Science 9

EARTH AND SPACE

3RD QUARTER – WEEK 2
 LESSON 1
VOLCANOES
 CONTENT STANDARD
1 The learners demonstrate an
understanding of volcanoes found
in the Philippines
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learners shall be able to

1 Identify the different types

of volcanoes.

2 Create a model of a volcano.

DESIRABLE AND MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING

COMPETENCIES/

1 Describe the different types

of volcanoes and volcanic
eruption

2 Explain what happens when

volcanoes erupt

3 Illustrate how energy from

volcanoes may be tapped for
human use
Formation of a Volcano
A volcano mountain is formed by the surface
eruption of magma from within the earth’s upper
mantle. The magma that erupts to the surface
and forms a lava flow that deposits ash. As the
volcano continues to erupt, a new layer of lava is
added to the surface accumulating to form a
mountain.

How do volcanoes are formed?

Formation by subduction

Formation by distension
Signs of an Impending

Volcanic Eruption
Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors.
Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray due to entrained
ash.
Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater.
Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma intrusion.
Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area which not attributable to heavy
rains.
Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano’s upper slopes.
Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells crater lake near the volcano;
Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the
volcano.
Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano.
Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance of solfatara.
Types of Volcanic

Eruptions
Phreatic or hydrothermal Eruption

Yellowstone
USA

Phreatic or hydrothermal is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water. It
is short lived, characterized by ash columns but may be a beginning of a larger eruption.
Phreatomagmatic Eruption

Mt. Mayon
Bicol

Phreatomagmatic is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma.
Strombolian Eruption

Mt. Etna
Italy

Strombolian a periodic, weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava.

Vulcanian Eruption

Mt. Paricutin
Mexico

Vulcanian is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20

km high with pyroclastic flow and ash fall tephra.
Plinian Eruption

Mt. Pinatubo
Zambales

Plinian is excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic materials.

Volcanic Alert Level
 Preparing for

Volcanic Eruptions
VOLCANIC HAZARDS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Ash fall – pulverized rocks, sand, gritty and harsh glasses shoot out in the air by volcano.

Mud flow – mixture of water, molten rocks and debris flowing down from the side of volcano to the
ground. It is also called as Lahar.

Lava flow – streams of molten rocks and other fragmented materials emitted by erupting volcano.

Pyroclastic flow – fast moving hot mixtures of gas, ash, and molten rocks moving away from the
volcano to the ground.
Precautionary measures
 BEFORE

Know the facts about volcanoes in your area

like danger zones and history of eruptions.

Know the location of designated evacuation

site.

Listen to the announcement of your

authorities.

Stock clean and safe drinking water and

other food supplies.
 DURING

Stay inside your homes and keep doors and

windows close.

Secure you water and food supplies.

Wear mask, eye googles or face shield if

you need to go out.

Do not go near the danger zones.

Listen to the news via television or radio

devices.

Obey the evacuation orders of the

authorities.
 AFTER

Assess the situation if it is safe to go out.

Check the perimeter of your house for any

possible damage.

Clean and remove the volcanic ashes in the

roof, gutters, and windows.

Replace contaminated water and food

supplies.

Stay updated in news and announcements

from your authorities.
PHIVOLCS
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is a service institute of the Department
of Science and Technology (DOST) that is principally mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami and other related geotectonic phenomena.

Mandates

 Predict the occurrence of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes and their related geotectonic
phenomena
 Determine how eruptions and earthquakes shall occur and also areas likely to be affected
 Generate sufficient data for forecasting volcanic eruptions and earthquakes
 Mitigate hazards of volcanic activities through appropriate detection, forecast and warning
system
 Formulate appropriate disaster preparedness plans