Moral versus non-moral

Topic 2
 Moral standards
Norms Values •Principles, norms, models
Underlying about what is right and
General Rules
beliefs & ideals
wrong
Ex: Golden Ex: Honesty is
Rule the best policy
Non-moral or conventional

Good/bad Manners Etiquettes House rules Technical Standards

Rules of behaviour set Judgements on the

Standardsof art Rules of Sports
by parents/teaachers way to do things

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 3

 moral & immoral

MORAL IMMORAL
•Acts that are in accordance with moral •Acts that are not in accordance or
standards that violate moral standards

4
 Amoral & Unmoral

AMORAL UNMORAL
•Not influenced by right & wrong •Right & wrong is not applicable
•Ex. Infants •Ex. Machines

5
Five characteristics of moral standards
Involved with serious injuries or benefits

Not established by law or legislature

Overriding

Based on impartial considerations

Associated with special emotions and vocabulary

6
DILEMMA
DILEMMA
AND

MORAL

DILEMMA
DILEMMA
The term ‘dilemma’
refers to a situation in
which tough choice
must be made
between two or more `+

options.
Not all dilemmas are
moral dilemmas.
 WHAT ARE
MORAL
OR `

ETHICAL
DILEMMAS?
MORAL DILEMMA
These are situations
in which difficult
choice must be
made between two
courses of action,
`
either of which leads
to going against a
moral principle.
It involves conflicts
between moral
requirements.
 KEY FEATURES:
WHAT ARE ▪ The agent is required to do
each of two actions.
MORAL ▪ The agent can do each of
the actions; but not do both
OR ▪
` of the actions.

The agent, no matter what

ETHICAL he does, is condemned to
moral failure.

DILEMMAS? WHAT IS COMMON TO MORAL

DILEMMAS IS CONFLICT.
 PERSONAL

THREE LEVELS
OF MORAL ORGANIZATIONAL

DILEMMAS
STRUCTURAL
PERSONAL
These are dilemmas that are experienced and resolved
on the personal level.

ORGANIZATIONAL
These are dilemmas referring to ethical cases encountered
and resolved by social organizations. This category includes
moral dilemmas in business, medical field, and public sector.

STRUCTURAL
These are dilemmas referring to cases involving network
of institutions. They usually encompass multi-sectoral
institutions or organizations and are larger in scope.
FREEDOM… FREEDOM:
FOUNDATION
▪ Morality is a question of OF MORALITY.
choice.
▪ Choosing is impossible
without freedom.
▪ The sum of our choices
defines our specific
‘morality.’
ARISTOTLE
VIRTUE
•Quality of moral excellence, righteousness,
and responsibility .
•Relative mean between two extremes or vice.
•“In medio virtute est.”
➢“Virtue lies in the mean.”
•Virtue is the golden mean between two vices.
The one of excess and the other of deficiency.
 GOLDEN MEAN

DEFICIENCY EXCESS
 GOLDEN MEAN

DEFICIENCY EXCESS
•Plato and Aristotle also determined 4
main virtues or what they call as
cardinal virtues.