SCIENCE 9

Week 5
Learning Competency

The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of how
changes in the
environment may affect
species extinction.
Performance Standard

The learners shall be able

to make a multimedia
presentation of a timeline
of extinction of
representative
microorganisms, plants,
and animals.
Desirable and Most Essential Learning
Competency/ies
Relate species extinction
to the failure of
populations of organisms
to adapt to abrupt changes
in the environment
SCIENCE 9

Week 5
BIOSPHERE
•relatively thin life-supporting stratum of
Earth’s surface, extending from a few
kilometers into the atmosphere to the
deep-sea vents of the ocean.
•is a global ecosystem composed of living
organisms (biota) and the abiotic
(nonliving) factors from which they derive
energy and nutrients.
Source: www.britannica.com/science/biosphere
BIOSPHERE

•The variety of life in an area leads to a

richness of biodiversity and such richness
results in a balance eco system.
•This balance may be distributed due to
the introduction of new species, the
sudden death of some species, natural
hazards, or man-made causes.
Source:
SCIENCE 9

Week 5
BIODIVERSITY

•is the term used to describe the number

and variety of life found on Earth.
•It includes all organism, species, and
population.
LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Genetic Diversity

• pertains to the variation of

genes within species.
• is all the different genes
contained in all individual
plants, animals, fungi, and
microorganism
LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Ecosystem Diversity

• pertains to the variety and

abundance of species within a region..
• is all the different habitats,
biological communities, and ecological
processes as well as variation within
individual ecosystem.
LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Species Diversity

• pertains to the variety and

abundance of species within a
region..
• is all the differences within and
between population of species, as
well as between different species
LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

2 Qualities of Species Diversity

•Species Richness
• Number of species in a particular place
•Species Evenness
• The extent to which individuals are
distributed evenly among species.
WHY BIODIVERSITY IS
IMPORTANT?
• Biodiversity plays an important role in the
way ecosystems function and in the many
services they provide.
Services:
• Nutrient, water cycling, regulation of climate,
soil formation and retention, resistance
against invasive species, pest and pollution
control, and pollination of plants. (based on
which species are abundant and how many
species are present)
SCIENCE 9

Week 5
 ENDANGERED

•When the number of species decreases in

size, and only a few remain, that species.
Examples
• Tarsiers in Bohol
• Philippine eagle
• Freshwater crocodiles
• Philippine naked-backed fruit
bat in Cebu
The Stegodon
(Stegodon luzonensis)
– an extinct cousin of
modern-day elephants
– once roamed the
plains of the Cagayan
Valley in the
Philippines. It died
out only 4000 years
ago, when Pharaohs
already ruled Egypt.
Image courtesy of
The National Museum
 prehistoric rhinoceros illustration, endemic in the
Philippines.

Rhino bones. Visitors look at fossilized bones of a

Rhinoceros philippinensis dating back 709,000
years ago, excavated in northern province of
Kalinga, being displayed at the National Museum
of Natural History in Manila on May 10, 2018.
WHY SPECIES EXTINCTED?

•Extinction and Loss of biodiversity occurs

when species do not have adaptations that
enable them to survive changes.

• Natural causes

• Man-made causes
WHY SPECIES EXTINCTED?
Woolly mammoths Dinosaurs
Natural Causes of Species Extinction

•Climate change- the sudden changes in the

earth’s temperature.
•Land Development- conversion of land into
residential area or building.
•Acid precipitation- is a result of air
pollution.
Natural Causes of Species Extinction
• Diseases/Epidemic- infectious diseases or
virulent infectious diseases cause the change
in biological populations.
• Meteoric impact/Cosmic radiation- extinction
happens when a massive asteroid or meteor
hits the surface of the earth.
• The spread of Invasive species- it can change
the abundance of diversity or the food web in
an ecosystem by destroying and replacing its
natural value and number.
Natural Causes of Species Extinction
WHY SPECIES
EXTINCTED?

Dodo Bird
Man-made Causes of Species
Extinction
•Deforestation- illegal logging, kaingin
farming
•Pollution- either air or water pollution.
•Destruction of Coastal Resources- this is
caused by using dynamite in fishing, muro-
ami, and the conversion of beach into
residences, and overharvesting of fishes
SCIENCE 9

Week 5
WHAT IS ADAPTATION?

•Adaptations are any behavioral or physical

characteristics of an animal that help it
to survive in its environment.
Types:
▪ Physical or Structural Adaptation

▪ Behavioral Adaptation
WHAT IS ADAPTATION?
•Physical or Structural Adaptation
• Are body structures that allow an animal to
find and consume food, defend itself and
reproduce species.
• Examples
• Camouflage – colors and patterns of organism
that match the environment
• Bent Hind Legs – prey run fast to escape and
predators run fast to catch prey
• Sharp teeth and Claws
WHAT IS ADAPTATION?
• Behavioral Adaptation
• Is something animal does- how it acts – usually in
response to some type of external stimulus.
• Examples
• Migration – movement of population to and from a
given area.
• Hibernation – is a way for may creature to survive
cold, dark winter, without having to forage for
food or migrate to somewhere warmer. Instead,
they turn down their metabolism to save energy.
ADAPTATION
•Animals that are better adapted to their
environment survive and breed.
•Animals that are not well adapted to their
environment may not survive.
•Adaptation is the result of Evolution.
•Biological evolution is the change in
inherited traits over successive
generations in populations of organisms.
SCIENCE 9

Week 5
What will happen if one population in an
area increase?
•Biodiversity Index is a scale of the
diversity of plant and animal species in a
given area. It is a widely used tool for
estimating the complexity, stability, and
thus general health of an ecosystem..
Limiting factors
•Limiting factors are usually described as
lack of particular resources like the
availability of food, water, and space.
Some of the other reasons are predation,
diseases, and migration. Light,
temperature, and soil nutrients are also
limiting factors because they help to
identify what kind of organism lived in a
certain area.
Carrying capacity

•It is the size of a biological species that

can be sustained in a specific environment,
given all the available resources. If the
carrying capacity reaches its maximum
point, the organism in that area will die
because not all of their needs can be met.