The problem of reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP) buckling or collapse as a result of

combined tension and external pressure is investigated in this paper. Based on the
theory initially proposed by Kyriakides and his co-workers, a two-dimensional (2D)
theoretical model, which takes into account transverse shear deformation, the mean
radius change, the wall thickness change and pre-buckling deformation, is developed.
By means of numerical calculation, pressure–ovalisation and pressure–axial strain
curve are presented for T→P loading. Two failure modes were investigated during the
loading path. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model was further established in
ABAQUS to confirm the accuracy of the theoretical model, and the results were found
to be in good agreement in the small strain stage. Finally, additional parametric studies
were conducted, including the effects of initial ovality, tension, pressure, loading path
and pressure-to-tension ratio. Predicted T→P and P→T collapse interaction
envelopes are presented and useful conclusions are drawn for RTP's marine
engineering application.

If a strain fluctuation generates damage in a structural component, the damage

accumulation is governed by a ε-n relation (Bai et al. 2014) and this is generally
conducted in cases where local plastic damage occur (Hasegawa et al. 2007;Liu et al.
2001). A plate with a hole, subjected to an in-plane force, can conveniently illustrate
this phenomenon. ...
When considering the fatigue estimation of exchanger tubes, the manufacturing
process and the lifetime operations of the tubes contribute to the fatigue damage
(Chiou 2014). Here, it is important to realise that when fracture occur in a given
component, the accumulated manufacturing damage is often insignificant compared
to the damage from the lifetime operations Bai et al. 2014). Generally, the
manufacturing process contributes with strain damage and the lifetime operations
contribute with stress-based elastic damage. .

. In recent years, reinforced thermoplastic pipes (RTPs) have attracted the attention
of researchers in the fields of ocean engineering and oil exploration because of their
outstanding performance, including pressure and corrosion resistance, low installation
and maintenance costs, high stiffness-weight ratio, and thermal insulation (Xia et al.,
2002;Natsuki et al., 2003;Gemi et al., 2009;Sahin et al., 2009;Bai et al., 2014;Toh et
al., 2018). As shown in Fig.1, RTPs generally consist of coating, fiber-reinforced
laminates, and liner (Bai et al., 2015).

Bai et al. [3] investigated the collapse of RTP (a kind of bonded flexible pipe whose
reinforced layers are made from fiber-reinforced PE composites) under uniform
external hydrostatic pressure, and developed a 2D theoretical model, which is
extended from the nonlinear ring model initially proposed by Kyriakides and his co-
worker [4]. Based on this nonlinear theory, Bai and his team [5][6][7] did further in-
depth research on the buckling behaviors of RTP under different combined loads, and
conducted an extensive parametric study of various affecting factors. Formulas of RTP
collapse under pure external pressure, pure bending, and combined loads have also
been developed.

Rao Yarrapragada et al. (2012) used the Windenburg equation, which was developed for
homogeneous materials, to predict the critical buckling pressure of composite shells with
equivalent stiffness moduli, and compared the results with NLFEM. It is not surprising that a lot of
studies on cylindrical shells made of steel or composite materials have also been made in the
literature (Jones, 2010;Bai et al., 2013a;Bai et al., 2013b;Smith et al., 2013;Bai et al., 2014;Guz et al.,
2014;Abdel-Nasser et al, 2015;Lee et al, 2016;Xiong et al., 2017).

This disagreement was later solved by incorporating non-uniform strain distribution through
thickness. The burst pressure of reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP) was also studied [4] ,
theoretical model was compared with FE model to verify its feasibility. Kobayashi et al. [5]
proposed an elastoplastic analysis on carbon fiber reinforced plastic pipe based on Hencky
relations and Ludwick's strain-hardening function.

Bending of aramid/PE TCP was investigated numerically by Yu et al. [6], accounting for strain-
dependent nonlinearity. The behaviour of TCP under combined pressure and bending [7], pressure-
tension [8] and bending-tension [9] has been studied largely by numerical means. Variations of
TCP have been developed and studied, including multilayered plastic pipes reinforced with steel
wires or strips as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, non-metallic fibres [10,11].