FA-2 Activity

Disaster Management
Natural Disasters

Volcanic Eruptions
By:
Sivaranjani
IX A
9142
 Contents

Introduction………………………………….1

Types of volcanoes……………………………..2

a) Active volcanoes………………2.1
b) Extinct volcanoes………………2.2
c) Dormant (or)sleeping volcanoes…2.3

Types of eruptions………………………………3

a) Magmatic eruptions…………3.1
b) Phreatomagmatic eruptions…3.2
c) Phreatic eruptions………….3.3

Effects…………………………………………4

a) Landslides…………………4.1
b) Tsunamis……….………..…4.2
c) Acid rain……….………..…4.3

Some well-known eruptions………………………..5

a) Mt.Vesuvius……………….5.1
b) Mt.St Helens……………....5.2
1. Introduction
A volcano is a rupture on the crust of a planetary mass
object, such as the Earth, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and
gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.Earth's
volcanoes occur because the planet's crust is broken into 17 major,
rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter, softer layer in the Earth's
mantle. Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where
tectonic plates are diverging or converging.

2. Types of volcanoes
2.1 Active volcanoes
Scientists consider a volcano active if it has erupted
in the last 10,000 years. There are about 1500 active volcanoes in the
world – the majority along the Pacific Ring of Fire – and around
50 of these erupt each year

2.2Extinct volcanoes
Extinct volcanoes are those that scientists consider
unlikely to erupt again, because the volcano no longer has a magma
supply. Volcanoes are often considered to be extinct if there are no
written records of its activity.

2.3 Dormant (or) sleeping volcanoes

It is difficult to distinguish an extinct volcano
from a dormant (inactive) one. Such volcanoes may remain
dormant for a long period of time and suddenly erupt without a
warning.
3. Types of volcanic eruptions
3.1 Magmatic eruptions
Magmatic eruptions produce juvenile clasts during explosive decompression from gas
release. They range in intensity from the relatively small lava fountains on Hawaii to catastrophic Ultra
Plinian eruption columns more than 30 km (19 mi) high. They are classified into five more subdivisions.

3.1.1Hawaiian

3.1.2 Strombolian

3.1.3Vulcanian

3.1.4 Peléan

3.1.5 Plinian (or) Vesuvian

3.2 Phreatomagmatic eruptions

Phreatomagmatic eruptions are eruptions that arise from interactions between water
and magma. They are driven from thermal contraction (as opposed to magmatic eruptions, which are
driven by thermal expansion) of magma when it comes in contact with water. This temperature difference
between the two causes violent water-lava interactions that make up the eruption. They are of three types

3.2.1Surtseyan

3.2.2 Submarine

3.2.3 Subglacial

3.3 Phreatic eruptions

 Phreatic eruptions (or steam-blast
eruptions) are a type of eruption driven by the expansion of
steam. When cold ground or surface water come into contact
with hot rock or magma it superheats and explodes, fracturing
the surrounding rock and thrusting out a mixture of steam,
water, ash, volcanic bombs, and volcanic blocks.

4. Effects
4.1 Landslides
Volcanoes have unstable surfaces, so landslides are likely even when the volcano is dormant.
In addition to the fact that the surface is composed mostly of loose rock, the volcanic gases create acidic
groundwater. This contributes to the rocks' breakdown, making
them more likely to be carried away. There are two types of
volcanic landslides.

4.1.1 Pyroclastic flows

4.1.2 Lahars

4.2 Tsunamis
Volcanic tsunamis can result from
violent submarine explosions. They can also be caused by caldera
collapses, tectonic movement from volcanic activity, flank failure
into a water source or pyroclastic flow discharge into the sea.

4.3 Acid rain

The most abundant gas typically released into the
atmosphere from volcanic systems is water vapor (H2O), followed
by carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Volcanoes also
release smaller amounts of others gases, including hydrogen sulfide
(H2S), hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF), and
helium (He).All these gases mix with water vapor in the clouds to produce acid rain.

5.Some well-known eruptions

5.1Mt .Vesuvius
In AD 79, Mount Vesuvius erupted in one of the most catastrophic and infamous eruptions
in European history Mount Vesuvius spewed a deadly cloud of volcanic gas, stones, ash and fumes to a
height of 33 km (20.5 miles), ejecting
molten rock and pulverized pumice at the
rate of 1.5 million tons per second,
ultimately releasing a hundred thousand
times the thermal energy of the Hiroshima
bombing.

The towns of Pompeii and

Herculaneum were obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic surges and lava. An estimated
16,000 people died from the eruption. . Historians have learned about the eruption from the eyewitness
account of Pliny the Younger, a Roman administrator and poet.

5.2 Mt.St Helen’s

In 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in state
of Washington, in the United States. The eruption
(which was a level 5 event) was the only significant one to
occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915
eruption of Lassen Peak in California.

The eruption was preceded by a two-

month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes,
caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below
the volcano that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on the mountain's northern slope.