8th Grade

Quarter 4:
Week 1
Presented by: Ms. Renamae G. Limpangog
SPOT-ifying
glass

They are all alive!

Mentimeter
Most Essential Learning
Competencies

01 02
Explain the Classify organisms
concept of using the
species. hierarchical
taxonomic system.
Level of organization
Biodiversity
‘Biological diversity’

According to the National Geographic

Organization, Biodiversity is a term used to
describe the enormous variety of life on
Earth.

refers to every living thing, including plants,

bacteria, animals, and humans.
Three levels Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem
diversity
refers to the variation of genetic information
between species as well as the variation between
individuals of the same species.
Three levels Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem
diversity
refers to the number of different species present in
an ecosystem and relative abundance of each of
those species.

Species- group of organisms that share a genetic heritage,

are able to breed and can create offspring that are also
fertile.
Three levels Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem
diversity
refers to the number of different ecosystem on a
particular zone or in a given geographic area.
Megadiversity-
Ecosystem- a biological community of interacting organisms describes
and their physical environment. countries with
very high levels of
biodiversity.

Philippines is one of
the 17 Megadiverse
countries around the
world
Three levels Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem
diversity
Which is which?

Genetic diversity Ecosystem diversity

Species diversity Genetic diversity

Aghamazing Trivia
The natural world contains
about 8.7 million species,
according to a new
estimate described by
scientists.

86%- land species remain

undiscovered
91% marine species remain
undiscovered
The system of classification
Before- primeval system
- Harmful or non harmful
- Edible or non edible
- Plant or animals ( physical characteristics)
- These crude system lasted for 2000 years

Typological Biological Phylogenetic

Species concept Concept Concept
The system of Typological Biological Phylogenetic
Concept Concept
classification Species concept

the concept of a species as a group whose member

share certain characteristics that distinguish them
from other species.

Carolus Linnaeus
- System Naturae- according to the greater or lesser
extent of their similarities
- Assigned organisms into groups within groups, on and
on
- Father of Taxonomy; Hierarchical Taxonomic System
 Taxonomy
from Greek word ‘taxis’ meaning arrangement and ‘nomos’ meaning law.

It is a field of biology that deals with the process of identifying, naming and
classifying organisms.
The system of Typological Biological Phylogenetic
Concept Concept
classification Species concept

Philippines Kingdom

Metro Manila Phylum/ Division

Valenzuela City Class

Marulas Order

Gumamela St. Mrs. Maria Emilia G. Sevilla Family

43 Gumamela St.
Sevilla Group
Marulas, Valenzuela City
Maria Emilia Species
Metro Manila, Philippines
The system of Typological Biological Phylogenetic
Concept Concept
classification Species concept

Kingdom
– largest category into which organisms have been Animallia
classified
Chrodata
Phylum/ Division - similarities in basic body plan organization

- a major taxonomic rank below phylum Mammalia

Class

Order - more specific than class Primata

Family - exhibit close resemblance Homonidae

Group - usually made up of species Homo

Species most specific unit of classification Sapiens
The system of Typological Biological Phylogenetic
Concept Concept
classification Species concept

Kingdom Katy

Phylum/ Division Perry

Class Comes

Order Out

Family For

Group Grape

Species Soda
The system of Typological Biological Phylogenetic
Concept Concept
classification Species concept

Category Domesticat Dog Milkfish Wolf Lion

ed cat Which organisms in the
(bangus)
table are similar to the
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Order category?
Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata

Class Mammalia Mammalia Actinopterygil Mammalia Mammalia Which organisms are most
Order Carnovora Carnovora Gonorynchrif Carnovora Carnovora closely related? Why do
ormis you say so?
Family Felidae Canidae Chanidae Canidae Felidae

Genus Felis Canis Chanos Canis Panthera Can a dog and wolf
Species catus familiaris chanos lupos leo produce fertile offspring?
The system of Typological Biological Phylogenetic
Concept Concept
classification Species concept

x =

Domesticated dog Gray wolf

Canis lupus familiaris Canis lupus
Can a dog and wolf
produce fertile offspring?
The system of Typological Biological Phylogenetic
Concept Concept
classification Species concept

defines species as members of population

that actually or potentially interbreed in
nature to produce fertile offspring in a natural
environment, not according to similarity of
appearance.

Theodosius
Hybridization- breeding between two different Ernst Mayr
Dobzhandsky
species
Hybrid- refers to animals or plants resulting from a
cross between two races, breed, strains or
variations of the same species.
The system of Typological Biological Phylogenetic
Concept Concept
classification Species concept

x x
Domesticated dog Gray wolf Horse Donkey
Canis lupus familiaris Canis lupus Equus caballus Equus asinus

Wolfdog Mule
The system of Typological Biological Phylogenetic
Concept Concept
classification Species concept

defines species as a group of

organisms with a shared, unique
genetic history. Classification of
species not by their physical
similarities but on their ancestry
or descends.
The system of Typological Biological Phylogenetic
Concept Concept
classification Species concept

Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of

a certain species
Checkpoint! Typological
Species concept
Biological Species
Concept
Phylogenetic
Species Concept

1. An adult man and woman produced a

Biological species concept
baby

2. A zebra and horse originated from a

Phylogenetic Species Concept
common ancestor.

3. Gorillas, chimps, and humans closely

Phylogenetic Species Concept
related to orangutans.

4. Cat and lion are different organisms but

Typological Species Concept
they share some similar characteristics
because they have the same Family.
The binomial
system
 The binomial system
Binomial nomenclature
- ‘binomen’ meaning two names
in Latin
Two parts:
Generic name- identifies the genus
to which the species belongs
Specific Epithet- distinguishes the
species within the genus
- Also known as scientific name
Carolus Linnaeus
- Proposed and started to give two
names for each organisms
International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (ICBN) – Deals with the
biological nomenclature for plants.
International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature (ICZN)- Deals with the
biological nomenclature of animals.
 The binomial system
Binomial Nomenclature Rules:

-All the scientific names of organisms are usually

Latin. Hence, they are written in italics.
Homo sapiens Escherichia coli
-When the names are handwritten, they are
underlined or italicized if typed. This is done to
specify its Latin origin.

-The name of the genus starts with a capital

Mangifera indica Ailurus
letter and the name of the species starts with a
fulgens
small letter.
 The binomial system
Why Latin words?
- Latin name is common language
used and understood by many
Homo sapiens Escherichia coli biologist.

- Latin word is ideal because it is

most Latin words are
descriptive, thus suited to
identify and describe the
characteristics of an organism
Mangifera indica Ailurus fulgens
The six kingdom
1. Archaean / Achaebacteria
- oldest life forms on Earth; first discovered in 1983; comes from the Greek
word ‘archaios’ which means ancient or primitive

Structure small, simple single prokaryotic cell; cell walls without peptidoglycan

Mode of
Chemotrophic Asexual (binary fission)
nutrition

Extreme high salt contents, low oxygen concentration, high

Habitat
environment temperatures, extremely acidic or alkaline soils.
The six kingdom 1. Archaean / Achaebacteria

Examples Methanogenic- release methane as a by-

product

Halophiles- Thermophiles-
salt lovers heat lovers

-Production of antibiotics; Biogas production ; Best source for enzymes and

Importance proteins
The six kingdom
2. Eubacteria
- most diverse and widely spread among the prokaryotes

Structure Unicellular, microscopic prokaryotic cell; Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Mode of Absorb food; synthetic and

Asexual (binary fission)
nutrition chemosynthetic symbiosis

Habitat Bodies of animals Plant tissue, Soil, water, sea floor

The six kingdom 2. Eubacteria

Bacteria Cyanobacteria
Examples

cocci spirila bacilli Blue-green algae

- Produce products such as nitrogen, vitamins and antibiotics

Importance - Producer of oxygen
- Decomposers of sewers
- Performs housekeeping roles in our body (decompose dead skin cells)
The six kingdom
3. Protista - most primitive forms among but the most diverse among
unicellular eukaryotic organism

Structure Large, single eukaryotic cell ( nucleus and organelles are enclosed by membrane

Mode of 1. Phototrophs 2. Heterotrophs

nutrition Algae, Dinoflagelia

Habitat Aquatic organisms, damp soil, ponds, puddles, lakes, body fluids of other
organisms
The six kingdom 3. Protista

Examples

-Producers for marine and freshwater ecosystem

Importance - act as a predators or parasites
- May cause various diseases
- Application in industry and food processing ( toothpaste, paints)
The six kingdom
4. Plantae- includes all the plants; multicellular and autotrophic organism.
Called as producers.

Multicellular form with specialized eukaryotic cells with rigid cell walls and
Structure
chlorophyll; inability to locomote

Mode of
Autotrophic ( Photosynthesize food)
nutrition

Habitat Earth land area and aquatic areas

The six kingdom 4. Plantae

Vascular has a transport system, true Non-vascular Plant

Examples roots, stem and leaves
Plant
do not have tissue to
Gymnosperms- non-flowering, have naked seed transport water and
food

Angiosperm- flower bearing and fruit bearing,

have their seed enclosed within the protective wall
of the ovary

-form base of terrestrial food chain

Importance - human crops
- Provide materials for building, clothing, medicine and beverages
The six kingdom
5. Fungi - organisms whose ancestors existed on Earth more than 900 million
years ago ( Precambrian period); share common characteristics with Kingdom
animalia.

Multicellular filamentous forms (rod) with specialized eukaryotic cells; lack

Structure photosynthetic pigments

Mode of Saprophytic Predators

Absorb food
nutrition Parasitic Symbiotic

Habitat Dark moist condition; hostile environment like tundra, forest floors
The six kingdom 5. Fungi

Examples

Mushroom Toothed Yeast Molds

fungus

- Provide numerous drugs like penicillin

Importance - Act as agent for fermentation, brewing, making of bread, source of food
- Model organisms for studying problems in genetics
The six kingdom
6. Animalia -biggest kingdom in the world with at least four million
species named and identified

Multicellular form with specialized eukaryotic cells, without cell walls or

Structure chlorophylls

Mode of Reproduction: Sexually

Ingestion of food
nutrition

Habitat Most animals inhibit in seas, fewer in fresh water and even fewer in land
The six kingdom 6. Animalia

Vertebrate- animals with Invertebrate- animals without

Examples skeleton/ backbone skeleton/ backbone
The six kingdom 6. Animalia

-Ecological importance

- Economic importance (source of food, human activities)

Importance
- Nutritional importance ( nourishment of other organisms,
medical research)

- Pollinators and food crops

Bye-biodiversity
Thank you
#LetTheEarthBreathe