MORPHOLOGY Model: aimless.
The word aimless can be segmented into two morphemes: aim- + -
1. Give definitions to the following terms and notions:
Morpheme - The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of form.
Root morpheme - Root-morphemes (or radicals) are the lexical nucleus of words.
Derivational morpheme – morpheme which often changes the grammatical category
or part of speech of the root word to which it is added.
Simple word - consist of one root morpheme and an inflexion (in many cases the
inflexion is zero).
Serivative - Derived words consist of one root morpheme, one or several affixes and
an infection.
Compound- Compound words consist of two or more root morphemes and an
inflexion
Compound derivative - Compound-derived words consist of two or more root
morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion motivation- Motivation is used to
denote the relationship between the phonetic or morphemic composition and
structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on the other.
Affixation - it consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech.
Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation.
Conversion- conversion as a morphological way of forming words when one part of
speech is formed from another part of speech by changing its paradigm
Word composition - composition is the way of word building when a word is
formed by joining two or more stems to form one word.
Shortening - is the process and the result of forming a word out of the initial
elements (letters, morphemes) of a word combination.
Graphical abbreviation- Graphical abbreviations are the result of shortening of
words and word-groups only in written speech
Sound imitation- is the naming of an action or a thing a more or less exact
reproduction of the sound associated with it
Blending - is the formation of a new word by combining parts of two words. Blends
may be of two types: 1) additive type 2) restrictive type
Distinctive stress - is the formation of a word by means of the shift of the stress in
the source word
sound interchange is the formation of a word due to an alteration in the phonemic
composition of its root. Sound-interchange falls into two groups: 1) vowel-interchang
2) consonant-interchange.
2. Segment the following words into morphemes. Define (a) the semantic types
and (b) the structural types of morphemes constituting the given words.
less. a) Semantically aim- is a root-morpheme; -less is an affix. b) Structurally aim-
is a free morpheme; -less is a bound morpheme.
Occasionalism - the word can be segmented into three morphemes: occasion+ al+
ism a) Semantically occasion is a root-morpheme; al + ism are affixes. b)
Structurally occasion is a free morpheme; al and ism are bound morphemes.
Bluish - the word bluish can be segmented into two morphemes: blue + ish a)
Semantically blue is a root-morpheme; -ish is an affix. b) Structurally blue is a free
morpheme; - ish is a bound morpheme. gas-stove - The word gas-stove can be
segmented into two morphemes: gas- stove -. a) Semantically stove and gas are root-
morphemes; b) Structurally stove is a free morpheme, gas is a semi-bound
morpheme.
Semantically - the word semantically can be segmented into three morphemes: a)
semantic + al + ly. Semantically semantic is a root-morpheme; al and ly are affixes.
b) Structurally semantic is a free morpheme, al and ly is a bound morphemes.
Workmanship - the word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) work + man +
ship. Semantically man and work are root-morphemes; ship is an affix. b)
Structurally man is a free morpheme, work is a free morpheme, ship is a bound
morpheme. cowardly The word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) coward +
ly. Semantically coward is a root-morpheme; ly is an affix. b) Structurally coward is
a free morpheme, ly is a bound morpheme. Bookworm The word can be segmented
into two morphemes: a) book + worm Semantically worm and book are a root-
morpheme; b) Structurally worm is a free morpheme, book is a free morpheme
Undernourishment The word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) under+
nourish + ment. Semantically nourish is a root-morpheme; under and ment are
affixes. b) Structurally nourish is a free morpheme, under is a semi- bound
morpheme, ment is bound. tree – Cant be divided. Consist of one root morpheme,
which is structurally free. Superman The word can be segmented into two
morphemes: a) super +man Semantically man is a root-morpheme; super is an affix
b) Structurally man is a free morpheme, super is a semi- bound morpheme
Cupboard - the word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) cup + board
Semantically board and cup are root-morpheme; b) Structurally board is a free
morpheme, cup is a free morpheme
Trainee - the word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) train + ee
Semantically train is a root-morpheme; - ee is an affix b) Structurally train is a free
morpheme, -ee is bound morpheme
Cross-legged - the word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) cross-leg -ed
Semantically cross and leg are root-morphemes; ed is an affix b) Structurally leg and
cross are free morphemes, ed is bound morpheme
Shockproof - the word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) shock + proof
Semantically shock and proof are root-morphemes; b) Structurally shock and proof
are free morphemes
Holiday - the word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) holi + day
Semantically day is a root-morpheme; holi is an affix b) Structurally day is a free
morpheme, holi is a bound morpheme
Bad-mouth - the word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) bad+ mouth
Semantically bad and mouth are a root-morpheme; b) Structurally mouth is a free
morpheme, bad is a semi- bound morpheme
Figure - can’t be divided. Consist of one root morpheme, which is structurally free
Heavy-footed - the word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) heavy-foot -ed
Semantically heavy and foot are root-morphemes; ed is an affix b) Structurally foot
is a free morpheme, heavy is a semi-bound morpheme, ed is bound morpheme
welcome ? handful The word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) hand+ ful
Semantically hand is a root-morpheme; ful is an affix b) Structurally hand is a free
morpheme, ful is bound morpheme
egomaniac The word bluish can be segmented into thee morphemes: blue ego +
man+iac a) Semantically ego and man are root-morphemes; -iac is an affix. b)
Structurally ego and man are free morphemes; - iac is a bound morpheme. sugar-free
The word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) sugar + free Semantically sugar
and free are root-morphemes; b) Structurally sugar is free morpheme, free is a semi-
bound morpheme
Blackmailer - the word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) black + mail +
er Semantically black and mail are root-morphemes; er is an affix b) Structurally
black and mail are free morphemes, er is bound morpheme
Thin - can’t be divided. Consist of one root morpheme, which is structurally free
Child-friendly - the word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) child- friend-
ly Semantically child and friend are root-morphemes; ly is an affix b) Structurally
child and friend are free morphemes, ly is bound morpheme
Barefaced - the word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) bare-face-ed
Semantically bare and face are root-morphemes; ed is an affix b) Structurally vare
and face are free morphemes, ed is bound morpheme
Lady - can’t be divided. Consist of one root morpheme, which is structurally free
Beggarly The word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) beg -ar – ly
Semantically beg is a root-morphemes; ar and ly are affixes b) Structurally beg is a
free morpheme, ar and ly are bound morphemes
Postman - the word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) poat + man
Semantically post and man are root-morphemes; b) Structurally man is a free
morpheme, post is a free morpheme shorten The word can be segmented into two
morphemes: a) short _ en Semantically short is a root-morpheme; en is an affix b)
Structurally short is a free morpheme, en is bound morpheme
Destabilize - the word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) de-stabile - ize
Semantically stable is a root-morpheme; de and ize are affixes b) Structurally stible
is a free morpheme, de and ize are bound morphemes
Sympathy - can’t be divided. Consist of one root morpheme, which is structurally
free
Fruitfulness - the word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) fruit +ful +ness
Semantically fruit is a root-morpheme; ful and ness are affixes b) Structurally fruit is
a free morpheme, ful and ness are bound morphemes
Maltreatment - the word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) mal+ treat +
ment Semantically treat is a root-morpheme; mal and ment are affixes b) Structurally
treat is a free morpheme, mal and ment are bound morphemes
Disaffected - the word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) dis+ affect+ ed
Semantically affect is a root-morpheme; dis and ed are affixes b) Structurally affect
is a free morpheme, dis and ed are bound morphemes
Overrule - the word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) over + rule
Semantically rule is a root-morpheme; over is an affix b) Structurally treat is a free
morpheme, over is a semi-bound morpheme
Photographic - the word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) photo + graphic
Semantically photo and graphic are root-morpheme; mal and ment are affixes b)
Structurally photo and graphic are free morphemes
Half-eaten - the word can be segmented into three morphemes: a) half- eat-en
Semantically eat is a root-morpheme; half and en are affixes b) Structurally eat is a
free morpheme, en is bound morpheme, half is a semi-bound morpeheme
Theory - can’t be divided. Consist of one root morpheme, which is structurally free
Rent-free -the word can be segmented into two morphemes: a) rent + free
Semantically rent and free are root-morpheme; b) Structurally rent is a free
morpheme, free is a semi-bound morpheme
3. Translate the following words into Russian, taking into account the lexical
meaning of the root and affixational morphemes.
Model: weekly. The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme week- is 'a period of
seven days’. The lexical meaning of the affixational morpheme -ly is 'frequency'. The
word weekly is rendered in Russian by the word еженедельно
1) Hostess. The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme host- is ‘a person who
receives and entertains guests’. The lexical meaning of the affixational morpheme -
ess is ‘a suffix forming distinctively feminine nouns’. The word hostess is rendered
in Russian by the word хозяйка.
2) eyelet. The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme eye- ‘the organ of sight’. . The
lexical meaning of the affixational morpheme -let is ‘the meaning of
diminutiveness’. The word eyelet is rendered in Russian by the words ушко, глазок,
петелька, небольшое отверстие.
3)dehouse. The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme -house is ‘a building in which 3) city-based, hospital-based, ocean-based, foreign-base. The morphemes city-,
a family lives’ The lexical meaning of the affixational morpheme de- is ‘down to the hospital-, ocean-, foreign possess the differential meaning as each of them may serve
bottom, ‘tottaly’. The word hostess is rendered in Russian by the word выселить. to distinguish the word it forms from the words in the given set
4) betrayal. The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme betray- ‘disappoint, prove 4) forefoot, forehead, forepart, foreground. The morphemes –foot, -head, -part, -
undependable to; abandon, forsake’. The lexical meaning of the affixational ground possess the differential meaning as each of them may serve to distinguish the
morpheme -al is suffix forming nouns of action from verbs. The word betrayal is word it forms from the words in the given set
5) raspberries, elderberries, strawberries, cranberries. The morphemes rasp-, elder-,
rendered in Russian by the word предательство.
straw-, cran- possess the differential meaning as each of them may serve to
5) antipathy. The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme -pathy is ‘indicating feeling,
distinguish the word it forms from the words in the given set
sensitivity or perception’. The lexical meaning of the affixational morpheme anti-
‘opposite’. The word antipathy is rendered in Russian by the word антипатия.
5. Classify the following words according to the part-of-speech meaning of their
6) briefly. The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme brief- ‘of short duration; not
affixational morphemes.
lasting for long.’. The lexical meaning of the affixational morpheme -ly is having
1) Suitability – the affix –ility indicates that the derived word is an abstract noun.
qualities of, of the form or nature of'. The word briefly is rendered in Russian by the
2) atless - the affix –less indicates that the derived word is an adjective.
word коротко.
3) accordingly - the affix –ly indicates that the derived word is an adverb.
7) horsemanship. The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme horseman- is ‘a rider or
4) combination - the affix –tion indicates that the derived word is a noun.
driver of horses especially’. The lexical meaning of the affixational morpheme -ship
5) befriend - the affix be- indicates that the derived word is a verb.
‘quality, condition; act, power, skill; office, position’. The word horsemanship is
6) sideways - the affix –s indicates that the derived word is an adverb.
rendered in Russian by the word верховая езда
7) hospitalize the affix ize indicates that the derived word is a verb.
8) prewar. The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme -war is ‘a state of armed
8) boyhood - the affix –hood indicates that the derived word is a noun.
conflict between different countries or different groups within a country’. The lexical
9) congratulatory - the affix –ry indicates that the derived word is an adjective.
meaning of the affixational morpheme pre- ‘before’. The word prewar is rendered in
10) enlarge - the affix en indicates that the derived word is a verb.
Russian by the word довоенный.
11) northwards - the affix –s indicates that the derived word is an adverb.
9) famous. The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme fame- ‘known or recognized
12) spacious - the affix –ous indicates that the derived word is an adjective,.
by very many people’. The lexical meaning of the affixational morpheme -ous
13) bureaucracy - the affix –cy indicates that the derived word is a noun.
‘word-forming element making adjectives from nouns, meaning "having, full of,
14) quarrelsome - the affix –some indicates that the derived word is an adjective.
having to do with, doing, inclined to,"’ The word fampos is rendered in Russian by
15) clarify - the affix –fy indicates that the derived word is a verb.
the word известный.
16) breakage - the affix –age indicates that the derived word is a noun.
17) drinkable - the affix –able indicates that the derived word is an adjective.
4. Define the morphemes the differential meaning of which helps to distinguish
18) weaken - the affix –en indicates that the derived word is a verb.
between words in the given sets.
Model: phraseology, ideology, mythology, neurology. THE morphemes- phrase-,
6. Analyze the following words according to their morphemic types. Define the
ide(a)-, myth- and neuro- possess the differential meaning as each of them may serve
subtypes of polymorphic words. Classify polyradical words into two group:
to distinguish the word it forms from the words in the given set.
1) words consisting of two or more roots with no affixational morphemes;
2) words containing two roots and one or more affixational morphemes,
1) notebook, copybook, exercise book, textbook – The morphemes - note-, copy-, Model - duck, illiterateness, back-bencher
exercise-, text- possess the differential meaning as each of them may serve to
The word duck is monomorphic. The word illiterateness is polymorphic,
distinguish the word it forms from the words in the given set
monoradical, prefixo-radical-suffixal. The word back-bencher is polymorphic,
2) crossroads, cross-legged, crosswind, cross-current. The morphemes - -roads, -
legged, -wind, -current possess the differential meaning as each of them may serve to polyradical, contains two roots and one affixational morpheme.
distinguish the word it forms from the words in the given set Historian – polymorphic, monoradical, radical-suffixal
book-keeper – polymorphic, contains two roots and one affixational morpheme
cry - monomorphic
mistrust – polymorphic, monoradical, radical-prefixal
unanswerable – polymorphic, monoradical, prefixo-radical-suffixal
house - monomorphic
uncover – polymorphic, monoradical, radical-prefixal
dark-brown – polymorphic, polyradical, contains two roots
disappointment – polymorphic, monoradical, prefixo-radical-suffixal
effective – polymorphic, monoradical, radical-suffixal
black - monomorphic
home-sick – polymorphic, polyradical, contains two roots
good - monomorphic
ex-wife – polymorphic, monoradical, radical-prefixal
laughter-filled – polymorphic, polyradical, contains two roots and 2 affixational
morphemes
unfortunately – polymorphic, monoradical, prefixo-radical-suffixal
age-long – polymorphic, polyradical, contains two roots
manageability – polymorphic, polyradical, contains two roots
short-sightedness – polymorphic, polyradical, contains two roots and two affixational
morphemes.
7. Group the words according to the type of word-segmentability they may be
referred to.
Complete: unfriendly, carefulness, nameless, feminist, pioneer, assist, amoral,
fraction, mirror, gooseberry, hostage
Conditional: perceive, discuss, contain, overload, underestimate, pretend, obsess,
proceed
Defective: budget, athlete, pocket, attract, manic
8. Analyze the following words from the point of view of their ICs and UCs
applying an affix or a root principle.
Model: uncommonly The morphemic comes analysis of the word uncommonly is
based on the application of the affix principle and includes the following stages:
Uncommon -(IC)+ly(strangely,sadly)(IC/UC); (unsafe, unclean)( IC/UC)+ -common
(IC/ UC) The word consist of 3 UCs
Independence Independ- (IC)+ence(defence,diligence) )(IC/UC);( incapable,
informal) (IC/UC)+depend(IC/ UC) The word consist of 3 UCs
Beautifulness Beautiful- (IC)+ness (darkness,poorness) )(IC/UC); Beauty- (IC)+ful
(cereful,helpful) (IC/ UC). The word consist of 3 UCs
Unforgettable Unforget- (IC)+able (readable,movable) )(IC/UC); );( unable,
unhappy) (IC/UC)+ forget (IC/ UC)The word consist of 3 UCs
ultra-creative ultra-create- (IC)+ive (attractive,talkative) )(IC/UC); );(ultra-
modern,ultra-fashionable ) (IC/UC)+ create (IC/ UC)The word consist of 3 UCs
spotlessness spotless- (IC)+ness (darkness,poorness) )(IC/UC); spot- (IC)+less
(hopeless,heartless) (IC/ UC). The word consist of 3 UCs disrespectful disrespect-
(IC)+ful (cereful,helpful) )(IC/UC);( distrust, displease) (IC/UC)+respect (IC/ UC)
The word consist of 3 UCs unladylike unlady- (IC)+like (wifelike, tigerlike)
)(IC/UC);( unable, unhappy) (IC/UC)+lady (IC/ UC) The word consist of 3 UCs
disarmament disarm- (IC)+ment (amazement, complement) )(IC/UC);( distrust,
displease) (IC/UC)+arm (IC/ UC) The word consist of 3 UCs
injustice injust- (IC)+ice (practice, bodies) )(IC/UC);( incapable, informal) (IC/UC)
+just (IC/ UC) The word consist of 3 UCs
disobedience disobed- (IC)+ence (difference, exellence) )(IC/UC);( distrust,
displease) (IC/UC)+bed (IC/ UC) The word consist of 3 UCs
9. Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases. Translate them into
Russian.
neo-imperialism - неоимпериализм(политика государства, направленная на
установление политического и экономического контроля над другими
государствами.)
an atheist - атеист a foretaste - a foretaste a hypermarket - торговый комплекс
hypertension - гипертония a foregone- предрешенный
conclusion- заключение an asymmetrical shape- асимметричная форма
a neo-Fascist- неофашист(бщее название идеологий политических или
общественных движений, возникших после Второй мировой войны)
pentagon- пентагон centenary- век
tricolor- трехцветный monotonous- монотонный
decathlon- десятиборье(это легкоатлетическая дисциплина, включающая
соревнования в 10 видах лёгкой атлетики)
sexagenarian- человек в возрасте между 59 и 70 годами, sexagenarian
шестидесятилетний
quintuplets- пять близнецов
bisect- делить пополам
cent- цент
biplane-биплан (самолёт с двумя несущими поверхностями, как правило,
расположенными одна над другой.)
bicameral- двухпалатный
tripartite- трехсторонний
unilateral- односторонний
unicycle- одноколесный велосипед
quadruplets- четвероногие
unicorn- unicorn germicide- бактерицидное средство
xenophobia- ксенофобия(ненависть к иностранцам)
patricide- отцеубийство
a monogamous society- моногамное общество( форма брака, позволяющая
иметь только одного супруга.)
fratricide- братоубийство agoraphobia- агорафобия (боязнь открытого tasteful- tasty обладающий хорошим вкусом- вкусный(о еде)
пространства, открытых дверей;). 2.Continual- continuous действие, с промежутками во времени- неприрывный
процесс
10. Comment on the way of word-building in the following words. industrial- industrious работает в промышленности- трудолюбивый, прилежный
To jingle (sound imitation), to vacuum-clean (composition), to clap (sound virtual- virtuous виртуальный,имитируемый- обладает хорошими
imitation), to wine (conversions), to house-keep (composition), to record – record качествами(чел)
(distinctive stress), to permit – permit (distinctive stress), culture-vulture (sound special- specious обманчивый- уникальный,специальный
interchange), pell-mell (sound interchange), a boo-boo (reduplication), moneywise official- officious официальный- назойливый
(composition), snow-surfing (composition), finger-wringer (composition), ceremonial- ceremonious парадный(об одежде,вещах)- о поведении,манерах
snacketeria (blending), irritation (back-formation), ecofriendly (blending), good-for- sensual- sensuous сенсорный(физ чувства)-
nothing (composition), agribusiness (blending), computaholic (blending), Chunnel чувственный(эмоциональный,умственный)
(sound interchange), Gvt (abbreviation), sale-sell (sound interchange), unself- imperial- imperious связан с империей- высокомерный, властный
consciously (composition), darl (shortening/abbreviation), to ush (conversion) , luxuriant- luxurious богато ростом и деталями- наслаждаться роскошь
sculpt (abbreviation), strength (conversion), to insult – insult (sound interchange),
Benelux (abbreviation), to squeal (sound immitation), to diploma (conversion), 13. Form words with a negative meaning, using in-, un, - dis, - or de.
spender (back-dormation), nitty-gritty (sound-interchange), Hazchem (abbreviation),
to benefact (conversion), prezzie (abbreviation), walkie-talkie (composition), Ability-inability, able-unable, accessible-inaccessible, action-inaction, dispensable-
roomful (conversion), starlight (blending), to giggle (sound immitation). indispensable, admissible- inadmissible, expected- unexpected, comprehensible-
incomprehensible, to tie- to untie, eatable- uneatable, to bind- to unbind, to charge- to
11.a) Give examples of nouns with the following suffixes. b) State which of the discharge, to obey- to disobey, to organize- to disorganize, to mobilize- to
suffixes are productive. demobilize, to bolt- to unbolt, just- unjust, justice- injustice.
tion, -dom, -ness, -ism, -ship, -er, -or, -ist, -ite, -ess, -ing, -th, -age, -red.
-tion celebration, decoration, education 14. Identify the neutral compounds in the word combinations given below and
-dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom write them in three columns: A. Simple neutral compounds. B. Neutral derived
-ness darkness, kindness, business compounds. C. Neutral contracted compounds.
-ism tourism, optimism, mechanism
-ship friendship, relationship, worship
-er singer, player, hunter Simple neutral Neutral derived Neutral contracted
-or actor, director, doctor compounds compounds compounds
-ist dentist, tourist, journalist a loud revolver-shot An air- conditioned hall to fight against H-bomb
-ite dynamite, metabolite, sulfite a heavy topcoat a glass-walled room to go into frantic U-turns
-ess waitress, lioness, hostess a car's windshield a high-pitched voice to fix M-Day
-ing interesting, boring, building a snow-white a radio-equipped car
-th legth, depth, width handkerchief
-age teenage, language, marriage to howl long and wolf-like a big hunting-knife
-red sibred, manred, hatred a lightish-coloured man
b) State which of the suffixes are productive.
-ness, -ism, -er, -ist, -ing, 15. Discriminate between compound words and free word- groups.
12. Translate the following adjectives paying attention to the difference in
meaning, and analyze the structure of these words. Compound Free word-groups
1.Cheerful- cheery жизнерадостный (для описания людей)-веселый(для Railway station Give-and-take
вещей,состояния) bluebell pearl necklace
healthful- healthy здоровый(для неодуш)- здоровыйт( для одуш) Wolf-dog Oak tree
fruitful- fruity плодоностный(для роста плодов)- фруктовый(ароматизатор) School-building Mellow voice
Dragon-fly Passer-by strange-sounding – adjective, neutral, with comparative relations, 2 stems, direct
dawnfall Velvet mask order
armchair Stone wall
Brown bear 18. a) Translate the compound words into Russian. b) Compare the meaning of
the compound word with that of its components.
16. Comment on the motivation of the following compound words. Translate
them into Russian. Lady-bird (божья коровка), nobleman (дворянин, аристократ, вельможа,
Semantic motivation титулованное лицо, пэр Англии), grandfather, bluebell (колокольчик,
Death-bed – предсмертное ложе, предсмертные минуты пролеска), butter-fingers (растяпа, неумеха, человек, у которого все валится из
gate-crasher – незваный гость рук, дырявые руки, крюки), bluestocking (синий чулок, педантка, ученая
cake-eater - бездельник женщина), lady-killer (дамский угодник), bird’s-eye (первоцвет, первоцвет
cradle-snatching - тот, кто женится или выходит замуж за человека значительно мучнистый, с высоты птичьего полета) mother-of-pearl (перламутр) mother-of-
моложе себя thousands (амнеломка, цимбалярия, дикий лен, корнеотпрысковая камнеломка)
horseshoe-shaped – в форме подковы mother’s mark (родимое пятно) mother country (метрополия; отечество;
greenhouse - оранжерея отчизна) mother-ship (космический корабль-носитель; самолёт-носитель;
wristwatch – наручные часы корабль-носитель) masterpiece (шедевр) masterkey (отмычка), sundew
life-tired – уставший от жизни (росянка) sunflower (подсолнух) sunfish (большая медуза, гигантская акула,
handbag – саквояж название рыб, имеющих круглую форму) cock-a-hoop (ликующий,
a wet blanket - человек, отравляющий другим удовольствие торжествующий, самодовольный, высокомерный, хвастливо-задорный) cock-
bed lamp - ночник horse (игрушечная лошадка, верхом на палочке) horse-fly (слепень), horse-
thick-skinned - толстокожий marine (человек на неподходящей работе, человек не на своем месте) horse-
sky-blue - лазурь radish (хрен, который овощ) dough-boy (солдат-пехотинец) white-livered
man-eater – людоед (трусливый, малодушный) red coat («красный мундир» (прозвище английского
a killjoy – кайфолом солдата) red-handed ( пойманный на месте преступления) black sheep (в семье
wall-floweк - девушка, не пользующаяся вниманием, которая на танцах стоит у не без урода) red tape (бренди, коньяк)
стены, наблюдая за танцующими, застенчивая девушка, пьяница, слоняющийся
по кабаку в надежде на предложение выпить. 19. Analyse the structure of the following compounds and classify them:
busy-body – человек, любящий вмешиваться в чужие дела Baby-sit - compound words proper which consist of two stems,
motor-mouth – болтун backbite - compound words proper which consist of two stems
starry-eyed – не от мира сего blackboard - compound words proper which consist of two stems
black-eyed - compound words proper which consist of two stems
17. Give full characteristics of the following compound words. bloodthirsty - derivational compounds, where besides the stems we have affixes
Lily-of-the-valley: noun, syntactical, with comparative relations, 2 stems, direct cease-fire - compound words proper which consist of two stems
order classroom - compound words proper which consist of two stems colour-blind -
green-and-white – adjective, syntactical, with comparative relations, 2 stems, direct compound words proper which consist of two stems
daybreak - compound words proper which consist of two stems
order
die-hard - compound words proper which consist of two stems
nightclub – noun, neutral, with comparative relations, 2 stems, direct order
forget-me-not - compound words consisting of three or more stems
sportsmen – noun, neutral, with comparative relations, 2 stems, direct order good-for-nothing - compound words consisting of three or more stems
chairperson – noun, neutral, with comparative relations, 2 stems, direct order good-looking - compound words proper which consist of two stems
bitter-sweet – adjective, neutral, with comparative relations, 2 stems, direct order hot-blooded - compound words proper which consist of two stems
hand-operated – adjective, neutral, with comparative relations, 2 stems, direct order lady-killer - derivational compounds, where besides the stems we have affixes
four-door – adjective, neutral, with comparative relations , 2 stems, direct order moonbeam- compound words proper which consist of two stems
narrow-chested - derivational compounds, where besides the stems we have affixes
navy-blue - compound words proper which consist of two stems to telephone - verbs can denote acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are formed
up-to-date - compound words consisting of three or more stems from nouns denoting an object
H-bag - compound-shortened words to radio - verbs can denote acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are formed
speedometer - derivational compounds, where besides the stems we have affixes from nouns denoting an object
to floor - verbs can denote acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are formed
20. Group compounds into 3 groups: coordinative and subordinative. from nouns denoting an object
to candidate - verbs can denote acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are formed
Wolf-dog, duty-free, bla-blah (с), secretary-stenographer (с), ticky-tacky (с), road- from nouns denoting an object
building, chi-chi (c), wrist-watch, dark-brown, ping-pong (с), ha-ha (с), a baby-sitter, to book - verbs can denote acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are formed
Anglo-Saxon, riff-raff (с), knowledge-hungry, willy-willy (с), fighter-bomber, week- from nouns denoting an object
long, rugger-bugger (c), fact-filled, easy-peasy (c), boy-friend, war-weary, hush-hush to hand - verbs have instrumental meaning if they are formed from nouns denoting
(c), iron-poor, hob-nob (с), home-sick, oak-tree, hand-made, willy-nilly, world- parts of a human body
famous. to back - verbs have instrumental meaning if they are formed from nouns denoting
parts of a human body
21. Arrange the compounds given below into two columns: Idiomatic \Non-
idiomatic. 24. Define the derived member in the given conversion pair.
Idiomatic: Light-hearted (adj), homebody (n), bluebell (n), good-for-nothing (adj), Call – call is the derived member
wolf-dog (n), highway (n), dragon-fly (n), looking-glass (n), bluestocking (n), Time – time is the derived member
gooseberry (n), lazy-bones (n). Break – break is the derived member
Non-idiomatic: butterfly (n), cabman (n), medium-sized (adj), blackberry (n), Age – age is the derived member
greengrocer (n), necklace (n), earthquake (n). Effect – effect is the derived member
Recover – cover is the derived member
22. Say whether the following lexical units are word-groups or compounds. Harm – harm is the derived member
Word-group: Railway platform, light dress, traffic light, railway station, landing Mix – mix is the derived member
field, film star, hungry dog, white man, medical man, landing plane, top hat, distant Sleep – sleep is the derived member
star, small house, green light, evening dress, top student, black skirt, medical student, Was – to be is the derived member
blue dress, U-shaped trap,black shirt (a fascist black shirts were part of uniform of
the Italian Fascist party), booby trap (a trap laid for the unaware as a practical joke, 25. Pick out the words with aphaeresis, syncope, or apocope, and comment on
often humiliating). the formation of each word.
Compounds: snowman, bluecoat (policeman), hotdog, roughhouse (play that has got Becky, Bella (apocope), Bess (syncope), brig (apocope), bus (apheresis), cab
out of hand and turned into brawling). (apocope), captain, cause, curtsy (syncope), cycle (apheresis), demob (apocope),
exam (apocope), fancy, fred, guy, Kate (apocope), mend (apheresis), Mrs., Mr., mob
23. Form verbs from the following nouns by conversion. Compare the meanings (apocope), Nick (apocope), peal (apheresis), phiz (apocope), photo (apocope), photo-
of the nouns with that of the verbs. intelligence (apocope), para troops , prep (apocope), props (apheresis), sprite, sport
To head- verbs have instrumental meaning if they are formed from nouns denoting (aphaeresis), taxi (apocope), teck, through, Tony, tram (apocope), USA, USSR, wig
parts of a human body (apoc + aphaer), zoo (apocope).
to station - verbs can denote an action performed at the time denoted by the noun
from which they have been converted 26. In accordance with the part that is cut off to form a new word classify
to dog - verbs can denote an action characteristic of the living being denoted by the shortening into four groups: 1) initial shortenings (aphesis); 2) medial
noun from which they have been converted shortenings (syncope); 3) final shortenings (apocope); 4) both initial and final
to chair - verbs can denote acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are formed shortenings
from nouns denoting an object Model net – internet. The initial part of the original word is cut off. Consequently,
to post - verbs can denote acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are formed from the new word refers to the first group.
nouns denoting an object
3) hols< holidays ; 1) vac < vacuum cleaner; 4) tec < detective; 1) plane<aeroplane; 3) Long (adj) — length (n), speak (v) — speech (n), glaze (v) — glass (n), wake (v)
2) Frisco < (San) Francisco; 4) quiz < inquisitive; 1) bus < omnibus; 3) miss < — watch (n), deep (adj) — depth (n), bathe (v) – bath (a)»
mistress; 1) sport < disport; 4) soccer < Association football; 3) fan < fanatic; 2) circs
< circumstances; 1) chute < parachute; 2) Aline -Adeline; 3) cert < certainty; 1) tend 30. What serves as a word- formation means in the given pairs of words. Stress
< attend; 2) mart < market; 2) coke < coca-cola; 4) Liz < Elizabeth; 3) prep-school < these words. Model: ‘alternate (v) — alt’ernate (adj)
preparatory-school; 1) gator <alligator; 3)cuss < customer 1) ‘compound (n, adj) — com’pound (v);
2) ‘perfect (adj) — per’fect
27. Write out in full the following shortened words: 3) ‘permit (n) — per’mit (v);
4) ‘progress (n) — pro’gress (v);
5) ‘frequent (adj) — fre’quent (v);
UNO- the United Nations Organizations, UNESCO- The United Nations
6) ‘affix (n) — ‘affix (v);
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, V-day- Valentine's Day, mike-
7) ‘contact (n) – ‘contact (v);
microphone, ad-advertisment, sub-subject, USA- the United States of America, tec-
8) ‘decrease (n) — de’crease (v);
technology, mob-mobile, lab-labaratory,
9) ‘protest (n) — pro’test (v);
comfy-comfortable, NATFHE- National Association of Teachers in Further and
10) ‘produce (n) — pro’duce (v);
Higher Education, MP- Member of Parliament ,NATO- North Atlantic Treaty
11) ‘survey (n) — sur’vey (v);
Organization, WHO- World Health Organization, BUPA- British United Provident
12) ‘conflict (n) – con’flict (v);
Association, AGM- Absorbent Glass Mat, WI (??) если Wi-Fi , то Wireless Fidelity,
13) ‘subject (n, adj) — sub’ject (v).
UCAS- Universities and Colleges Admissions Service, IRA- Irish Republican Army,
NASA- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, CID- Criminal
31.Try to explain the following blends. How would you translate them into
Investigation Division, SALT- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, UEFA- Union of
Russian?
European Football Associations, IQ- intelligence quotient, NAAFI- The Navy, Army
Flush – flash + gush - быстро течь, распространяться;
and Air Force Institutes, MRBM- A medium-range ballistic missile, FBI- Federal
Glaze – glare + glaze - пристально и злобно смотреть
Bureau of Investigation, TEFL- Teaching English as foreign language, UFO-
good-bye – God be with you - до свидания
Unidentified flying object, UNRRA- United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
smog - smoke + fog - чрезмерное загрязнение воздуха вредными веществами
Administration,VIP- Very Important Person, FIFA- Fédération Internationale de
Flurry - flutter + hurry - шквал, сильный порыв ветра
Football Association, GI- Government Issue.
Twirl - twist + swirl - вертеться, кружиться, вращаться
chortle - chuckle + snort - смеяться или хихикать от удовольствия
28. a) Give nouns corresponding to the following verbs and adjectives.
dumbfound - dumb and confound - ошарашить
Cablegram - cable + telegram - телеграмма
Excuse, use, advice, breath, cloth/clothing, worthiness, house, breadth, width, depth, Electrocute - electricity + execute - казнить электрическим током
length, grief, life, calf, strength, bath, device, belief, relief, shelf, practice Galumph - gallop + triumph - вышагивать с гордым видом, подпрыгивая на ходу;
Swellegant - swell and elegant - чумовой
29. Group the words formed by sound-interchange into: 1) those formed by Zebrule - zebra + mule - помесь зебры и мула Dollarature – dollar + literature -
vowel-interchange or ablaut (& suffixation); 2) those formed by consonant- литература, которая пишется за деньги
interchange; 3) those formed by combining both means, i.e. vowel-and Animule animal + mule - животное в виде мула
consonant-interchange. Model: reliefW—relieve (v): consonant-interchange Swatch - Swiss Watch - Швейцарские часы
1) wreathe (v) —wreath (n), strike (v) — stroke (n), house (n) —house (v), breathe Hazchem - hazardous chemicals - система предупреждающих знаков,
(v) — breath (n), full (adj) —fill (v), lose (v) — loss (n), knot (n) — knit (v), use (v) используемая в Австралии, Малайзии, Новой Зеландии, Индии и Соединенном
— use (n), sing (v) — song (n), bite (v) — bit (n), abide (v) - abode (n), ride (v) -~ Королевстве для транспортных средств, перевозящих опасные вещества
road (n) Chunnel - channel и tunnel - транспортный тоннель под проливом Ла-Манш
2) bake (v) — batch (n), believe (v) — belief (n), prove (v) — proof (n), shelve (v) Vegeburger - vegetarian + burger - вегетарианский гамбургер
— shelf (n), loathe (v) — loath (n), clothe (v) — cloth (n), halve (v) — half (n), Fantabulous - fantastic + fabulous - отличный, превосходный, замечательный
serve (v) — serffh), Brunch - breakfast + lunch поздний завтрак
Oxbridge - Oxford + Cambridge – два главных университета
Camcorder - camera + recorder - цифровая видеокамера Shopaholic - shop + 1) шипеть - hiss, жужжат- buzz, квакать - croak, щебетать - chirp, грохотать –
alcoholic - человек, любящий ходить по магазинам rumble, стонать - moan, визжать - squeal, мяукать - meow, хихикать (giggle),
Ginormous - gigantic + enormous - необъятный, громадный, ржать (neigh), блеять (bleat), мычать (moo), баюкать (cradle), лаять (bark),
Motel - motor + hotel - мотель чирикать (chirp), скрежетать (grate), звенеть (ring), тарахтеть (rattle)
Interpol - international + police- международная организация уголовной полиции 2) бах - bang, трах - crash, хлоп - clap;
Guesstimate - guess + estimate - оценивать, основываясь на предположениях 3) шорох - rustle, топот - stomp, рокот - ramble, грохот - rumble, вой - howl, визг
ScotRail – Scotland’s railway - шотландская железная дорога - squeal, рычание - growl
Oxfam - Oxford Committee for Famine Relief - международное объединение из
17 организаций, работающих в более чем 90 странах по всему миру. Целью
деятельности объединения является решение проблем бедности и связанной с
ней несправедливостью во всем мире.
Eurovision - Eurovision Song Contest - конкурс эстрадной песни среди стран-
членов Европейского вещательного союза
Fanzine - fan + magazine - Любительское издание Ecatastrophy - good +
catastrophe - внезапный поворот событий в конце истории, который
гарантирует, что главный герой не встретит какую-то ужасную,
надвигающуюся и очень правдоподобную и вероятную гибель
Docudrama - documentary + drama - документальная драма
Webinar - web + seminar - вебинар
Fruice - fruit + juice - фруктовый сок
Pomato - potato + tomato - гибрид помидора и картошки

32. Give the words denoting sounds produced by the animals enumerated
below.
the cat - meow
the dog – bark;
the cricket - chirp
the cow – moo;
the pig - oink
the ox – moo;
the bee - buzz
the cock - COCK-A-DOODLE-DOO;
the duck - quack
the frog – bonk/croak;
the snake - hiss
the sheep – baa;
the goose - honk
the crow – caw;
the horse - neigh
the hen –chuck;
the sparrow - chirp

33. Translate the following into English, using sound-imitative words: