TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐỒNG NAI

KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

TÀI LIỆU GIẢNG DẠY

MÔN HÌNH THÁI HỌC (MORPHOLOGY)

ĐỒNG NAI 2021

 CONTENT

CHAPTER 1 MORPHEMES

CHAPTER 2 DERIVATION and INFLECTION

CHAPTER 3 ENGLISH WORDS

CHAPTER 4 SPECIAL PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION

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 CHAPTER 1 MORPHEMES
I. DEFINITION
Morphemes are the ……………… …………………… units which may constitute words or parts
of words (Richards, Platt & Weber, 1987:183)
• It is a …………….., or a ………………….. that has meaning
• It ………………….. be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning
or without meaningless remainders.
• It recurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning.
(Stageberg, 1965:85)
Examples: kind (1 morpheme) =  kind -  unkind (2 morphemes) = un-  + -kind
books (2 morphemes) = book-  + -swanted (2 morphemes) = want-  + -ed
realistic (3 morphemes)= real -  + -ist+ -ic 
➢ We can recognize a morpheme by either its …………..or its ………….. meaning
II. HOW TO DISTINGUISH MORPHEMES FROM PHONEMES, SYLLABLES?
1. Morphemes v.s phonemes
A morpheme differs from a phoneme in that the former has ……………. whereas a phoneme does not.
Although phonemes have no meaning, they have distinctive features that help to distinguish meaning.
Example: goes has 2 morphemes/ 4 phonemes
2. Morphemes v.s syllables
A morpheme happens to be identical to a syllable (strange: one syllable, one morpheme).
Many poly-syllablic words are mono-morphemic (lion : two syllable, one morpheme; crocodile (3,1);
California (5,1)
3. Morphemes v.s words
Words are made of ………………. In other words, morphemes are the constituents of words. A word
may be composed of one or more morphemes.
…………….. morpheme: boy, desire
………….… morphemes: boyish, desirable
……………. morphemes: boyishness, desirability
……………..morphemes: gentlemanliness, undesirability
III. TYPES OF MORPHEMES
1. Structural classification
…………………………..(F) : forms which can stand by themselves as words/ the one that can be
uttered alone with meaning
Examples: go, butter, flower, Connecticut

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………………… (B) : forms which cannot stand by themselves but as parts of words/ the one that
cannot be uttered alone with meaning. It is always annexed to one or more morphemes to form a word.
Examples: preview = pre-  + -view ; played = play -  + -ed
B F F B
supervise = super -  + -vise ; teachers = teach - + -er+ -s
B B F B B
2. Semantic classification
A ……………………….: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word and has the principle/ core
meaning and to this base prefixes and suffixes can be added. There are two kinds of bases:
A free base is a base which can occur on its own.
E.g.
F: denial lovable annoyance
B: receive deceive perceive
A bound base is a base which can never occur on its own but can only be joined to other bound
morphemes.
E.g. audi-: in audience, audible, audition, auditory, auditorium
- cide: in suicide, patricide, infanticide, insecticide
An ………………………….: a bound morpheme which occurs before or behind a base. It is
classified according to its position. Affixes include prefixes, suffixes, infixes.
Example: un mistakable
prefix root suffix
• Prefixes: bound morphemes which precede the root. They may change the meaning of a word
to its opposite.
E.g. rewrite, forehead, unkind,
• Suffixes: bound morphemes which follow the root and usually change the word class (from N
to Adj).
Eg. talkative, friendly
Suffixes may pile up to a number of 3 or 4 . E.g. normalisers
There are 2 kinds of suffixes→ inflectional
→ derivational (which will be discussed later)
• Infixes: bound morphemes which occur within the root (between 2 roots)
Eg. Craftsman, salesman, thermometer
3. Phonological classification
Superfix /suprafix: morphemes which consist of suprasegmental morphemes.
- Superfixes consist of stress and intonation morphemes
- Suprasegmental morpheme is the intonation contour which consists of pitches and terminal
junctures. Again we will recall a number of these morphemes from phonology.
For example /231  / for a statement; / 233  / for a yes-no question;
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 Examples: object (n) object (v) I’m busy
………………………..: words which sound alike but have different meaning.
E.g. rose – rows; air –heir
IV. Grammatical morphemes and lexical morphemes
According to functionalists, there are two kinds of morphemes: lexical and grammatical morphemes.
Lexical morphemes are morphemes forming units of vocabulary. They occur in a limited number in
the text. In lexicology they are called lexemes.
Grammatical morphemes are morphemes that determine the grammatical function of words

V. Variations of morphemes- allomorphs (allo: other, morph: form)

1. Definition
An allomorph is any of the different forms of a morpheme.

Morpheme Morpheme (noun plural)

 -ED  S1

allomorph allomorph allomorph allomorph allomorph allomorph

morph morph morph morph morph morph

/ id/ /t/ /d/ / iz/ /s/ /z/
Allomorphs are the various phonemic shapes that represent the same phoneme.

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2. Selection of allomorphs
The three allomorphs / iz/ /s/ /z/ of the inflectional noun plural morpheme  S1 are phonologically
conditioned since each can occur only when certain clearly defined condition occur. In this case, the
conditioning factor is the phonetic nature of their preceding phonemes.
/ iz/: occurs after six hissing sounds (s, Z ∫,ʒ, t∫, ʤ/

/s/ occurs after voiceless sounds except / s, ∫,t∫. /

/z/ occurs after voiced sounds except / Z ,ʒ, ʤ/
The selection of allomorphs may also be morphologically conditioned. In this case the selection is
determined by the specific morpheme(s) forming the context. E.g. ox – oxen / oksen/
2. Types of allomorphs
An additive allomorph: is added to a stem.
E.g. The past tense form / ED/ : ask- asked /t/ , live- lived /d/ need- needed /id/
The plural marker of irregular nouns ox-oxen; child-children,
A replacive allomorph is the change of one vowel to the other vowel. The symbol / v v / means
“replaces”.
E.g. feet- foot tooth-teeth man- men mouse- mice
*Note: Below is the change of consonant to form verbs from corresponding nouns
E.g. To house - house /z- s/
To teeth – teethe /θ-ð/
A suppletive allomorph: a complete change in the shape of word
E.g. go- went; bad- worse; good-better
A zero allomorph: there is no change
E.g. hurt- hurt; cut-cut

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 CHAPTER TWO DERIVATION and INFLECTION

I. WHAT IS DERIVATION?
PREFIX BASE SUFFIX WORD
dis like D dislike
hope ful hopeful
dis trust ful distrustful

………………….. is a method of word formation by which affixes are added to form new words

D = base + affix(es)

II. TYPES OF DERIVATION

1. Prefixation
prefix + base

Examples: pre +dict = predict

anti +craft = anticraft
Prefixes do not change the word class. Thus they are called …………………. derivational affixes
* See appendix A for more Greet roots
2. Suffixation
Base + suffix

Examples: count + able = countable

happy + ness = happiness
………………….. derivational affixes change the word class of the word to which they are attached.
For example: -al added to nation makes an adjective ( national ) out of a noun.
Noun to adjective Verb to noun Adjective to adverb Noun to verb
boy+- ish clear + - ance exact + - ly mortal + -ise
virtu(e)+ -ous sing + -er quiet + ly vaccine (e) + - ate
natur(e)+ -al predict + ion beauty + fy
➢ NOUN SUFFIXES
-an : Roman, Mexican
People who -ant : servant, assistant
do things -ar: liar
-ee: absentee, refugee
-eer: engineer, volunteer
-er: farmer, player
-ent: student,
-ian: musician, magician
-ist: motorist, scientist
-or: senator, visitor
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Feminine -ess: hotess, aviatress
forms -ine / trix: heroine, aviatrix

-age: marriage, courage

-al: approval, arrival
-ance, ence: acceptance, appearance, occurrence
The state -ary: customary, accuracy
of being -dom: kingdom, freedom
-hood: fatherhood, childhood
-ion, -sion, -tion: selection, division, intervention
-ism: Buddhism, realism
-ity: hostility, ability
-ment: development, punishment
-ness: greatness, humbleness
-ship: dictatorship, relationship
Contain or
hold a -ful: handful, mouthful
quantity

➢ ADJECTIVES SUFFIXES
Having the -able, ible: eatable, visible
quality of -ant, -ent: hesitant, prudent
-ary: complementary, sanitary
-ory: compulsory, satisfactory
- ish: childish, girlish
-like: godlike, ladylike,
-some: tiresome, lonesome
-ous: dangerous, courageous
-worthy: trustworthy, praiseworthy
-ly: lively, fatherly
-y: sandy, salty
-ful (with): faithful, harmful
-less (without): careless, painless
-ing/ed” bored/boring, heavy-handed, charming
➢ ADVERB SUFFIXES: These are similar to the ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
-er (comparative ) harder, faster
-est (superlative) hardest, fastest
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 ➢ VERB SUFFIXES
To make -ate: circulate, speculate
-en: soften, sharpen
-fy, -ify: personify, purify, simplify
-ize/-ise: immunize, tranquilize, capitalize

III. ……………………..SUFFIXES
1. Nine inflectional suffixes
Inflectional Names Examples
symbols
1. - S 1 
2. - S 2 
3. - S 3 
4. - ING 1
5. - ED 1
6. - ED 2
7. - ER 1
8. - EST 
9. - LY 1 

2. Differences between inflectional suffixes and derivational suffixes

IS DS
* …………………………. * ………………………………….
Ex: work --- worked (v)
cat ---- cats (n)
* ………………………….. * ………………………………….
Ex: go --- goes, going Ex: agree able ness , creativ(e)ity
* ……….……………………
Ex: city --- cities
continu – ous- ly
R DS IS

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3. How to distinguish derivation from inflection
- Derivation

A BASE(also called a ROOT) + DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES --→ NEW DERIVED WORD

Ex: mother motherhood motherly motherliness motherlike

break breakable unbreakable breakability unbreakability breakage breaker
- Inflection

A STEM + INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES --→ INFLECTED FORMS of one and the same word

Ex: mother mothers mother’s mothers’

3.Homophones of the inflectional suffixes
Five of nine IS have homophones
(IS)
- ING 1 (pre.part)
He is reading
-- ED1 (past )
He interwiewed a new
candidate
-- ED 2 (past participle):
He has been
interviewedtwice
- LY1 (adv)
- ER1(compalative)
- EST 1(superlative)
- ING 2 (noun)
He hates meeting
- LY 2 (adj)
man – manly; cost – costly;
shape - shapely
- ER 2 (attached to VERB to
form NOUN)
drive – driver; hunt- hunter
- EST 2: has a different
spelling (ist)
typist, organist, (meaning of
person
DS
- ING 3(adjective)
It is a veryinterestingstory
- ED 3(adjective):
She was excited about her new job
- LY 3  (adj)
(added to a “time” noun to form
adjectives)
day – daily; hour – hourly;
month- monthly;
- ER 3 
(appears at the end of words,
conveys the meaning of repetition).
chatter, flicker, glitter

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CHAPTER THREE ENGLISH WORDS

I. WHAT IS A WORD?
“A word is a minimal free form which can be spoken or written alone with meaning in normal
speech.”
II. TYPES OF WORDS
1. ……………….. (SW): consist of a single free form and with or without an inflectional suffix.
Examples: slay, flea, long, spirit, eucalyptus, Connecticut

SW= free base ( inflectional suffix)

2. …………….. (CW) or derived words: contain at least one bound morpheme as an immediate
constituent. They fall into two subclasses:

CW= prefix + free /bound base + derivational suffix

*Complex words: FB (free base) have one free form as an IC

Examples: lioness eraser
uncertain rebirth
dipsomania telephone
*Complex words: BB (bound base) have a bound form for each IC
Examples: televise preclude
extract terminate
rupture matricide
3. ………………………… (CpW)(alsocalled compounds) have at least two free bases (free
morphemes) with or without bound morphemes

CpW= free base + free base

Examples: milkman post office police station

desk lamps ill-treated
4. Grammatical v.s Compounds
Grammatical Structure (G.S) Compound ( Cp)
a. …………………………………… a. ……………………………………
b. …………………………………… b. ……………………………………
c.…………………………………… c. ……………………………………

* ……………………………………

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CHAPTER FOUR SPECIAL PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION

I.CLIPPING
Clipping means ………………. the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for
a whole
aeroplane plane (front)
gasoline gas (back)
dectective tec (full)
clipped words
II. ACRONYMY
Acronymy is the process of whereby a word is formed from the ………………. or …………………
segments of a succession of words. In some cases, the initials are pronounced as in MP (military police
or Member of Parliament)
Examples: United Nations Organization UNO
International Monetary Fund IMF

III. BLENDING
The ………………… of the beginning of a word with the end of another word

Example: breakfast + lunch = brunch

medical + care = medicare
BLENDS

IV. BACK FORMATION

When a new word is made by the removal of an AFFIX from an existing word, this is called BACK
INFORMATION. The general rule to form a noun is that we add the agent morpheme (er2, er3).
Examples: Noun Verb
typewriter typewrite
editor to edit
V. COINAGE
The creation of totally new words by
Inventing names for new products: nylon, aspirin
Using specific brand names as Vaseline or Frigidaire as the generic name for different brands of these
types of products.
Changing proper names of individuals or places to common nouns.
Sandwich was named for the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so
that he could eat while gambled
Robot: was named after the mechanical creature in the Czech writer Karel Capek’s play R.U.R., the
initial standing for “Rossum’s Universal Robot.”

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VI. BORROWING
The process by which words in a language are borrowed from another. It is one of the most common
process in word formation. E.g. English words have been borrowed from:
- French: champagne, garage, beige, rouge, couchette
- German: kindergarten, rucksack
- Italian: opera, concerto, cantata
- American Indian languages: shampoo, cot.

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 EXERCISES
CHAPTER 1 MORPHEMES
Exercise 1
After each word write a number showing how many morphemes it contains.
Example: darken (2)
1. play ………… 11. keeper …………
2. replay ………… 12. able …………
3. date ………… 13. unable …………
4. antedate ………… 14. mahogany …………
5.hygiene ………… 15. rain …………
6. weak ………… 16. rainy …………
7. weaken ………… 17. cheap …………
8. man ………… 18. cheaply …………
9. manly ………… 19. cheaper …………
10. keep ………… 20. capsize …………
Exercise 2
Say the number of syllables and morphemes of the following
Words Syllable(s) Morpheme(s)
0. cat 1 1
1. readers
2. Connecticut
3. asparagus
4. strange
5. straight
6. legend
7. wanted
8. uncivilized
9. enlargement
10. butter
Exercise 3
Write the meaning of the underlined morphemes
Example:darken :make
1. antedate ……………….. 6. rainy ………………..
2. replay ……………… 7. cheapest ………………..
3. manly ……………… 8. inactive ………………..
4. keeper ……………… 9. impossible ………………..
5. unable ……………… 10. malnutrition ………………..
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Exercise 4
Analyze the structure of the following words
Examples:preview = pre-  + -view ; played = play -  + -ed
B F F B
1. manliness 2. friendship 3. preface
…………. …………. ………….
4. annoyance 5. foresee 6. intervene
…………. …………. ………….
7. deceiver 8. marrying 9. internationalism
…………. …………. ………………….
10.loneliness 11. morphemics 12. boyhood
…………. ……………… …………………
Exercise 5 Underline the bound morphemes
Example: darken
1. speaker 6. delivery
2. kingdom 7. revise
3. phonemic 8. dreamed
4. idolize 9. undone
5. selective 10. infamous

Exercise 6: Underline the bases in these words

Example:darken
1. womanly 6. lighten 11. unlikely
2. endear 7. enlighten 12. prewar
3. failure 8. friendship 13. subway
4. famous 9. befriend 14. falsify
5. pretest 10. Bostonian 15. unenlivened

Exercise 7. Underline the bases/ roots and say if they are free or bound
Examples:darken (F) , deceive (B)
1. portable 6. annual
2. include 7. eject
3. childish 8. recur
4. postwar 9. mortal
5. preface 10. revise

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Exercise 8: Write in the blanks the meaning of the underlined bound bases.
Example: audience audible audition auditory ……hear………

1. audience audible audition auditory …………………………..

2. suicide patricide matricide infanticide …………………………..
3. oral oration oracle oratory …………………………..
4. aquaplane aquarium aquaduct aquatic …………………………..
5. mortuary mortal moribund immortal …………………………..
6. corps corpse corporation corporeal …………………………..
7. tenable tenant tenure tenacious …………………………..
8. pendulum pendant suspenders impending …………………………..
9. manual manicure manuscript manacle …………………………..
10. eject inject reject projectile …………………………..

Exercise 9 : Look up in your desk dictionary the meaning of the bound bases underlined in the words
below. Write these meanings in the first column. In the second column, write another English word
that contains the same bound base.
Example:darken make deepen
1. revise ………………………….. …………………………..
2. contradict ………………………….. …………………………..
3. regress ………………………….. …………………………..
4. intervene ………………………….. …………………………..
5. comprehend ………………………….. …………………………..
6. recur ………………………….. …………………………..
7. inspect ………………………….. …………………………..
8. oppose ………………………….. …………………………..
9. inspire ………………………….. …………………………..
10. rodent ………………………….. …………………………..
11. portable ………………………….. …………………………..
12. rupture ………………………….. …………………………..
13. annual ………………………….. …………………………..
14. carnal ………………………….. …………………………..
15. bigamy ………………………….. …………………………..

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Exercise 10: (prefixes) Write the meaning of the following underlined prefixes and give one
illustrative example
Example: rewrite again restate
1. antidote ………………………….. …………………………..
2. circumvent ………………………….. …………………………..
3. contradict ………………………….. …………………………..
4. devitalize ………………………….. …………………………..
5. devalue ………………………….. …………………………..
6. disagreeable ………………………….. …………………………..
7. intervene ………………………….. …………………………..
8. obstruct ………………………….. …………………………..
9. prewar ………………………….. …………………………..
10. postwar ………………………….. …………………………..
11. semiprofesional ………………………….. …………………………..
12. subway ………………………….. …………………………..
13. superabundant ………………………….. …………………………..
14. undress ………………………….. …………………………..
15. unlikely ………………………….. …………………………..
16. insecure ………………………….. …………………………..
imperfect ………………………….. …………………………..
illegal ………………………….. …………………………..
irrelevant ………………………….. …………………………..
17. copilot ………………………….. …………………………..
Collapse ………………………….. …………………………..
Convene ………………………….. …………………………..
Compact ………………………….. …………………………..

Exercise 11: ( suffixes) In these words the base is underlined. After each base write the number of
suffixes it contains
Example: industrialize (2)
1. organists ………….. 6. contradictorily …………..
2. personalities ………….. 7. trusteeship …………..
3. flirtatiously ………….. 8 greasier …………..
4. atomizers ………….. 9. countrified …………..
5. friendliest ………….. 10. responsibilities …………..

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Exercise 12: Each group contains a base and suffixes. Make each into a word. In each case, see if
more than one order of suffixes is possible.
1. –ed, live, -en ……………………………….
2. –ing, -ate, termin ……………………………….
3. –er, -s, mor, -al, -ize ……………………………….
4. provine, -s, -ism, -al ……………………………….
5. –ly, -some, grue ……………………………….
6. –ity, work - able ……………………………….
7. in, -most, -er ……………………………….
8. marry, -age, -ity, -abil ……………………………….
9. –dom, -ster, gang ……………………………….
10. –ly, -ion, -ate, affect ……………………………….

Exercise 13: Write the meaning of the following affixes and give two illustrative examples
Examples: dis-: not disable disconnect
1. mis -: ………………………………. 6. –or : ……………………………….
2. non- : ………………………………. 7. - ist- : ……………………………….
3. il- : ………………………………. 8. –ent : ……………………………….
4. inter-: ………………………………. 9. –ee: ……………………………….
5. poly-: ………………………………. 10. –ant: ……………………………….

Exercise 14: Give the homophone(s) of the following

Example: dear- deer
1. bare ………….. 2. flower ………….. 3. sale …………..
4. sight ………….. 5. pair ………….. 6. know …………..
7. our ………….. 8. stair ………….. 9. some …………..
10. tale ………….. 11. weather ………….. 12. wear …………..
13. none ………….. 14. waste ………….. 15. piece …………..
16. mist ………….. 17. aisle ………….. 18. bored …………..
19. due ………….. 20. mail …………..

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Exercise 15: Some words in the following poem are replaced by homophones. Identify them and put back the
correct words.

Homophones
Wood you believe that I didn’t no
About homophones until too daze ago?
That day in hour class in groups of for,
We had to come up with won or more
‘Sir’ said I as bowled as could bee,
‘My future rode I clearly sea’
‘Sun’ said he, ‘move write ahead’
Set sale on your coarse. Don’t be misled’

Mary new six; enough to pas I herd that gnus with grate delight.
But my ate homophones lead the class I will study homophones both day and knight
Then a thought ran threw my head. For weaks and months, through thick oar thin.
Urn a living from homophones, it said. I’ll pursue my goal. Eye no aisle win.

I guest I just sat and staired into space.

My whole life seamed to fall into place.
Our school’s principle happened to come buy,
And asked about the look in my I.

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CHAPTER TWO- DERIVATION & INFLECTION

I. DERIVATION

Exercise 1:
Prefixes like DIS/IN/IM/IR/UN/IL/MIS are used to give an opposite/negative meaning to a word.
Find the opposites for the words from the puzzle below.
possible, loyal, honest, regular, legal, complete, replaceable, effective, popular, fortune, different,
kind

Exercise 2 Make new words with these given prefixes

1. intra- (inside ) = ……………………………………………………
2. bi – ( )= ……………………………………………………
3. pro – ( ) = ……………………………………………………
4. tele- ( )= ……………………………………………………
5. fore- ( )= ……………………………………………………
6. re- ( ) = ……………………………………………………
7. sub- ( ) = ……………………………………………………
8. ex- ( ) =……………………………………………………
9. under- ( ) = ……………………………………………………
10. mis- ( ) = ……………………………………………………

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Exercise 3: Look at the table below, column 1 contains 10 words; column 2 contains 13 derivational
suffixes used to make NOUNS & having the general meaning of state, condition, quality or act of.
Combine these suffixes with the words listed to make as many nouns as you can.
Words Noun-forming D. S Derived words
1. happy 1. –hood
2. –acy
2. friend
3. –ism
3. girl 4. –ness
5. –ment
4. compose
6. –age
5. shrink 7. –y
8. –ation
6. active
9. –ship
7. supreme 10. –ity
11. –ance
8. true
12. –th
9. pagan 13. –ure
10. discover

Exercise 4: Add an derivational to each of these words, which already end in a derivational suffix
1. reasonable: …………………………………………………………..
2. formal: …………………………………………………………..
3. organize: …………………………………………………………..
4. purify: …………………………………………………………..
5. purist …………………………………………………………..
6. industrial . …………………………………………………………..
7. addition: …………………………………………………………..
8. careless …………………………………………………………..
9. personify …………………………………………………………..
10. likely …………………………………………………………..
Exercise 5: Make verbs from these words
1. hospital …………… 5. regular ……………
2. domestic …………… 6. sympathy ……………
3. strength …………… 7. peace ……………
4. saint …………… 8. thick ……………
Exercise 6: Change these words into feminine
1. tiger …………… 6. author ……………
2. waiter …………… 7. heir ……………
3. hero …………… 8. steward ……………
4. actor …………… 9.Duke ……………
5. mister …………… 10. manager …………

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Exercise 7

Match the verbs with the correct suffix to form NOUNS and write them down. Follow the example
and be careful with the spelling.

Verbs SUFFIX Word

a. magine 1. -ance assistance
b. weak 2. –ity
c. teach 3. –ation
d. infect 4. –sion
e. decide 5. –ence
f. argue 6. –er
g. assist 7. –al
h. secure 8. –ance
i. refuse 9. –ment
j. occur 10. –ion
k. resist 11. -ness

Exercise 8:Give as many words with the same bound base as you can using the given prefixes and
bound bases
Prefixes Bound bases
ad- (ac-; at-) : to, toward 1.- tain: hold
com-(con-): with, together, joinly, in 2. – ceive
de- : from, down, away _ cept take
dis – (dif-): apart _ ceit
ex-: from, out of, out from 3. _ fer: carry, bear
in- (im-): in, into, within, toward, on 4. _clude: shut, close
per-: through, thoroughly 5. _port: carry
pre-: before, in advance
inter-: between
pro-: forward, before, forth, for
re-: back, again
sub- (sup-): under
trans-: across, beyond, through
a. Words with the bound base _tain meaning hold

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b. Words with the bound base _ceive, _cept, _ceit meaning take

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
22
c. Words with the bound base _fer meaning carryor bear

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

d. Words with the bound base _clude meaning shutor close

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

e. Words with the bound base _port meaning carry

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise 9: PREFIXES and SUFFIXES

Add a PREFIX and/or SUFFIX to the words below and put them in the correct sentence. In brackets
you'll find some information on the parts of speech to use.

PROBABLE COMMUNICATE AGREE CURIOUS ANGER HEALTH

RESPONSIBLE FAME HELP LIKE CAREFUL CONCLUDE

1. The lights are green, but nobody is

moving. He is so ……..
adjective
2. Don’t you know that saying “……..
killed the cat?
noun
3. I think you should drive ………You’re
scaring me
adverb
4. She is a very …….. star

adjective

23
 5. They have different opinions on the
subject. Their …….will last forever.

noun with negative meaning

6. Brian is always late for work. He is so
……..

adjective with negative meaning

7. This Math problem is very difficult.
Mary didn’t come to any …….

noun
8. He can’t see the banana peel. He will
…….. slip and fall

adverb
9. You shouldn’t eat so much junk food.
It’s very ………

adjective with negative

meaning
10. Thank for finding my cat. You’re a
very …………. young man

adjective
11. My parents are always fighting. There
is no ………… between them anymore

noun
12. I really ……….. my packed lunch. It
doesn’t smell so nice.

verb with negative meaning

II. INFLECTIONS
Exercise 10: Add an inflectional suffix, using one of the followings:
1. noun possessive 1. kind
2. noun plural 2. beautify
3. verb present 3rd person singular 3. quarterly (n)
4. verb present participle 4. popularize
5. verb past tense 5. depth
6. verb past participle 6. pressure
7. adjective (comparative) 7. extinguish
8. adjective (superlative) 8. orientate
9. friendly
10. loud

24
Exercise 11: Identify the italicized -ly as –ly 1 (inflectional suffix), -ly 2, -ly 3 (derivational suffix)
1. The witness testified falsely ………
2. Gilbert has a deadly wit ………
3. Prudence always behaved with a maidenly demeanor ………
4. He tiptoes softly into the room. ………
5. Jimmy received a weekly allowance. ………
6. The dear old lady has a heavenly disposition. ………
7. She spoke quietly to her grandson ………
8. What a timelysuggestion! ………
9. What an unmannerlyhelot! ………
10. It was a cowardly act! ………

Exercise 12: Identify –er as -er1 inflectional suffix as in bigger

-er2 derivational suffix as in singer
-er3 derivational suffix as in flutter
1. This is a heavier tennis racket than I want ………
2. We watched the shimmer of the evening light on the waves………
3. The fighter weighed in at 150 pound ………
4. He was tougher than he looked ………
5. The jabber of voices came through the open door ………

Exercise 13: Identify –ING 1; ING 2; ING 3

1. It was a fascinating film star ………
2. It was located by a sweetly babbling brook ………
3. It was interesting to watch the fight ………
4. I hate meetings. ………
5. The barking dog makes everyone awaken. ………
6. The refreshing shower poured down ………
7. How boring the reading is! ………
8. The attorney made a moving appeal ………
Exercise 14: Identify –ED2 or ED 3
1. You should read the printed statement ………
2. Maria became a devoted mother ………
3. This is a complicated problem ………
4. His chosen wife lives in India ………
5. He has bought a stolen picture. ………
6. The invited guests all came ………
7. We had a reserved seat ………
25
 8. Our boss was a reserved man ………
9. A celebratedPM visited the campus ……….
10. A worried expression crossed his face ……...
Exercise 15 : Classify the underlined morphemes by putting + in the right boxes

Free Bound Inflectional Derivational

mistreatment
ungrateful
antisocial
liberation
strings
friendless
linguistics
helped
uninvited
package

REVISION OF DERIVATIONAL & INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES

Exercise 16: Label the bold suffixes as DS (derivational suffixe), IS (inflectional suffix) or Amb
(ambiguous)
1. princes ................ 11. quickly ................
2. princess ................ 12. rectify ................
3. findings ................ 13. brotherly ................
4. friendlier ................ 14. respectable ................
5. shows ................ 15. younger ................
6. weaver ................ 16. cleanly ................
7. learner ................ 17. glimmer ................
8. satirize ................ 18. grievance ................
9. sputter ................ 19. droppings ................
10. brighten ................ 20. sunny ................

26
 CHAPTER THREE- ENGLISH WORDS

Exercise 1: Indicate which of the following as simple words (SW)

1. colder 6. goes
2. teaching 7. goer
3. countable 8. ultimate
4. instances 9. supreme
5. gentlemen 10. reading
Exercise 2: Classify each words as S: simple; C –BB : complex with two bound forms; C-FB:
complex with one free form
1. knave ................ 11. philosophical ................
2. knavish ................ 12. sophistic ................
3. graph ................ 13. sophomore ................
4. telegraph ................ 14. misogynist ................
5. merge ................ 15. refusal ................
6. emerge ................ 16. carnal ................
7. moron ................ 17. enable ................
8. democracy ................ 18. mete ................
9. purist ................ 19. meter ................
10. comical ................ 20. chronometer ................

Exercise 3:
Indicate whether each undelined expression is a word compound (C) or a grammatical structure
(GS).Pay no attention to hyphens or space
1. Jims’ new car is a hardtop
2. This jar has a rather hard top
3. It was a jack-in-the-box
4. There was a plant in the box.
5. A hot dog is not a hot dog.
6. He has a dog in the manger attitude.
7. He has a strong hold on him
8. She has a stronghold in the Women’s Club.
9. George found his father-in-law.
10. George found his father in trouble.
11. They bought it on the black market
12. The electricity went off and were caught in a black, completely lightless market.
13. His spending money was a source of annoyance to his father.

27
Exercise 4: Classify the following items with these syllables
S: simple C-BB complex with two bound forms as IC’s
C-FB complex with one free form as IC’s
Com: Compound GS: grammatical structure

1. a sharpshooter
2. a sharp shooter
3. act
4. react
5. storekeeper
6. passbook
7. apparatus
8. detain
9. recur
10. current
11. unearth
12. referee
13. solve
14. dissolve
15. solvent
16. bull’s eye (of target)
17. bull’s eye (of bull)
18. highlander
19. biochemical
20. inaccessible

Exercise 5: Say the process (inflection, derivation or compound) by which the words are built up
1. swims 6. simplest
2. football 7. artist
3. director 8. mountainous
4. pleasure 9. hourly
5. salesman 10. quickly
Exercise 9: Game

28
CHAPTER FOUR SPECIAL PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION
Exercise 1: Give the original from which these clipped words were formed
1. ad ………… 2. exam ………… 3. prof …………
4. frat ………… 5. photo ………… 6. gin …………
7. curio………… 8. lab ………… 9. memo …………
10. math………… 11. coke ………… 12. mac …………
13. cello………… 14. caf ………… 15. nightie …………
16. fridge………… 17. vac ………… 18. dub …………
19. extra………… 20. teeny ………… 21. gym …………
22. psych………… 23. cab ………… 24. cab …………
25. phone………… 26. wig ………… 27. phys-ed …………
28. ref ………… 29. doc ………… 30. vet …………
31. co-ed………… 32. handkie ………… 33. demo …………
34. trank………… 35. van ………… 36. champ …………
37. fan ………… 38. brandy ………… 39. taxi …………
40. Jo ………… 41. Mike ………… 42. Tim …………
43. Al ………… 44. Tom ………… 45. Beth …………
46. Liz ………… 47. Bill ………… 48. Phil …………
49. Joe………… 50. Maggie …………

Exercise 2: Give the original to the following

1. VOA ……………………………………………………………………
2. CNN ……………………………………………………………………
3. BBC ……………………………………………………………………
4. UNICEF ……………………………………………………………………
5. UNESCO ……………………………………………………………………
6. UNDP ……………………………………………………………………
7. MIA ……………………………………………………………………
8. POW ……………………………………………………………………
9. CIA ……………………………………………………………………
10. FBI ……………………………………………………………………
11. GMT ……………………………………………………………………
12. VIP ……………………………………………………………………
13. AIDS ……………………………………………………………………
14. HIV ……………………………………………………………………
15. WHO ……………………………………………………………………
16. WTO ……………………………………………………………………

29
 17. WB ……………………………………………………………………
18. ATM ……………………………………………………………………
19. Bcc ……………………………………………………………………
20. Cc …………………………………………………………………….
Exercise :3 Give the original to the following blends
1. smog ……………………………………………………………………
2. Frenglish ……………………………………………………………………
3. telecast ……………………………………………………………………
4. motel ……………………………………………………………………
5. newsboy ……………………………………………………………………
6. medinews ……………………………………………………………………
7. trafficator ……………………………………………………………………
8. telex ……………………………………………………………………
9. Eurasian ……………………………………………………………………
10. fruice ……………………………………………………………………
11. telebridge ……………………………………………………………………
12. electrocute ……………………………………………………………………
13. slimnastics ……………………………………………………………………
14. positron ……………………………………………………………………
15. Interpol ……………………………………………………………………
16. smaze ……………………………………………………………………
17. slanguage ……………………………………………………………………
18. Internet ……………………………………………………………………
19. Blog ……………………………………………………………………
20. WiFi ………………………………………………………………

Exercise 4: Give the blends that result from fusing these words
1. happening + circumstances = ……………………………………………
2. automobile+ omnibus = ……………………………………………
3. escalate + elevator = ……………………………………………
4. blare or blow + spurt = ……………………………………………
5. squall + squeak = ……………………………………………

30
 APPENDIX A

English prefixes

Prefixes Definition Example

1. A- on, in abed, aboard, ashore, ajar, asleep
2. A- out , from arise, awake, alight
3. Be- by (sometimes intensive) beside, betimes, besmear, bedaub
4. For- thoroughly forbear, forgive
5. Fore- before forecast, foretell
6. Gain- against gainsay
7. In- in income, inland, inlay
8. Mis- wrong, wrongly misdeed, mislead, misjudge
9. Over- above, beyond overflow, overcharge
10. To- this today, tonight, tomorrow
11. Un- not untrue, unkind, unholy
12. Un- to reverse an action untie, undo, unfold
13. Under- beneath, below undercharge, undergo, underground
14. With- against, back withdraw, withhold, withstand

Note:

There are only two prefixes of English origin that are still applied freely to new words: mis and un, the
former with the force of the adjective bad, and the latter with the force of a negative.

31
 Latin prefixes

Prefixes Definition Example

1. Ab- (a, abs) from, away abuse, avert, abstract
2. Ad- (ac, af, ag, al, an, to adjoin, accord, affect. aggrieve, allege,
ap, ar, as, at, a) announce, appoint, arrest, assign, attach, avail
3. Ambi- (amb, am) on both sides, around ambiguous, ambition, amputale
4. Ante- (anti, an) before antedate, anticipate, ancestor
5. Bene- well benediction, benefit
6. Bis- (bi, bin) twice, two biscuit, bisect, binocular
7. Circum- (circu) around circumnavigate, circumference, circuit
8. Con- (col, com, cor) with, together contend, collect, combine, correct
9. Contra- (counter) against contradict, counteract, counterfeit
10. De- down descend, dethrone, depose
11. Dis- (dir, di) apart disjoin, differ, divide
12. Demi- half demigod
13. Ex- (ef, e) out of extract, effect, educe
14. Extra- beyond, outside of extraordinary, extravagant
15. In- (il, im, ir, en, em) in, into invade, illustrate, immerse, irritate, enact,
embrace
16. In- (il, im, ir) not insecure, illegal, imprudent, irregular
17. Inter- (intro, enter) among, within intervene, introduce, entertain
18. Male- (mal) ill, badly malevolent, malcontent
19. Non- not nonsense
20. Ob- (oc, of) in the way of, against object, occupy, offend
21. Pen- almost penultimate, penultinsula
22. Per- (pel) through pervade, pellucid
23. Post- after postscript, postdate, postpone.
24. Pre- before Prefix, prevent, predict.
25. Preter- beyond preternatural.
26. Pro- (por, pur) for pronoun. portray, pursue.
27. Re- back, again reclaim, refund, renew, return
28. Retro- backwards retrospect, retrograde
29. Se- (sed) apart secede, separate, seduce, sedition
30. Semi- half semicircle, semicolon
31. Sine- without sinecure
32. Sub- (suc, suf, sug, under subdue, succeed, suffer, suggest, summon,
sum, sup, sur, sus) support, surmount, sustain
33. Subter- beneath subterfuge
34. Super- above superfine, superfluous
35. Trans- (tra, tres) across transmit, traverse, trespass
36. Vice- in the place of viceroy, vice - president

32
 Greek Prefixes

Prefixes Definition Example

1. A (an)- without, not; atheisl, apathy, anarchy.
2. Amphi- around, on both sides amphitheater, amphibious.
3. Ana- up, back anachronism, analysis.
4. Anti- (ant) against antipathy, anlagonist
5. Apo- (ap) from apostate, apology.
6. Arch- (archi) chief archbishop, archangel, architect
7. Auto- self autocrat, autobiography, autograph.
8.Cata- down cataract, catastrophe, catalog.
9. Di- twice dilemma
10. Dia- through diagonal, diameter.
11. Dys- badly dyspepsia, dysentery
12. En-(em) in encyclopdia, emblem.
13. Epi- upon epilogue, epitaph.
14. Eu- well eulogy, euphony, eugenics
15. Ex- (ec) out of exodus, eccentric.
16. Hemi- half hemisphere.
17. Homo- (hom) like homogeneous, homonym.
18.Hyper- over, beyond hyperbole, hypercritical.
19. Hypo- under hypothesis, hypocrite.
20. Meta- (mei) implying change metaphor, metonymy.
21. Mono- alone, single monoplane, monopoly.
22.Pan- all panacea, panorama, pantheism.
23. Para- beside, by the side of parallel, paradox, parasite
24.Peri- around, about period, perimeter, periscope.
25. Philo- (phil) love philosophy, philanthropy.
26. Pro- before prophesy, program
27. Syn- (sym, syl, sy) with, together synonym, sympathy, syllable, system.

33
 English suffixes

OF NOUNS

Suffixes Example
Denoting agent or doer
1. -er (-ar, -or, -yer) painter, baker, beggar, sailor, lawyer
2. -ster spinster, punster, songster.

3. -ter (-ther) daughter; father.

Denoting state, action, condition, being, etc.
1. -dom freedom, martyrdom, wisdom.
2. -hood (-head) manhood, childhood, godhead.
3. -lock (-ledge) wedlock, knowledge
4. -ness darkness, boldness, goodness, sweetness
5. -red kindred, hatred
6. -ship hardship, friendship, lordship
7. -th health, stealth, growth.
Forming diminutives
1. –el (-le) satchel, kernel, girdle, handle.
2. –en maiden, kitten, chicken
3. –ie dearie, birdie, lassie.
4. –kin lambkin, napkin
5. -let leaflet
6. –ling duckling, darling, stripling, weakling.
7. –ock hillock, bullock.

OF ADJECTIVES

Suffixes Definition Example

1. - ed having gifted, talented, wretched, learned.
2. - en made of wooden, golden, woollen, carthen.
3. - ful full of hopeful, fruitful, joyful

4. - ish somewhat like boorish, reddish, girlish.

5. - less free from, without fearless, shameless, hopeless, senseless
6. - ly like manly, godly, sprightly.
7. - some with the quality of wholesome, gladsome, quarrelsome.
8. - ward inclining to forward, wayward.
9. - y with the qualityof wealthy, healthy, windy, slimy, greedy, needy, thirsty, dirty

34
 OF VERBS

Suffixes Definition Example

1. - en causative, forming transitive weaken, sweeten, gladden, deaden,

verbs strengthen.
2. - se to make cleanse, rinse

3. - er intensive or frequentative chatter, glitter, glimmer, friller, flatter

OF ADVERBS

Suffixes Definition Example

1. -ly like boldly, wisely.
2. -long heallong, sidelong.
3. - ward (-wards) turning to homeward, backward, upwards

4. - way (-ways) straightway, anyway, always.

5. - wise manner, mode likewise, otherwise.

35
Latin suffixes

OF NOUNS

Suffixes Example

Denoting chiefly the agent or doer of a thing

1. -ain (-an, -en, -on) chieftain, artisan, citizen, surgeon.

2. - ar (-er, -eer, -ier, -ary) scholar, preacher, engineer, financier, missionary.

3. - ate (-ee, -ey, -y) advocate, trustee, attorney, deputy.

4. - or (-our, -eur, -er) emperor, saviour, amateur, interpreter.

Denoting state, action, result of an action
1. - age bondage, marriage, breakage, leakage
2. - ance (-ence) abundance, brilliance, assistance, excellence, innocence.
3. - cy fancy, accuracy, lunacy, bankruptcy.
4. – ion action, opinion, union
5. - ice (-ise) service, cowardice, exercise.
6. - ment punishment, judgment, improvement.
7. - mony parsimony, matrimony, testimony.
8. - tude servitude, fortitude, magnitude.
9. - ty cruelty, frailty
10. -ure pleasure, forfeiture, verdure
11. -y misery, victory
Forming diminutives
1. - cule (-ule, -cel, -sel, -el, -le) animalcule, globule, parcel, damsel, chapel, circle

2. - et owlet, lancet, trumpet.

3. - ette cigarette, coquette.
Denoting place
1. - ary (-ery, -ry) dispensary, library, nunnery, treasury.
2. - ter (-tre) cloister, theater

36
 OF ADJECTIVES

Suffixes Example

1. - al national, legal, regal, mortal, fatal.

2. - an (-ane) human, humane, mundane

3. - ar familiar, regular.

4. - ary customary, contrary, necessary, ordinary, honorary.

5. - ate fortunate, temperate, obstinate.

6. - ble (-ible, -able) feeble, sensible, laughable

7. - esque picturesque, grotesque

8. - id humid, vivid, lucid.

9. - ile servile, fragile, juvenile

10. - ine feminine, feline, divine.

11. - ive active, attentive, sportive

12. - lent corpulent, indolent, turbulent, virulent

13. - ose (-ous) verbose, dangerous, onerous, copious

OF VERBS

Suffixes Example
1. - ate assassinate, captivate, exterminate.
2. - esce acquiesce, effervesce.
3. - fy simplify, purify, tortify, sanctify, terrify

4. -ish Publish, nourish, punish, banish

37
 Greek suffixes

Suffixes Example

1. -ic (-ique) angelic, cynic, phonetic, unique.

2. -ist artist, chemist

3. - isk asterisk, obelisk

4. - ism (-asm) patriotism, despotism, enthusiasm

5. - ize civilize, sympathize, criticize.

6. - sis (-sy) crisis, analysis, heresy, poesy

7. -e (-y) catastrophe, monarchy, philosophy

38
 Common Latin Roots

Latin Root Definition Example

aqua water Aquatic, aquarium, aqueduct

ars, artis I hear Audible, audience, auditor
Bene Well Benefit, benefactor
Caput, capitis The head Capital, captain, decapitate
Dico, dictus I say Dictation, contradict, predict, verdict
Duo two Dual, duel, double, duplicate
durus Hard, lasting Durable, obdurate, duration
esse To be Essence, essential, present, absent
Found, foundation, profound,
fundus The bottom
fundamental, founder
homo A man Homage, human, humane
Jacio, jactus I throw Ejaculate, reject
mare The sea Marine, maritime, submarine
memor mindful Memory, memorable
multus many Multiply, multitude
navis A ship Navy, nautical
omnic all Omnipotent, omnipresent, omnibus
porto I carry Portable, portmanteau, import, export
Primary, primitive, prince, premier,
primus first
principal
seco I cut Bisect, dissect, sickle
signum A sign Signal, significant, design
similis like Similar, dissimilar, resemblance
spiro I breathe Aspire, conspire, inspire, expire
Tempus, temporis time Tense, temporal, contemporary
tribuo I give Tribute, contribute
unus one Union, unique, unanimous
Video, visus I see Vision, survey, evident
Voracious, omnivorous, carnivorous,
Voro I eat
devour
Voveo, votus I vow Vote, devote, votary

39
 Common Greek Roots

Greek Root Definition Example

anthropo man; human; humanity anthropologist, philanthropy

auto Self autobiography, automobile
bio Life biology, biography
chron Time chronological, chronic
dyna Power dynamic, dynamite
dys bad; hard; unlucky dysfunctional, dyslexic
gram thing written epigram, telegram
graph Writing graphic, phonograph
hetero Different heteronym, heterogeneous
homo Same homonym, homogenous
hydr Water hydration, dehydrate
hyper over; above; beyond hyperactive, hyperbole
hypo below; beneath hypothermia, hypothetical
logy study of biology, psychology
meter/metr Measure thermometer, perimeter
micro Small microbe, microscope
mis/miso Hate misanthrope, misogyny
mono One monologue, monotonous
morph form; shape morphology, morphing
nym Name antonym, synonym
phil Love philanthropist, philosophy
phobia Fear claustrophobia, phobic
photo/phos Light photograph, phosphorous
pseudo False pseudonym, pseudoscience
psycho soul; spirit psychology, psychic
scope viewing instrument microscope, telescope
techno art; science; skill technique, technological
tele far off television, telephone

therm Heat thermal, thermometer

40
 APPENDIX B

SOME SUGGESTEDTASK TYPES FOR FINAL TESTS

I. Choose the best possible answer

1. Which of the following is true for inflectional morphemes?

A. They occur after derivational morphemes
B. They change the meaning of a word
C. They are able to overlap
D. Both B & C
2. Which of the following has 2 bound morphemes
A. supervise B. foretell C. submarine D. handsome
3. How many morphemes are there in “continuously”?
A. one B. two C. three D. four
4. Which of the following is not true for derivation morphemes?
A. They can be either prefixes or suffixes
B. They are able to overlap
C. They occur before inflectional morphemes
D. They come last in the word
5. Which of the following has an inflectional morpheme?
A. reader B. fighter C. faster D. flutter
6. Which of the following has three morphemes?
A. mahogany B. idols C. phonemic D. unlikely
7. What is the process by which the word “artist” built up?
A. acronymy B. inflection C. derivation D. composition
8. The word water is considered a ………word
A. compound B. simple C. complex D. compound-complex
9. Which of the following suffixes can be used to make the verb from the adjective beauty ?
A. ize B. en C. ate D. ify
10. The word tigers contain ……..morpheme(s)
A. one B. two C. three D. four

II. Break the following into morphemes and say they are free or bound.
Example: unforgetable : unforgetable
B F B
1. mainly: ..........................................................................................
2. telephone: ..........................................................................................
3. warmer: ..........................................................................................
4. boyishness : ..........................................................................................
5. intervene : ..........................................................................................
6. accountants: ..........................................................................................
7. policeman: ..........................................................................................
8. yearly: ..........................................................................................
9. foretell: ..........................................................................................
10. kingdom : ..........................................................................................

41
III. Write the meaning of the underlined morphemes in column A and write one example that contains
the same base in column B

Words Column A ( the meaning ) Column B ( Example )

0 Contradict To say Predict
1. Actor ........................................ ........................................
2. careless ........................................ ........................................
3. Teacher ........................................ ........................................
4. sandy ........................................ ........................................

5. uniform ........................................ ........................................

6. bicycle ........................................ ........................................

7. misuse ........................................ ........................................

........................................ ........................................
8. audible

IV. Give the original to the following.

1. UNESCO: ....................................................................................
2. ODP: ....................................................................................
3. Smog ....................................................................................
4. Amerasian: ....................................................................................
5. Abbr: ....................................................................................
6. Fem : ....................................................................................
V. Supply a homophone to each of the following words. Write your answer onto the blank.
For example: Rome . . . roam . . .
01. pour ........ 06. flour ........
02. whether ....... 07. new ........
03. heir ........ 08. hare ........
04. boar ........ 09. rite ........
05. warn ........ 10. pier ........
VI. Indicate whether each italicized expression in each of the following sentences is a simple word
(S), a complex word (C-FB or C-BB), a word compound (WCp) or a grammatical structure
(GS).
Write your answer onto the blank.
For example: We chose Frank our monitor. ...S...
01. There is a convenience store near my house. ........
02. The popularity of ethical investment is not slowing down. ........
03. There was little wonder that the plan failed. ........
04. The local citizens gave support to the senator. ........
05. The salesmen get a percentage on everything they sell. ........

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