Canadian Space Agency

30/10/2022, 17:14 Canadian Space Agency - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 45.52239°N 73.39582°W
Canadian Space Agency

The Canadian Space Agency (CSA; French: Agence
spatiale canadienne, ASC) is the national space agency of Canadian Space Agency
Canada, established in 1990 by the Canadian Space Agency Agence spatiale
Act. canadienne (French)
The president is Lisa Campbell, who took the position on

September 3, 2020.[3] The agency is responsible to the
minister of innovation, science and industry. The CSA's
headquarters are located at the John H. Chapman Space
Centre in Longueuil, Quebec. The agency also has offices in
Ottawa, Ontario, and small liaison offices in Houston;
Washington, D.C.; and Paris.[4]
Contents CSA coat of arms
History
Presidents
Cooperation with the European Space Agency
Canadian space program
CSA astronauts CSA logo
Canadian satellites Agency overview
International projects
Formed March 1, 1989
Facilities
Jurisdiction Canada
Future programs
Rockets Headquarters John H. Chapman
Space Centre,
Controversy Longueuil, Quebec
See also 45.52239°N

References 73.39582°W
External links Employees 744[1]

Annual CA$421.1 million
budget (2019)[2]
History Minister François-Philippe
responsible Champagne,
The origins of the Canadian upper atmosphere and space
program can be traced back to the end of the Second World Minister of
War.[5] Between 1945 and 1960, Canada undertook a number Innovation,
of small launcher and satellite projects under the aegis of Science, and
defence research, including the development of the Black Industry
Brant rocket as well as series of advanced studies examining
Agency Lisa Campbell,
both orbital rendezvous and re-entry.[6] In 1957, scientists and
executives President
engineers at the Canadian Defence Research
Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) under the John Moores,
leadership of John H. Chapman embarked on a project Science Advisor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency 1/16
initially known simply as S-27 or the Topside Sounder Project. Website www.asc-csa.gc.ca
This work would soon lead to the development of Canada's (http://www.asc-csa.
first satellite known as Alouette 1. gc.ca)
With the launch of Alouette 1 in September 1962, Canada became the third country to put an
artificial satellite into space. At the time, Canada only possessed upper atmospheric launch
capabilities (sounding rockets), therefore, Alouette 1 was sent aloft by the American National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from Vandenberg Air Force Base in Lompoc,
California. The technical excellence of the satellite, which lasted for ten years instead of the
expected one, prompted the further study of the ionosphere with the joint Canadian-designed,
U.S.-launched ISIS satellite program. This undertaking was designated an International Milestone
of Electrical Engineering by IEEE in 1993. The launch of Anik A-1 in 1972 made Canada the first
country in the world to establish its own domestic geostationary communication satellite
network.[7]
These and other space-related activities in the 1980s compelled the Canadian government to
promulgate the Canadian Space Agency Act, which established the Canadian Space Agency. The
Act received royal assent on May 10, 1990, and came into force on December 14, 1990.[8]
The mandate of the Canadian Space Agency is to promote the peaceful use and development of
space, to advance the knowledge of space through science and to ensure that space science and
technology provide social and economic benefits for Canadians. The Canadian Space Agency's
mission statement says that the agency is committed to leading the development and application
of space knowledge for the benefit of Canadians and humanity.
In 1999 the CSA was moved from project-based to "A-base" funding and given a fixed annual
budget of $300 million.[4] The actual budget varies from year to year due to additional earmarks
and special projects. In 2009, Dr. Nicole Buckley was appointed chief scientist of life science.[9]
Presidents
1989 – May 4, 1992—Larkin Kerwin[10]
May 4, 1992 – July 15, 1994—Roland Doré[11]
November 21, 1994 – 2001—William MacDonald Evans[12]
November 22, 2001 – November 28, 2005—Marc Garneau[13]
April 12, 2007 – December 31, 2007—Larry J. Boisvert[14]
January 1, 2008 - September 2, 2008—Guy Bujold
September 2, 2008 – February 1, 2013—Steven MacLean[15]
February 2, 2013 – August 5, 2013—Gilles Leclerc (interim)
August 6, 2013 – November 3, 2014—Walter Natynczyk
November 3, 2014 - March 9, 2015—Luc Brûlé, Interim[16]
March 9, 2015 - September 14, 2020—Sylvain Laporte[17]
September 14, 2020 – present—Lisa Campbell[18]
Cooperation with the European Space Agency
The CSA has been a cooperating state of the European Space Agency (ESA) since the 1970s[19][20]
and has several formal and informal partnerships and collaborative programs with space agencies
in other countries, such as NASA, ISRO, JAXA, and SNSA.
Canada's collaboration with Europe in space activities predated both the European Space Agency
and the Canadian Space Agency.[19] From 1968, Canada held observer status in the European
Space Conference (ESC), a ministerial-level organization set up to determine future European
space activities, and it continued in this limited role after ESA was created in 1975.[19] Since
January 1, 1979, Canada has had the special status of a "Cooperating State" with the ESA,[20]
paying for the privilege and also investing in working time and providing scientific instruments
that are placed on ESA probes. Canada is allowed to participate in optional programs; it also has to
contribute to the General Budget but not as much as associate membership entail. This status was
unique at the time and remains so today.
On 15 December 2010 the accord was renewed for a further 10 years, until 2020.[20] By virtue of
this accord, Canada takes part in ESA deliberative bodies and decision-making and in ESA's
programmes and activities. Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on
programmes. The accord has a provision specifically ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada.
The head of the Canadian delegation to ESA is the president of the Canadian Space Agency. As of
February 2009, there are currently 30 Canadians that are employed as staff members at ESA.
(Distributed over various ESA sites: 20 at ESTEC; 4 at ESOC; 4 at ESA HQ; 2 at ESRIN).
Canadian space program

The Canadian space program is administered by the Canadian
Space Agency. Canada has contributed technology, expertise
and personnel to the world space effort, especially in
collaboration with ESA and NASA. In addition to its astronauts
and satellites, some of the most notable Canadian
technological contributions to space exploration include the
Canadarm on the Space Shuttle and Canadarm2 on the
International Space Station.
Canada's contribution to the International Space Station is the

$1.3 billion Mobile Servicing System. This consists of Canadarm (right) during Space
Canadarm2 (SSRMS), Dextre (SPDM), mobile base system Shuttle mission STS-72
(MBS) and multiple robotics workstations that together make
up the Mobile Servicing System on the ISS. The Canadarm,
Canadarm2 and Dextre all employ the Advanced Space Vision
System, which allows more efficient use of the robotic arms.
Another Canadian technology of note is the Orbiter Boom
Sensor System, which was an extension for the original
Canadarm used to inspect the Space Shuttle's thermal
protection system for damage while in orbit.[21] Before the
Space Shuttle's retirement, the boom was modified for use with
Canadarm2; STS-134 (the Space Shuttle program's
penultimate mission) left it for use on the ISS. The Mobile Base System just before
Canadarm2 installed it on the
Mobile Transporter during STS-111
CSA astronauts
There have been four recruiting campaigns for astronauts for the CSA. The first, in 1983 by the
National Research Council, led to the selection of Roberta Bondar, Marc Garneau, Robert Thirsk,
Ken Money, Bjarni Tryggvason and Steve MacLean. The second, in 1992, selected Chris Hadfield,
Julie Payette, Dafydd Williams and Michael McKay. On May 13, 2009, it was announced after the
completion of a third selection process that two new astronauts, Jeremy Hansen and David Saint-
Jacques, had been chosen.[22] The latest recruitment campaign was launched in 2016, attracting
3,772 applicants for 2 candidates.[23] In 2017, Joshua Kutryk and Jennifer Sidey were chosen.[24]
Nine Canadians have participated in 17 manned missions in total: 14 NASA Space Shuttle missions
(including one mission to Mir) and 3 Roscosmos Soyuz missions. Two former Canadian astronauts
never flew in space: Michael McKay resigned due to medical reasons[25] and Ken Money resigned
in 1992, eight years after his selection.[26]
Canadian Space Agency astronauts

Launch
Name Mission Launch date Notes

Vehicle
Marc Garneau Challenger STS-41-G October 5, 1984 First Canadian in space
First Canadian woman in
Roberta Bondar Discovery STS-42 January 22, 1992
space
Steven MacLean Columbia STS-52 October 22, 1992
Only Canadian to visit
Chris Hadfield Atlantis STS-74 November 12, 1995
Mir
First Canadian to return
Marc Garneau Endeavour STS-77 May 19, 1996
to space
Robert Thirsk Columbia STS-78 June 20, 1996
Bjarni Tryggvason Discovery STS-85 August 7, 1997
Dafydd Williams Columbia STS-90 April 17, 1998
First Canadian to visit
Julie Payette Discovery STS-96 May 27, 1999 the International Space
Station
ISS mission. Return to
Marc Garneau Endeavour STS-97 November 30, 2000
space (third visit)
space (second visit).
Chris Hadfield Endeavour STS-100 April 19, 2001
First spacewalk by a
Canadian
Steven MacLean Atlantis STS-115 September 9, 2006 space (second visit);
spacewalk
Dafydd Williams Endeavour STS-118 August 27, 2007 space (second visit);
spacewalk
ISS Expedition 20 and
Expedition 21. Return to
space (second visit).
First flight on a Russian
launch vehicle by a
Canadian. First
Robert Thirsk Soyuz-FG Soyuz TMA-15 May 27, 2009
Canadian on a
permanent ISS crew.
First time two Canadians
were in space
simultaneously (with
Payette)
Launch
Name Mission Launch date Notes

Vehicle
ISS mission. First
Canadian woman to
return to space. First
time two Canadians
were in space
simultaneously (with
Thirsk). Largest
gathering of humans (13)
in space, as seven STS-
Julie Payette Endeavour STS-127 July 15, 2009 127 arrivals join 6
already on ISS. Largest
gathering (5) of
nationalities in space, as
the United States,
Russia, Japan, Canada,
and Belgium have
astronauts together on
ISS. Last Canadian to fly
on a US Space Shuttle.
Expedition 35. Return to
space (third visit). First
Chris Hadfield Soyuz-FG Soyuz TMA-07M December 19, 2012 Canadian commander of
a spacecraft, first
Canadian Commander of
a permanent ISS crew.
David Saint-Jacques Soyuz-FG Soyuz MS-11 December 3, 2018
Expedition 59.
On December 19, 2012, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield launched aboard a Soyuz spacecraft to
reach the International Space Station. This mission marked the completion of NASA's
compensation to Canada for its contribution to the Shuttle and International Space Station
programs, meaning that there were no confirmed remaining space flight opportunities for
Canadian astronauts.[27] In June 2015, the Canadian government announced a renewed
commitment to the International Space Station, securing flights for both of Canada's remaining
active astronauts.[28] In May 2016, the CSA announced that David Saint-Jacques would fly to the
International Space Station aboard a Roscosmos Soyuz rocket in November 2018 for 6 months, as
part of the Expedition 58/59 crew.[29] The crew of the Artemis 2 lunar flyby mission will include a
CSA astronaut, the first Canadian to travel beyond low Earth orbit, under the terms of a 2020
treaty between the United States and Canada.[30]
Canadian satellites
Alouette 1 was the first satellite built

by a country other than the United
States or Soviet Union.
Name Launched Retired Purpose

September 29,
Alouette 1 1972 Ionosphere research
1962
November 29, August 1,
Alouette 2 Ionosphere research
1965 1975
January 30,
ISIS 1 1990 Ionosphere research
1969
ISIS 2 April 1, 1971 1990 Ionosphere research
January 17, November,
Hermes Experimental communications satellite
1976 1979
November 4, March 29,
RADARSAT-1 Commercial Earth observation satellite[31]
1995 2013
March,
MOST June 30, 2003 Space telescope
2019
August 12,
SCISAT-1 In service Earth observation satellite (atmosphere)
2003
December 14,
RADARSAT-2 In service Commercial Earth observation satellite
2007
February 25,
NEOSSat In service Monitoring of near-Earth objects[32]
2013
February 25,
Sapphire In service Military space surveillance[32][33]
2013
February 25,
BRITE In service Space telescope[32][34]
2013
September 29, Ionosphere research, experimental

CASSIOPE In service
2013 telecommunications[35][36]
M3MSat June 22, 2016 In service Communications satellite[37]

RADARSAT
June 12, 2019 In service Commercial Earth observation satellite
Constellation
Additionally, there are commercial satellites launched by the telecommunications company

Telesat, a former Crown corporation that was privatized in 1998. These are the Anik satellites, the
Nimiq satellites (all currently used by Bell Satellite TV), and MSAT-1. Further, technology and
research satellites have been developed by UTIAS-SFL,[38] including the CanX program,
ExactView-9, and GHGSat-D.
International projects
The CSA contributes to many international projects, including satellites, rovers, and space
telescopes. The CSA has contributed components to ESA, NASA, ISRO, JAXA, and SNSB projects
in the past.[39] Currently, Canada is contributing the Fine Guidance Sensor to NASA's upcoming
James Webb Space Telescope.[40]
Primary Launch
Name Country Canadian contribution Notes
Agency Date
Wind Imaging
United PI: Gordon G. Shepherd,
UARS NASA 1991 Interferometer
States York; CAL
(WINDII)[41][42]
Ultraviolet Auroral PI: L.L. Cogger, U
Interbol Russia RSA 1996
Imager(UVI) instrument Calgary; CAL
PI: Andrew Yau, U
Thermal Plasma
Calgary; CAL/COM DEV;
Nozomi Japan ISAS 1998 Analyzer (TPA)
Canada's first
instrument
interplanetary mission
United
FUSE NASA 1999 Fine Error Sensor COM DEV
States
MOPITT
United (Measurements of PI: Jim Drummond; COM
Terra NASA 1999
States Pollution in The DEV
Troposphere)
OSIRIS (Optical
PI: Doug Degenstein,
Spectroscopic and
Odin Sweden SNSA 2001 University of
Infrared Remote
Saskatchewan; Routes
Imaging System)
Envisat Europe ESA 2002 ESA collaboration
United
CloudSat NASA 2006 Radar components COM DEV
States
United Automated ground
THEMIS NASA 2007
States observatories
First Canadian
United
Phoenix NASA 2007 Meteorological station component on Mars;
States
confirmed snow on Mars
HIFI Local Oscillator
Herschel Europe ESA 2009 COM DEV
Source Unit
PI: J. Richard Bond,
University of Toronto and
Planck Europe ESA 2009 ESA collaboration
Douglas Scott, University
of British Columbia
Fiber Sensor MPB Communications
Proba-2 Europe ESA 2009
Demonstrator Inc.
SMOS Europe ESA 2009 ESA collaboration
United
Curiosity NASA 2011 APXS instrument
States
Electric Field
Swarm Europe ESA 2013 COM DEV
Instrument (EFI)
Precision detectors for
the twin UV and visible
Astrosat India ISRO 2015 PI: John Hutchings
imaging telescopes
(UVIT)
Astro-H Japan JAXA 2016 Canadian Astro-H Contact lost March 26,
Metrology System 2016

(CAMS)
First Canadian
OSIRIS- United OSIRIS-REx Laser
NASA 2016 component on a sample
REx States Altimeter (OLA)
return mission
Fine Guidance
Sensor/Near Infrared
United PI: René Doyon,
JWST NASA 2021 Imager and Slitless
States Université de Montréal
Spectrograph
(FGS/NIRISS)
Extended interaction Communications &
United 2022
SWOT NASA klystrons (EIKs) for the Power Industries Canada
States (planned)
radar. Inc.
Additionally, Canadian universities and aerospace contractors, including the University of

Calgary,[43][44] UTIAS-SFL, COM DEV, MDA, Magellan Aerospace, Telesat and others, have
provided components to various international space agencies.
Facilities
John H. Chapman Space Centre – Longueuil, Quebec
David Florida Laboratory – Ottawa, Ontario
Canadian Space Agency Building – Innovation Place Research Park – Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan
A number of launch facilities have been used by the Canadian Space Agency and its predecessors:
Canada
Churchill Rocket Research Range / SpacePort Canada, Manitoba (DRB / NRC)
United States
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida (USSF)

Kennedy Space Center, Florida (NASA)
Vandenberg Space Force Base, California (USSF)
Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia (NASA)
Other international
Satish Dhawan Space Centre, India (ISRO)

Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan (leased to Roscosmos and Russian Space Forces)
Dombarovsky Air Base, Russia (Russian Air Force)
Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia (Roscosmos)
Future programs
With the successful launching of Radarsat-2 in December 2007 and completion of Canada's
CA$1.4 billion contribution to the International Space Station in early 2008, the CSA found itself
with no major follow-on projects. This fact was highlighted by Marc Garneau, Canada's first
astronaut and former head of the CSA, who in the fall of 2007 called upon the Canadian
government to develop and institute a space policy for Canada.
A modest step has been taken to resolve this problem. In November 2008, the Agency signed a
$40 million 16-month contract with MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates of Vancouver (now
MDA) to begin the design of the RADARSAT Constellation (3 satellite) earth observation
mission.[45] In August 2010 further funding was awarded for detailed design work scheduled for
completion by 2012. Launch of the three satellites is scheduled for NET March 2019. Also in the
2009 Federal budget, the agency was awarded funding for the preliminary design of robotic
Lunar/Martian rovers.[46]
On February 28, 2019, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced Canada's
commitment to the Lunar Gateway, an international NASA-led project to put a small space station
in lunar orbit. The announcement made Canada the first international partner in the Lunar
Gateway project. As part of the announcement, Canada has committed to spending $2.05 billion
over 24 years to develop the next generation Canadarm 3. This marks Canada's largest ever single
financial commitment to a single project, surpassing the $1.7 billion spent on projects for the
International Space Station.[47][48]
As part of the Artemis program CSA is developing a small lunar rover. The robotic rover is being
developed in partnership with NASA. It will explore a polar region of the Moon and be capable of
surviving a lunar night. The mission will carry at least two science instruments, one from NASA
and one from CSA, and will launch by 2026.[49][50]
A number of initiatives are without funding. The CSA is the lead agency for the Polar
Communication and Weather mission (PCW), which involves the proposed launch of two satellites
in polar orbit to provide Canadian authorities with improved weather information and
communications capabilities in the high arctic.[51] Launch of the two satellites was proposed to
take place in 2016, but funding could not be obtained and the program was cancelled.[52][53]
Rockets
The Canadian Space Agency has no indigenous launch system

capability beyond upper atmospheric sounding rockets.[45][54]
Canada relies on other countries, such as the U.S., India and
Russia, to launch its spacecraft into orbit, but both the Defence
Department and the space agency are looking at the option of
constructing a Canadian-made launcher.[54][55]
The CSA announced in 2011 it was researching locations in

Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, or the potential reopening of the
Churchill Rocket Research Range in Manitoba for a micro
satellite (150 kg) launch site to end its reliance on foreign
launch providers.[55] Another possible location, CFB Suffield,
remains an option.[45][56] According to Canadian Space Agency
officials, it would take 10 to 12 years for a full-scale project to
design and build a small satellite launcher.[45] There has been A Canadian Black Brant XII
no funding for these activities announced.[57] launching from Wallops Flight
Facility
Although a new launch facility at Canso, Nova Scotia, is under
development (2024–2025 expected completion),[58] its
intended use is for commercial launches of the Ukrainian Cyclone-4M rocket starting in 2023.[59]
The facility is a project of the Maritime Launch Services company. Any CSA involvement has not
been announced.[60]
Controversy
In March 2022, information from the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) indicated that
CSA had been infiltrated by Chinese agents. The RCMP charged Wanping Zheng, a 61-year-old
Chinese national employed by CSA, in December 2021 with breach of trust, which the police said
was tied to foreign interference. Despite repeated security warnings from CSIS since 2015, Zheng
continued to work for CSA and was tied to the installation of unauthorized software, including
secure file transfer and a messaging applications, on behalf of a foreign company, according to
filed court documents. He was also accused of using his status as a CSA engineer to negotiate
agreements for a satellite station installation with Iceland, on behalf of a Chinese aerospace
company. Zheng resigned from CSA after 26 years with the agency.[61]
See also
List of government space agencies
Science and technology in Canada
Timeline of space travel by nationality
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External links
Official website (http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca)
Canadian Space Agency's channel (https://www.youtube.com/user/Canadianspaceagency) on
YouTube
Text of the Canadian Space Agency Act (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-23.2/index.ht
ml)
SpaceRef Canada (http://www.spaceref.ca)
Canadian Astronaut Life (http://www.spaceschool.ca/astronaut-life.html)
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30/10/2022, 17:14 Canadian Space Agency - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 45.52239°N 73.39582°W

The president is Lisa Campbell, who took the position on

Contents CSA coat of arms

See also 45.52239°N

External links Employees 744[1]

Cooperation with the European Space Agency

Canadian space program

Canada's contribution to the International Space Station is the

Canadian Space Agency astronauts

Name Mission Launch date Notes

Name Mission Launch date Notes

Alouette 1 was the first satellite built

Name Launched Retired Purpose

September 29, Ionosphere research, experimental

M3MSat June 22, 2016 In service Communications satellite[37]

Additionally, there are commercial satellites launched by the telecommunications company

Metrology System 2016

Additionally, Canadian universities and aerospace contractors, including the University of

Churchill Rocket Research Range / SpacePort Canada, Manitoba (DRB / NRC)

Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida (USSF)

Satish Dhawan Space Centre, India (ISRO)

The Canadian Space Agency has no indigenous launch system

The CSA announced in 2011 it was researching locations in

13. [1] (http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronauts/history_astro.asp) History of the Canadian

47. "Moon exploration" (http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronomy/moon-exploration/default.asp).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Space_Agency&oldid=1109101647"

This page was last edited on 8 September 2022, at 00:01 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0;

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