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Occupational Health and Safety

in the Engineering Sectors
course
Lecture 2
Prepared by:
Eng. Kadhim Issa

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Chapter Three

1-PPE
2-Control on Hazards

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Personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is
protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment
designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The
hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical,
heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. Protective
equipment may be worn for job-related occupational safety and
health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational
activities. Protective clothing is applied to traditional categories of
clothing, and protective gear applies to items such as pads, guards,
shields, or masks, and others. PPE suits can be similar in appearance to
a cleanroom suit.

The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee

exposure to hazards when engineering controls and administrative
controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable
levels. PPE is needed when there are hazards present. PPE has the serious
limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at the source and may result
in employees being exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails.

Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the
working environment. This can create additional strains on the wearer,
impair their ability to carry out their work and create significant levels of
discomfort. Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE
correctly, therefore placing them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under
extreme circumstances, death. Good ergonomic design can help to
minimize these barriers and can therefore help to ensure safe and healthy
working conditions through the correct use of PPE.

Practices of occupational safety and health can use hazard controls and
interventions to mitigate workplace hazards, which pose a threat to the
safety and quality of life of workers.

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The hierarchy of hazard controls provides a policy framework which

ranks the types of hazard controls in terms of absolute risk reduction. At
the top of the hierarchy are elimination and substitution, which remove
the hazard entirely or replace the hazard with a safer alternative. If
elimination or substitution measures cannot be applied, engineering
controls and administrative controls – which seek to design safer
mechanisms and coach safer human behavior – are implemented. Personal
protective equipment ranks last on the hierarchy of controls, as the
workers are regularly exposed to the hazard, with a barrier of protection.
The hierarchy of controls is important in acknowledging that, while
personal protective equipment has tremendous utility, it is not the desired
mechanism of control in terms of worker safety.

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Optimus Green

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What is the meaning of control hazards?

Hazard control refers to workplace procedures adopted to minimize injury,
reduce adverse health effects and control damage to plant or equipment. Hazard
control practices are often standardized and taught to managers and safety personnel
in a given industry.
Steps of control Hazards:
1- Identify the Hazard (Chemical, physical, etc.)
2- Evaluate the Hazards
3- Use control Hierarchy

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1. Eliminate the Elimination of the hazard is not always achievable though

hazard it does totally remove the hazard and thereby eliminates
the risk of exposure. An example of this would be that
petrol station attendants in Ireland are no longer exposed
to the risk of chronic lead poisoning following the removal
of lead from petrol products sold at forecourts.

2. Substitute the Substituting the hazard may not remove all of the hazards
hazard with a associated with the process or activity and may introduce
lesser risk different hazards but the overall harm or health effects will
be lessened. In laboratory research, toluene is now often
used as a substitute for benzene. The solvent-properties of
the two are similar but toluene is less toxic and is not
categorised as a carcinogen although toluene can cause
severe neurological harm.

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3. Use engineering Engineering Controls involve redesigning a process to

controls place a barrier between the person and the hazard or
remove the hazard from the person, such as machinery
guarding, proximity guarding, extraction systems or
removing the operator to a remote location away from the
hazard.

4. Use Administrative controls include adopting standard

administrative operating procedures or safe work practices or providing
controls appropriate training, instruction or information to reduce
the potential for harm and/or adverse health effects to
person(s). Isolation and permit to work procedures are
examples of administrative controls.

5. Use personal Personal protective equipment (PPE) include gloves,

protective glasses, earmuffs, aprons, safety footwear, dust masks
equipment which are designed to reduce exposure to the hazard. PPE
is usually seen as the last line of defence and is usually
used in conjunction with one or more of the other control
measures. An example of the weakness of this control
measure is that it is widely recognised that single-use dust
masks cannot consistently achieve and maintain an
effective facepiece-to-face seal, and cannot be adequately
fit-tested and do not offer much, if any real protection
against small particulates and may lead to a false sense of
security and increase risk. In such instances an extraction
system with fitted respirators may be preferable where the
hazard may have significant health effects from low levels
of exposure such as using isocyante containing chemicals.

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‫ماذا ياتي بعد هرم السيطرة؟‬

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Chapter four
1-Scaffolds
2-Working at height

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