INSTRUCTIONS:

This SELF LEARNING MATERIAL is an initiative of the teacher to make the Assessment, as WRITTEN TASK AND
PERFORMANCE TASK, more essential to the learning of the students. In addition, one of the prime goals of our science education and
education, in general, is to develop lifelong learners that are self-sufficient and able to respond to the change of times and the needs of
the world. With this, I would like you to remember the following:
BEFORE
1. This is also a property of the BSANHS; therefore, you have to take good care of it.
2. This is provided for you individually and for your convenience.
3. Photocopying of this LAS is strictly prohibited, especially the answers as a form of cheating. Once you were caught, you will be
subjected to the school discipline committee.
4. You can use YELLOW sheet for extension of answers.
DURING
1. Please PRACTICE READING AND UNDERSTAND THE INSTRUCTION. It does not mean it is in the English language you
have to stop there and wait. If you do not follow the given instruction, it means you accepted the consequences and to be marked
incorrect. Let us realize the value of discipline.
2. BE ORGANIZED AND CLEAN in answering the LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET (LAS). Your answer must be FINAL. This is
to help you practice systematic aspect of science learning.
3. Every activity and assessment have a space for your name and section, and you can USE THE BACK PAGE, please be updated
always in your group messenger chat and leaders for the lessons in your WHLP.
4. You can seek the help of a knowledgeable individual that can assist you at your convenience, but it would be better if you will
ask me (subject teacher) to guide you in your activities.
5. You can improvise if the materials in the LAS are not available.
6. Be CRITICAL THINKERS. You ask for guidance and understanding of the lesson. Do not ask for the answer.
AFTER
1. PARENT’S MUST SIGN THE ACTIVITIES BEFORE SUBMISSION.
2. Submit only the part of LAS where you are instructed to submit. I will allow you to cut the portion of the LAS in submission.
Again, wait for the information.
3. The UNANSWERED AND NOT SIGNED ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT IN LAS WILL BE RETURNED FOR YOU TO
COMPLETE YOUR WRITTEN AND PERFORMANCE TASKS.
4. COMPILE all the activities for your monitoring.
5. Remember, the LAS is our form of communication and feedback regarding your learning in SCIENCE 9, I will exert my effort for
you to perform and I hope you will respond too.

I hope that the instructions given are understood and responded accordingly.

Thank you,

GIL M. SUMABAT JR.

Science 9 Teacher
COMPARING THE STRUCTURE : Key Parts of the Breathing System
Look closely at the bunch of grapes, which represents the human breathing system.
Mendel’s Experiments with Mendelian Traits

Mendel’s Theory of Inheritance of

Traits. Dihybrid Cross
S9LT –Ie-f-30 Week 5 Day 2

MELC: Relate species extinction to the failure of populations of organisms to adapt to abrupt changes in the environment
POPULATION AND POPULATION DENSITY

POPULATION – pertains to the number of organisms of the same species living in a certain place.
POPULATION DENSITY – is a measure of the number of organisms that make up a population in
a defined area.

Population Density = no. of individuals

size of the area

COMMUNITY – also called biological community, in biology, an interacting group of various

species in a common location
LIMITING FACTORS – these are environmental conditions that keep a population from
increasing in size and help balance an ecosystem.
In the natural world, limiting factors like the availability of food, water, shelter, and
space can change animal and plant populations. Other limiting factors, like competition for
resources, predation, and disease also impact populations.

Humans can impact animal and plant populations. When humans develop land for houses and buildings, they cut down trees and
change animal and plant habitats.

Other natural factors are Predator/prey relationships play a big role in animal populations. If the balance between predator and
prey is changed, populations are changed
CARRYING CAPACITY – the maximum population size an environment can support.

S9LT –Ie-f-30 Week 5 Day 3

MELC: Relate species extinction to the failure of populations of organisms to adapt to abrupt changes in the environment
THREATENED, ENDANGERED, AND EXTINCT SPECIES

THREATENED - any species that is likely to become an endangered and declines so fast within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant
portion of its range.
ENDANGERED – it is when species’ population becomes extremely low that only few remain and it is possible to become extinct.
EXTINCT – species that no longer in exist.
EXTINCTION – means that the last individual belonging to particular species is gone forever.

SOME ENDANGERED SPECIES OF ANIMALS IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) - Also called the monkey-eating eagle, the Philippine eagle is native to the southern Philippines.
2. Philippine Freshwater Crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) - Locally known as Mindoro crocodiles, they are endemic in the Philippines. The
Philippine freshwater crocodile is quite small compared to other crocodiles, growing to about four and a half to five feet long and
weighing approximately 15 kg.
3. Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) - Also known as the Mindoro dwarf buffalo, the Tamaraw is the only known bovine that is indigenous to the
Philippines.
4. The Philippine Tarsier (Carlito syrichta) - This small primate is another endangered species endemic in the Philippine islands. This species was
once widespread throughout Southeast Asia.
5.Philippine Cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia) - Locally known as Kalangay, Katala or the red-vented cockatoo, the Philippine cockatoo is
indigenous to the Philippines.

Endangered species continue to struggle for a safe place to live on this planet. Rhino hunting is up in South Africa and elephant poaching
remains at unsustainable levels; these are just to name a couple of examples. In fact, over the lifespan of just two human generations, half of the
world's wildlife has disappeared according to the World Wildlife Fund.

We are in the time of rapid technology advancement and in the field of communication. It means that now is the time to embrace social
media any other information outlet and use it as an advantage to promote and support campaigns on conservation of our wildlife.
MELC: Relate species extinction to the failure of populations of organisms to adapt to abrupt changes in the environment
NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

1. EXTREME HEATING AND COOLING OF THE EARTH

The change in the global temperature caused by number of factors affects biodiversity. Some species are not used to severe
weather conditions or prolonged dry or wet seasons. Species find it difficult to look for food and the long dry weather condition led to
diseases and epidemics.
2. CHANGES IN LANDSCAPE
Various phenomena change the condition of the species habitats. For example, the melting of the snow and glaciers due to global
warming can alter the salinity of the surface water where some marine forms a life are dependent.
3. ACID PRECIPITATION
Changes in the pH of the habitat can disturb bodies of water and cause the death of species. Gases in the atmosphere – sulfur
dioxide, nitric oxides and chloride ions emitted by volcanic activities are absorbed by the clouds and then fall on land and water as acid
precipitation. The chemical substances can alter the chemical composition of the soil and water making them suitable for some life forms.
4. DISEASES / EPIDEMIC
As the landscape of the habitat changes and the effect of the climate change, species sometimes lost their immunity to disease.
They become vulnerable to diseases, which can cause death and their eventual extinction.

5. METEOR IMPACT/COSMIC RADIATION

Meteors strike the surface with great force. The impact of the crashing meteorite can be felt in a large area and the place of the impact
destroyed. As in the case of what happened in the past that led to the extinction of dinosaurs. Cosmic Radiation form from other space and it
has been theorized that mutation can weaken the gene pool of the species making them vulnerable to agents of extinction.
6. SPREAD OF INVASIVE SPECIES
New species invade other territories. These new species have same requirements s those of the original species. Competition sets in
and since the invasive species are more efficient in utilizing the resources in the area than the resident species, the original species is eliminated.

S9LT –Ie-f-30 Week 5 Day 5

MELC: Relate species extinction to the failure of populations of organisms to adapt to abrupt changes in the environment
LOCAL AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES THAT CONTRIBUTED TO SPECIES EXTINCTION

DEFORESTATION
One of the country’s environmental problems is the rapid rate at which trees are cut down. In the Philippines, the major causes of
deforestation are: Kaingin farming; Illegal logging; Conversion of agricultural lands to housing project; and Forest fires. Because of cutting down
trees, the following effects could take place: Soil erosion; Floods; Decrease in wildlife resources that will eventually lead to extinction
WILDLIFE DEPLETION
As human population gets bigger, huge space is needed for shelter, for growing crops, and for industries. Deforestation is one of the major
causes of the disappearance of wildlife species. If they cannot find enough space, many will die or become extinct. Some species may become
endangered, or in the verge of becoming extinct. In other cases, some animals may be threatened.

WATER POLLUTION
A major problem in lakes, rivers and ponds is eutrophication. It happens when the concentration of organic nutrients that comes from
domestic garbage and thrown in bodies of water, increases rapidly. It is supposed to be a slow process, but man’s activities hasten it up

Another effect of water pollution is mass death of fish, or ‘fish kill’. It usually happens when there is an increase in concentration of organic
nutrients in bodies of water. This condition causes algal bloom and growth of aquatic plants. When the algae die, they sink to the bottom and the
process of decomposition proceeds. This process uses up oxygen and as a result, aquatic animals die due to lack of oxygen.

Bodies of water are also polluted with toxic wastes, untreated sewage, and fertilizer run-offs from farmlands. One class of dangerous
chemicals present in water is PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl). PCBs are toxic wastes produced in the making of paints, inks and electrical insulators.
Through the process of biological magnification, the PCB becomes concentrated in the body tissues of water organisms. Biological magnification is
the buildup of pollutants in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain. Fish living in contaminated ecosystems contain built up high
concentration of PCB. The fish were not killed by the chemicals, but they stored them in their tissues.

AIR POLLUTION
Pollutants can enter the air as gases, liquids, or solids. Cars burn fuel and produce harmful gases–carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and
hydrocarbons. Harmful pollutants present in the air.
Carbon dioxide acts like a blanket over the Earth, holding in the heat that would otherwise radiate back into space. The trapping of heat by
gases in the earth’s atmosphere is called greenhouse effect.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process. But as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, greenhouse effect also intensifies–this will
lead to global warming. Global warming is an increase in the earth’s temperature from the rapid buildup of carbon dioxide and other gases. This, in
turn, could change the world climate pattern.

DESTRUCTION OF COASTAL RESOURCES

Coral reefs and coastal mangrove forests in the Philippines serve as breeding grounds and nurseries of marine fishes. But due to man’s
activities, coastal areas are getting destroyed through the years. Some of these activities include the following: Deforestation, agricultural activities,
and mining activities; Dynamite fishing and muro-ami; Coastal areas’ conversion to beach resorts; residential areas; Overharvesting.

ACID PRECIPITATION
Acid precipitation is commonly known as acid rain. Rainwater is normally acidic, because carbon dioxide is normally present. Other pollutants
mostly sulfur and nitrogen oxides make rainwater even more acidic, with a pH of 5.6 or lower. Emissions from factories and from exhaust of motor
vehicles are some examples of pollutants. Acid rain can be harmful to living things. It causes yellowing of leaves of trees and cause leaves to fall.
People are nature’s steward. It is our moral responsibility to protect our companion on Earth.
Since we are now aware on the different issues that cause extinction affecting biodiversity, let us now promote awareness and foster conservation.
We can do it in simple ways at home and in the community such as proper waste disposal and keeping clean surroundings.
The Importance of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the
atmosphere. Oxygen is a very important
gas to living things and to their
environment.
Photosynthesis requires sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and other biological materials.
Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the
air, which in turn can help reduce global
warming.

Photosynthesis produces glucose, which

is a major source of food for all
heterotrophic organisms (organisms that
cannot make their own food). This
feature of photosynthesis is very
important because it provides these
organisms with the energy they need for
their daily activities.

S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 6 Day 3

MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

STOMATA

Structure
 Stomata are present in leaf epidermis.
 The stomatal pores are very minute and are covered with crescent-shaped guard cells.
 The outer wall of guard cells is thin and the inner wall is thick. Each guard cell contains cytoplasm,
a nucleus and plenty of chloroplasts.
 There is a single large air chamber below the stomatal pore.
 They control the procedure of transpiration and gaseous exchange.
 They are enclosed by two bean-shaped guard cells
 The guard cells organize the opening and closing of stomata. The opening and closing of stomata
are brought about by changes in the volume and form of the guard cells.
 The wall of the guard cell surrounding the pore is thickened and inelastic due to the rest of the walls
is thin, elastic and semi-permeable.

Functions
The two main functions of stomata are to allow for the uptake of carbon dioxide and to limit the loss of water due to evaporation.
 The gaseous exchange (CO2 and O2) between the intercellular spaces of plant cell and the outer air takes place through stomata during
photosynthesis
 During respiration, plants receive O2 and release CO2 through stomata.
S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 6 Day 4
MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

The Two Phases of Photosynthesis

 Photosynthesis takes place in two sequential stages:
1. The light-dependent reactions.
2. The light-independent reactions, or Calvin Cycle.

Light Reaction of Photosynthesis (or) Light-dependent Reaction

 Photosynthesis begins with the light reaction which is carried out only during the day in the presence of sunlight. In plants, the light-
dependent reaction takes place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
 The grana, membrane-bound sacs like structures present inside the thylakoid functions by gathering light and is called photosystems.
 These photosystems have large complexes of pigment and proteins molecules present within the plant cells which plays the primary
role during the process of light reactions of photosynthesis.
 There are two types of photosystems: photosystem I and photosystem II.
 Under the light-dependent reactions, the light energy is converted to ATP and NADPH which are used in the second phase of
photosynthesis.
 During the light reactions, ATP and NADPH are generated by two electron-transport chains, water is used and oxygen is produced.

Dark Reaction of Photosynthesis (or) Light-independent Reaction

 Dark reaction is also called carbon-fixing reaction.
 It is a light-independent process in which sugar molecules are formed from the water and carbon dioxide molecules.
 The dark reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast where they utilize the NADPH and ATP products of the light reaction.
 Plants capture the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through stomata and proceed to the Calvin photosynthesis cycle.
 In the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH formed during light reaction drive the reaction and convert 6 molecules of carbon dioxide into
one sugar molecule or glucose.
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: GLYCOLYSIS

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates.
Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway, meaning that it evolved long ago, and it is found in the great majority of organisms alive today.

In organisms that perform cellular respiration, glycolysis is the first stage of this process. However, glycolysis doesn’t require oxygen,
and many anaerobic organisms—organisms that do not use oxygen—also have this pathway.

Glucose – C6H12O6
ADP – adenosine diphosphate
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
PGAL – phosphoglyceraldehide (2 mol)
PGA – phosphoglyceric acid (2 mol)
NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (2 mol)

S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 7 Day 3

MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION: KREBS CYCLE

Krebs Cycle (tricarboxylic acid cyle) or also known as citric acid cycle closed loop takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria, just like
the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. In prokaryotes, these steps both take place in the cytoplasm.

Acetyl CoA – a reactive molecule that enters a series of chemical changes

Oxaloacetic Acid – a 4-carbon molecule that reacts to Acetyl CoA to form citric acid
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
FAD - flavin adenine dinucleotide
NADH - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 7 Day 4
MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

At the end of the Krebs cycle, energy from the chemical bonds of glucose is
stored in diverse energy carrier molecules: four ATPs, but also two FADH 2 and ten
NADH molecules. The primary task of the last stage of cellular respiration,
the electron transport chain, is to transfer energy from the electron carriers to even
more ATP molecules, the “batteries” which power work within the cell.
Pathways for making ATP in stage 3 of aerobic respiration closely resemble the
electron transport chains used in photosynthesis. In both electron transport
chains, energy carrier molecules are arranged in sequence within a membrane so
that energy-carrying electrons cascade from one to another, losing a little energy
in each step. In both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, the energy lost is
harnessed to pump hydrogen ions into a compartment, creating an electrochemical
gradient or chemiosmotic gradient across the enclosing membrane. And in both
processes, the energy stored in the chemiosmotic gradient is used with ATP
synthase to build ATP.

Cellular Respiration Stage III

Electron Transport. Electron transport is the final stage of aerobic respiration. In this stage, energy from
NADH and FADH2, which result from the Krebs cycle, is transferred to ATP. Can you predict how this happens?
(Hint: How does electron transport occur in photosynthesis?)
Transporting Electrons. High-energy electrons are released from NADH and FADH2, and they move along
electron transport chains, like those used in photosynthesis. The electron transport chains are on the inner
membrane of the mitochondrion. As the high-energy electrons are transported along the chains, some of their
energy is captured. This energy is used to pump hydrogen ions (from NADH and FADH2) across the inner
membrane, from the matrix into the inter membrane space.
Making ATP. The pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creates a greater concentration
of the ions in the inter membrane space than in the matrix. This gradient causes the ions to flow back across
the membrane into the matrix, where their concentration is lower. ATP synthase acts as a channel protein,
helping the hydrogen ions cross the membrane. It also acts as an enzyme, forming ATP from ADP and inorganic
phosphate. After passing through the electron-transport chain, the “spent” electrons combine with oxygen to
form water. This is why oxygen is needed; in the absence of oxygen, this process cannot occur.
How Much ATP? You have seen how the three stages of aerobic respiration use the energy in glucose to
make ATP. How much ATP is produced in all three stages? Glycolysis produces 2 ATP molecules, and the
Krebs cycle produces 2 more. Electron transport begins with several molecules of NADH and FADH2 from the
Krebs cycle and transfers their energy into as many as 34 more ATP molecules. All told, then, up to 38
molecules of ATP can be produced from just one molecule of glucose in the process of aerobic respiration.

Photosynthesis is a process among plants where CO2 and H2O as raw materials and converted to simple sugar glucose and O2 using light
energy as the catalyst. Photosynthesis comes into two phases; the light-dependent phase (photochemical reaction) which occurs in the granum of
chloroplast and requires the presence of light and the light-independent phase (carbon fixation) that takes place in the stroma with or without light.
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy
from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. In the process, glucose molecule is
converted into carbon dioxide and how its energy is harvested as ATP and NADH/FADH2 in one of your body's cells. The steps of cellular respiration
are glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.