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Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques > Ultrasonic Testing > References and Standards

References and Standards

What are standards?
Standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria
to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, in order to ensure that
materials, products, processes, and services are fit for their purpose.

For example, the format of the credit cards, phone cards, and "smart" cards that have become
commonplace is derived from an ISO International Standard
Standard - A reference object used as a basis for comparison or calibration. - A concept
established by authority, custom or agreement to serve as a model or rule in the measurement of
quantity or the establishment of a practice or procedure.
. Adhering to the standard
Standard - A reference object used as a basis for comparison or calibration. - A concept
established by authority, custom or agreement to serve as a model or rule in the measurement of
quantity or the establishment of a practice or procedure.
, which defines such features as an optimal thickness (0.76 mm), means that the cards can be used
worldwide.

An important source of practice codes, standards, and recommendations for NDT

NDT- Acronym for Nondestructive Testing.
is given in the Annual Book of the American Society of Testing and Materials, ASTM.  Volume
03.03, Nondestructive Testing
Nondestructive Testing (NDT) - Testing to detect defects in materials using techniques that
do not damage or destroy the items being tested.
is revised annually, covering acoustic emission, eddy current
Eddy Current - Circular induced currents that are generated by an alternating current in the
nearby coil.
, leak testing
Leak Testing (LT) - Techniques are used to detect and locate leaks in pressure containment parts,

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pressure vessels, and structures.

, liquid penetrants, magnetic particle, radiography
Radiography - The process of making a radiograph
, thermography, and ultrasonics.

There are many efforts on the part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
and other standards organizations, both national and international, to work through technical
issues and harmonize national and international standards.

Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques > Ultrasonic Testing > Ultrasonic Inspection Formulas

Ultrasonic Inspection Formulas

• Wave Velocity
◦ Longitudinal Wave Velocity
◦ Shear Wave Velocity
• Wavelength
• Refraction (Snell's Law)
• Acoustic Impedance
• Reflection Coefficient
• Near Field
• Beam Spread Half-Angle
• Decibel (dB) Gain and Loss

Wave Velocity
Longitudinal
Longitudinal - Lengthwise, or in an axial direction.
Wave Velocity
Velocity - Distance traveled per unit time.
:

�(1 − �)
�� = �
�(1 + �)(1 − 2�)

Where:

VL = Longitudinal
Longitudinal - Lengthwise, or in an axial direction.
Wave Velocity

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Velocity - Distance traveled per unit time.

E = Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of Elasticity - A measure of the stiffness of a metal in the elastic range. The degree to
which a metal will deflect when a given load of imposed on a given shape. Also called Young’s
modulus.

ρ = Density
Density - The mass of a substance per unit volume.

ν = Poisson's Ratio

Shear
Shear - A type of force that causes or tends to cause two regions of the same part or
assembly to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. May
be considered on a microscale when planes of atoms slide across each other during
permanent, or plastic, deformation. May also be considered on a macroscale when gross
movement occurs along one or more planes, as when a metal is cut or sheared by another
metal.
Wave Velocity
- Distance traveled per unit time.
:

�
�� = �
2�(1 + �)

or

�
�� = �
�

Where:

VS= Shear
Shear - A type of force that causes or tends to cause two regions of the same part or assembly to
slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. May be considered on a
microscale when planes of atoms slide across each other during permanent, or plastic,
deformation. May also be considered on a macroscale when gross movement occurs along one or
more planes, as when a metal is cut or sheared by another metal.
Wave Velocity
Velocity - Distance traveled per unit time.

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