the world

due to poor altitude towards Ante-natal care in which family planning is one of the objectives.

An analysis of fertility trends in 23 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa from 1980 to 1995 showed

that in two-thirds of the countries there was evidence of fertility decline, with a particularly rapid

decline in Kenya and Zimbabwe. Furthermore 2010 statistics show the African total fertility rate

to be standing at 4.7. These rates reflect contraceptive prevalence of these specific regions.

35
Generally in all world regions, contraceptive use corresponds with fertility patterns. In regions

where contraceptive use is widespread, fertility is low but in regions where contraceptive use is

uncommon, fertility is high in some countries, however, unmet need remains persistently high

(more than one-fifth of married women) or is increasing, indicating that greater efforts are

needed to understand and address the causes of unmet need. Empirical findings have shown that

couples are having more children than they want due to unavailability of family planning

services to enable them prevent unwanted pregnancies. In this regard Africa is a good point of

reference. (International Development. 2009) Currently, approximately 24.8 percent of African

women have an unmet need for family planning; this simply means 24.8 million women of

reproductive age who prefer to avoid or postpone childbearing are not using any method of

contraception (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2011). Net

increases in unmet need were noted in a few countries, particularly Chad and Uganda, indicating

rising demand for family planning that is not being met in these countries.

2.3.3 Implication of Family Planning

A descriptive study was carried out by the Family Planning Center and Gynecology Clinics of

Obstetrics and Gynecology and Children‟s Hospital 2014 to determine the effects of

contraceptive methods on the sex lives of women. The family planning methods used by women

of reproductive age can have negative or positive influences on the sex lives of couples. Couples

should be aware of the effects of the family planning method they use on their sex lives to be

able to improve the quality. The study was conducted at the sampling comprised of 366 women

36
who had applied to these centers. Data collection forms generated based on the literature and the

Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) was used as data collection tools. The average ASEX

scores were similar for women using the withdrawal method as a traditional method (:13.75),

RIA as a modern method (:13.93), condoms (:13.30), and oral contraceptives (:13.37), were

found to be similar (p>0.05). Since the average scores of ASEX were higher than 11, problems

in sexual life were determined at high levels. The difference between ASEX average scores and

duration of family planning, problems due to the method, duration of marriage, number of

pregnancies and living infants, frequency of sexual intercourse, communication between

partners, and self-declared sexual perception; was statistically significant (p<0.05). The study

found higher than normal average ASEX scores and we therefore suggest counseling services,

provided by healthcare staff, on sexual health and family planning that include information on

family planning methods and their effects on sex life.

37
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Methodology

This chapter includes the research methodology to determine the knowledge and attitude of men

regarding family planning and it implication to health in Wuro-Hausa community. The research

design, population and sampling procedures, data collection and data analysis methods are also

discussed.

3.1 Research design

The researcher used a descriptive research design as it allows the researcher to study his

variables the way they are without control or manipulation.

3.2 Study setting

The research was carried out in Yola South; Yola is the capital of Adamawa state which is within

the northern Eastern region of Nigeria. It has such physical features as rivers, hills and plains

with characteristic forest found in various part of the vicinity of Yola. Yola has a long standing

history, the name was derived from “fulfulde‟‟ word “Yolde” meaning a “knoll” that is small

hill, it was founded in 1814 by Modibo Adama.

Wuro Hausa ward of Yola South was used for the study. Wuro-Hausa ward covers an area of

about 68 square kilometers, has latitude of 50 meters and is located on 120ᵒ East. The economic

38
resources in Wuro Hausa ward are centered on agriculture, fishing, cattle rearing and trading.

The main tribes in Wuro Hausa are Fulani, Hausa, Chamba and Verre.

Wuro-Hausa ward has a tropical climate marked by dry and raining season. Raining commences

in April and ends late October while dry season starts in November and ends in April. It has

March and April as the hottest months and the coldest months are November and December.

There are three main religions that are practiced by the people, Christianity, Islam and Tradition.

The main languages spoken by the people are Fulfulde, Hausa and English.

The researcher was opportune to stay in the community for some period of time and observed

that in every family they have more than seven to eight children despite the low economic status

of most of the parent which brought about increase morbidity and malnutrition rates.

3.3 Target population

The researcher used all married men in wuro-hausa community as the target population which is

to a total of 300.

3.4 Sample size

The researcher used the Taro Yomane‟s formula to obtain his sample from the target population

as shown below:

n= ( )

39
Where

N = Population (300men)

N = Size

e2 = Significance level of 0.52

n= ( )

n= ( )

n=

n=

n = 171

Since the sample size is greater than 50 % of the target population, Finite Correction formula
was used to further reduce the sample size as shown below

na =

na =

na =

40
na =

na =

na =109

3.5 Sampling technique

The researcher used simple random sampling technique, this method of sampling enable the

study population to have an equal and independent chance of appearing in the study sample.

3.6 Instrument for data collection

The researcher used a self-developed questionnaire with closed ended questions to collect data

for the study, and it was structured under the following sections:

Section A: Demographic data

Section B: Knowledge of family planning

Section C: Attitude of men toward family planning

Section D: Implication of family planning on communities health

41
3.7 Validity of instrument

The instrument was validated by the research supervisor and other experts in the field to ensure

that all unnecessary questions are excluded and the questionnaire well structured.

3.8 Reliability

The reliability of the instrument was tested using a pilot test which was conducted in Sabon Pegi

Yolde pate II community, the researcher observed that these community have common

characteristics with Wuro Hausa community which also shows an increased family size more

than seven to eight children despite the low economic status of most of the parent which brought

about increase morbidity and malnutrition rates.

3.9 Method of data collection

The researcher administered the questionnaire together with a research assistant who was trained.

The questionnaire after being filled was collected back and analyzed.

3.10 Method of Data Analysis

The data collected was analyzed using simple percentages and the result was presented using a

bar chart.

42
3.11 Ethical Consideration

A letter of introduction was obtained from the academic secretary of the college by the

researcher to the ward head for permission to conduct the study.

Informed consent of the respondent was ensured by explaining every detail the respondent need

to know as to give their personal consent.

Confidentiality of all information given by the research participants was ensured by the

researcher.

Anonymity was ensured to avoid tracing the respondent after the research.

43
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with data analysis and presentation of tables. One hundred and nine (109)

questionnaires were administered to the respondents and one hundred and seven of the

questionnaires were retrieved which represent 98% retrieval. The data obtained are represented

below.

SECTION A: Demographical data

S/N ITEM
1 AGE 18-28 29-39 40-50 51-61
24 45 24 14
22.43% 42.06% 22.43%
13.08%
2 Level of Education Primary Secondary Tertiary Non
10 19 51 26
9.35% 17.76% 47.66 24.29%
3 Occupation Farmer Business Civil servant Unemployed
26 44 26 11
24.29% 41.12% 24.29% 10.28%
4 Religion Christianity Islam
32 75
29.90% 70.09%
5 Marital Status Married Single Widower Divorced
71 26 4 6
66.35% 24.29% 3.74% 5.60%

TABLE 4.1: Demographical data

44
 figure 1

50.00%
42.06%
40.00%

30.00% 22.43%
22.43%
20.00%
13.08%
10.00%
0.00%

18-28 29-39 40-50 51-61

Figure 1. Age of the respondent

figure 2

50.00% 47.66%

40.00%

30.00%
17.76% 24.29%
20.00% 9.35%
10.00%
0.00%

Primary Secondary Tertiary Non

Figure 2. Level of Education

45
 figure 3

50.00%
41.12%
40.00%

30.00% 24.29%
24.29%
20.00%
10.00% 10.28%

0.00%

Farmer Business Civil servant Unemployed

Figure 3. Occupation of the respondent

figure 4

80.00% 70.09%

60.00%
29.90%
40.00%

20.00%

0.00%

Religion Islam

Figure 4. Religion of the respondent

46
 figure 5

80.00% 66.35%

60.00%

40.00%
24.29%
20.00%
3.74% 5.60%
0.00%

Married Single Widower Divoced

Figure 5. Marital Status of the respondent

Figure 1. Above shows that 24(22.43%) of the respondent were age 18-28yrs, 45(42.06%) of

them were age 29-39yrs, 24(22.43%) of the respondent were age 40-50yrs and 14(13.08%) were

of age 51-61.

Figure 2. Shows that 10(9.35%) of the respondents attained primary education, 19(17.76%) of

the respondents attained Secondary education, 51(47.66%) of the respondent attained Tertiary

education and 26(24.29%) of the respondents did not attained school.

Figure 3. From the table above shows that 26(24.29%) of the respondents are farmers,

44(41.12%) of the respondents are Business men, 26(24.29%) of the respondents are Civil

servant and 11(10.28%) of the respondents are unemployed.

47
Figure 4. Above shows that 32(29.90%) of the respondent are Christian and 75(70.09%) of the

respondent are Muslim.

Figure 5. Above shows that 71(66.35%) of the respondents were married, 26(24.29%) of the

respondents were single, 4(3.74%) of the respondents were Widowers and 6(5.60%) were

Divorced.

SECTION B: Knowledge of men towards family Planning.

ITEM SA A UN D SD

6 Family planning is a deliberate decision 49 51 3 0 4

to limit all future birth
45.79% 47.66% 2.80% 0.00% 3.74%

7 Family planning is the foundation for 50 44 20 2 1

healthy family
46.73% 41.12% 18.69% 1.86% 0.93%

8 Male contraceptives are being 31 29 24 15 8

advertised on bill board, in television
28.97% 27.10% 22.43% 14.02% 7.48%
(mass media) in your community.
9 There is confortable family planning 35 30 6 21 15
facility for men in your community
32.7% 28.04% 5.61% 19.63% 14.02%

10 When men have knowledge about 57 33 10 2 5

family planning it will encourage the
53.27% 30.84% 9.35% 1.86% 4.67%
utilization of family planning services

48
 by their wives and improve continuity
rate among men.
TABLE 4.2: Knowledge of men towards family Planning.

FIGURE 6
60.00%

50.00% 47.66%
45.79%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%
2.80% 3.74%
0.00%
0.00%
Family planning is a delibrate decision to limit all future birth
SA A UN D SD

49
 FIGURE 7
50.00% 46.73%
45.00% 41.12%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
18.69%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00% 1.86% 0.93%
0.00%
family plannang is the foundation for healthy family
SA A UN D SD

FIGURE 8
35.00%
28.97%
30.00% 27.10%
25.00% 22.43%
20.00%
14.02%
15.00%
10.00% 7.48%
5.00%
0.00%
male contraceptives are being advertised on bill board, in television(mass media) in your
community

SA A UN D SD

50
 FIGURE 9
35.00% 32.70%

30.00% 28.04%

25.00%
19.63%
20.00%

14.02%
15.00%

10.00%
5.61%
5.00%

0.00%
there is confortable family planning facility for men in your community
SA A UN D SD

FIGURE 10
60.00%
53.27%
50.00%

40.00%
30.84%
30.00%

20.00%
9.35%
10.00% 4.67%
1.86%
0.00%
when men have knowledge about family planning it will encourage utilization of family
planning services by their wives and improve continuity rate among men.
SA A UN D SD

51
Section B: Knowledge of men towards family Planning

The above table shows data obtained from assessment of respondents Knowledge of men

towards family Planning.

Figure 6: shows that 49(45.79%) and 51(47.66%%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree

respectively that Family planning is a deliberate decision to limit all future birth while 3(2.80%)

are undecided, 0(0.00%) and 4(3.74%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree

respectively that Family planning is a deliberate decision to limit all future birth.

Figure 7: revealed that 50(46.73%) and 44(41.12%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree

respectively that Family planning is the foundation for healthy family while 20(18.69%) are

undecided, 1(18.69%) and 1(0.93%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree

respectively that Family planning is the foundation for healthy family.

Figure 8: shows that 31(28.97%) and 29(27.10%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree
respectively that Male contraceptives are being advertised on bill board, in television (mass
media) in their community. while 24(22.43%) are undecided, 15(14.02%) and 8(7.48%) of the
respondents disagree and strongly disagree respectively that Male contraceptives are being
advertised on bill board, in television (mass media) in their community.

Figure 9: shows that 35(32.71%) and 30(28.04%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree
respectively that there is confortable family planning facility for men in their community while
6(5.61%) are undecided, 21(19.63%) and 15(14.02%) of the respondents disagree and strongly
disagree respectively that there is confortable family planning facility for men in their
community.

52
Figure 10: it shows that 57(53.27%) and 33(30.84%) of the respondents strongly agree and

agree respectively that when men have knowledge about family planning it will encourage the

utilization of family planning services by their wives and improve continuity rate among men

while 10(9.35%) are undecided, 2(1.86%) and 5(4.67%) of the respondents disagree and strongly

disagree respectively that when men have knowledge about family planning it will encourage the

utilization of family planning services by their wives and improve continuity rate among men.

SECTION C: Attitude of men toward Family planning.

ITEM SA A UD D SD

11 Contraception is women business and 33 31 13 12 18

men should not have to worry about it.
30.84% 28.97% 12.15% 11.21% 16.82%

12 When women use contraception they may 30 44 15 10 8

become promiscuous
28.04% 41.12% 14.02% 9.34% 7.47%

13 Lack of access to family planning service 46 47 12 2 0

is one of the reason for non-utilization of
42.99% 43.92% 11.21% 1.86% 0.00%
the services.
14 Literacy, Religious, Political and Cultural 53 42 6 4 2
belief of people results to negative
49.53% 39.25% 5.61% 3.74% 1.86%
attitude towards family planning.
15 The love of large family and children as 54 42 4 5 2

53
 God grants results to non-compliance to 50.46% 39.25% 3.74% 4.67% 1.86%
family planning.
Table 4.3: Attitude of men toward Family planning.

FIGURE 11
35.00%
30.84%
28.97%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00% 16.82%
15.00% 12.15% 11.21%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
contraception is women business and men should not have have to worry about it.

SA A UN D SD

FIGURE 12
35.00%
30.84%
28.97%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00% 16.82%
15.00% 12.15% 11.21%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
contraception is women business and men should not have have to worry about it.

SA A UN D SD

54
 FIGURE 13
50.00%
42.99% 43.92%
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00% 11.21%
10.00%
5.00% 1.86%
0.00%
0.00%
lack of access to family planning services is one of the reason for non-utilization of the
services.
SA A UN D SD

FIGURE 14
60.00%
49.53%
50.00%
39.25%
40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00% 5.61%
3.74%
1.86%
0.00%
literacy, religious, political, and cultural belief of people results to negative attitude towards
family planning.
SA A UN D SD

55
 FIGURE 15
60.00%
50.46%
50.00%

39.25%
40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00% 4.67%
3.74%
1.86%
0.00%
the love of large family and children as God grants results to non-compliance to family
planning
SA A UN D SD

SECTION C: Attitude of men toward Family planning.

Figure 11: shows that 33(30.84%) and 31(28.97%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree

respectively that Contraception is women business and men should not have to worry about it

while 13(12.15%) are undecided, 12(11.21%) and 18(16.82%) of the respondents disagree and

strongly disagree respectively that Contraception is women business and men should not have to

worry about it.

Figure 12: shows that 30(28.04%) and 44(41.12%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree

respectively when women use contraception they may become promiscuous while 15(14.02%)

56
are undecided, 10(9.34%) and 8(7.47%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree

respectively that when women use contraception they may become promiscuous.

Figure 13: shows that 46(42.99%) and 47(43.92%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree

respectively that Lack of access to family planning service is one of the reason for non-

utilization of the services while 12(11.21%) are undecided, 2(1.86%) and 0(0.00%) of the

respondents disagree and strongly disagree respectively that Lack of access to family planning

service is one of the reason for non-utilization of the services.

Figure 14: shows that 53(49.53%) and 42(39.25%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree

respectively that Literacy, Religious, Political and Cultural belief of people results to negative

attitude towards family planning while 6(5.61%) are undecided, 4(3.74%) and 2(1.86%) of the

respondents disagree and strongly disagree respectively Literacy, Religious, Political and

Cultural belief of people results to negative attitude towards family planning.

Figure 15: shows that 54(50.46%) and 42(39.25%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree

respectively that the love of large family and children as God grants results to non-compliance to

family planning while 4(3.74%) are undecided, 5(4.67%) and 2(1.86%) of the respondents

disagree and strongly disagree respectively that The love of large family and children as God

grants results to non-compliance to family planning.

57
 SECTION D: Implication of family planning on the health of the community.

ITEM SA A UD D SD

16 Family planning helps in decreasing 12 26 12 39 18

transmission of HIV infection
11.21% 24.29% 11.21% 36.45% 16.82%

17 Family planning helps in improving 43 53 7 2 2

infants health
40.19% 49.53% 6.54% 1.86% 1.86%

18 Hunger and Poverty risk can be 33 36 27 4 7

reduced through utilization of family
30.84% 33.64% 25.23% 3.74% 6.54%
planning.
19 Poor family planning practices result in 35 43 10 15 4
increased rate of unintended pregnancy.
32.71% 40.19% 9.35% 14.02% 3.74%

20 Family planning minimizes the 45 45 9 3 5

incidence of child dumping.
42.05% 42.05% 8.41% 2.80% 4.67%

TABLE 4.4: Consequences associated with sexual activity among adolescent

58
 FIGURE 16
40.00%
36.45%
35.00%

30.00%
24.29%
25.00%

20.00% 16.82%
15.00%
11.21% 11.21%
10.00%

5.00%

0.00%
family planning helps in decreasing transmission of HIV infection.
SA A UN D SD

FIGURE 17
60.00%

49.53%
50.00%
40.19%
40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00% 6.54%
1.86% 1.86%
0.00%
family planning helps in improving infants health.
SA A UN D SD

59
 FIGURE 18
40.00%

35.00% 33.64%
30.84%
30.00%
25.23%
25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%
6.54%
5.00% 3.74%

0.00%
hunger and poverty risk can be reduced through utilization of family planning.
SA A UN D SD

FIGURE 19
45.00%
40.19%
40.00%

35.00% 32.71%

30.00%

25.00%

20.00%
14.02%
15.00%
9.35%
10.00%
3.74%
5.00%

0.00%
poor family planning practices result in increased rate of unintended pregnancy.
SA A UN D SD

60
 FIGURE 20
45.00% 42.05% 42.05%
40.00%

35.00%

30.00%

25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00% 8.41%
4.67%
5.00% 2.80%

0.00%
family planning minimizes the incidence of child dumping.
SA A UN D SD

SECTION D: Implication of family planning on the health of the community

Figure 16: above shows that 12(11.21%) and 26(24.29%) of the respondents strongly agree and

agree respectively that Family planning helps in decreasing transmission of HIV infection while

12(11.21%) are undecided, 39(36.45%) and 18(16.82%) of the respondents disagree and strongly

disagree respectively that Family planning helps in decreasing transmission of HIV infection.

Figure 17: shows that 43(40.19%) and 53(49.53%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree

respectively that Family planning helps in improving infants health while 7(6.54%) are

undecided, 2(1.86%) and 2(1.86%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree

respectively that Family planning helps in improving infants health.

61
Figure 18: also shows that 33(30.84%) and 36(33.64%) of the respondents strongly agree and

agree respectively that hunger and Poverty risk can be reduced through utilization of family

planning while 27(25.23%) are undecided, 4(3.74%) and 7(6.54%) of the respondents disagree

and strongly disagree respectively that Hunger and Poverty risk can be reduced through

utilization of family planning.

Figure 19: shows that 35(32.71%) and 43(40.19%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree

respectively that Poor family planning practices result in increased rate of unintended pregnancy

while 10(9.35%) are undecided, 15(14.02%) and 4(3.74%) of the respondents disagree and

strongly disagree respectively that Poor family planning practices result in increased rate of

unintended pregnancy.

Figure 20: shows that 45(42.05%) and 45(42.05%) of the respondents strongly agree and agree

respectively that Family planning minimizes the incidence of child dumping while 9(8.41%) are

undecided, 3(2.80%) and 5(4.67%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree

respectively that Family planning minimizes the incidence of child dumping.

62
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter dealt with the discussion of findings, relationship with other studies/literature

review, Implication for Nursing, summary, conclusion and recommendations.

5.1 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

Research Objective 1

Based on the research findings, the researcher found out that 47.66% of the respondents agreed

that Family planning is a deliberate decision to limit all future birth this finding is in line with a

study conducted by International perspective on sexual and reproductive health 2010, who

revealed that respondents typically defined family planning as "a deliberate decision to limit all

future births." Most said that economic considerations were the main reason that they used (or

intended to use) family planning, although some cited the ability to provide a good quality of life

for their children as the most pressing reason for wanting to limit their family size.

The researcher also found out that 53.27% of the respondents strongly agreed that when men

have knowledge about family planning it will encourage the utilization of family planning

services by their wives and improve continuity rate among men this finding furthermore goes in

agreement with a survey study by Demographic Health Survey data from 15 countries most in

Africa, it was observed that more men are more likely than women in the same country to report

knowledge and use of contraception or if not, using, that they intend to use it (USAID, 1996). It
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was also indicated that most family planning methods and program efforts are focused on women

and men often feel uncomfortable and unwelcome in family planning clinics that are oriented to

women. Increasingly however, programs are focusing more on men and addressing their interests

and needs. This will encourage women‟s use of contraception, and improved continuation rates

among men.

Research Objective 2

Based on the research findings, the researcher found out that 49.53% of the respondents strongly

agree that Literacy, Religious, Political and Cultural belief of people results to negative attitude

towards family planning this finding is in line with Kritz, 2011, study who stated that, there is a

general negative attitude towards use of family planning. Negative attitude results from low

literacy level 5 and prevailing religious, political and cultural beliefs of the people.

The researcher further found out that 50.46% of the respondents strongly agreed that the love of

large family and children as God grants results to non-compliance to family planning the finding

is in line with Davis, 2014 finding who further stated that Consequently, there is a desire for

large family resulting from positive values attached to family life, marriage and procreation. The

desire for a large family is deeply entrenched in the fundamental belief that children are a gift

from God, which makes people desire as many children as God grants. This belief is buttressed

in the dominant religions in the country, Islam and Christianity.

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Research Objective 3

Based on the research findings, the researcher found out that 33.64% of the respondents agreed

that hunger and Poverty risk can be reduced through utilization of family planning the finding

agrees with Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2011, where it

was stated that Net increases in unmet need were noted in a few countries, particularly Chad and

Uganda, indicating rising demand for family planning that is not being met in these countries.

The researcher also found out that 40.19% of the respondents agreed that Poor family planning

practices result in increased rate of unintended pregnancy this finding in line with International

Development. 2009 study on implication of family planning (FP) where Empirical findings have

shown that couples are having more children than they want due to unavailability of family

planning services to enable them prevent unwanted pregnancies, in this regard Africa is a good

point of reference.

5.2 Implication for Nursing

If men are more aware of the available methods of family planning and are willing to utilize it, it

will increase the utilization by their women and also allow their partner practice family planning

by so doing, they will have the family size they can manage with less health problems and

minimal spending‟s,. Therefore nursing should embark on awareness creation and also advocate

for more focus on the reproductive health of men, also men (nurses) should be encourage to go

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for specialty in family planning programs which will in turn encourage men to attend family

planning units thereby broaden men‟s awareness and utilization of family planning.

5.3 Limitation of the Study

The study was focused mainly in Wuro Hausa Community of Yola South L.G.A, and was limited

to the knowledge and attitude of men toward family planning and its implication to health

financial constraint, not having enough time to conduct the study, research expertise in research

is limited.

5.4 Summary

The study was carried out on the knowledge and attitude of men toward family planning and its

implication to health in Wuro Hausa Community Yola South.

A general introduction of the study was made in the chapter one, statement of the problem,

research objectives, significance of the study and research questions were also highlighted.

Literatures relevant to the study were reviewed consisting of its conceptual, theoretical and

empirical reviews.

Simple random sampling technique was used to collect data from 109 respondents through the

use of a questionnaire, were 107 was retrieved and the findings were then analyzed using

frequencies, percentages and bar chart illustrating the result.

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The research shows that most of the men have average knowledge about family knowledge

which shows in item 6 were 49(45.79%) and 51(47.66%) strongly agreed and agreed and also in

item 7 were 50(46.73%) and 44(41.12%) strongly agreed and agreed. The study also revealed

that men still see family planning as women affairs despite the average level of knowledge about

family planning; this will prevent the utilization family planning services among men.

5.5 Conclusion

This study has identified particular demographic, socio-cultural and socio-economic factors that

work against family planning approval and use. These include desire for large family sizes (4-5

children, 6+ and any number), religious believe, and lack of knowledge on contraceptives. It is

important, therefore that these factors be adequately and appropriately addressed when designing

or improving family planning programmes.

5.6 Recommendation

 The study has shown that exposure to mass media, specifically listening to radio, reading

newspaper and to some extent watching television have positive influence on men's

knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning. Since radio and newspapers are

relatively affordable and reach a wider audience in both rural and urban areas, they

remain the best media through which the family planning programme can relay family

planning information and other population policies. This study therefore recommends the

continued and/or increased use of radio and newspapers as a channel for disseminating

family planning information.

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  It was also found that education up to completed primary level was adequate to influence

men's knowledge and attitude. This would be further enhanced by introducing family

planning education as part of the home science subject in the primary education

curriculum.

 Large preferred family size was a major barrier to family planning approval. The family

planning programme should come up with special initiatives aimed at changing men's

preferred family size, which is still high (well over 4 children) to enable men internalize

the small family norm. There is need for the family planning programme to promote the

concept of family size limitation, rather than to promote family planning solely for birth

spacing purposes since this practice has been found to dampen the effect of family

planning on overall fertility.

5.7 Suggestion for Further Studies

There is need for further study on the assessment of knowledge of various method of

contraception for men and the level of utilization of family planning services by Men.

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