PLANNING 2 REVIEWER RELATIONSHIP OF SPACES BETWEEN ONE

ANOTHER
TOPIC 1: Introduction to Urban Design &
Community Architecture ARCHITECTURE URBAN DESIGN
Rooms Buildings
URBAN DESIGN Verandas/Balconies Plazas/Parks
Corridors/Hallways Roads/Pedestrian
- Process of designing and shaping cities, Paths
towns and villages.
- Involves the arrangement and design of:
groups of buildings, streets and public URBAN DESIGN CONSIDERS:
spaces, whole neighbor hoods and ▪ Pedestrian Zones
districts, entire cities and transport ▪ Incorporation of nature within a city
systems, services and amenities. ▪ Aesthetics
- an interdisciplinary field. ▪ Urban Structure
- about making connections between ▪ Urban Typology, Density, and
people and places, movement and Sustainability
urban form, nature and the built fabric. ▪ Accessibility
- As defined in SECTION 3 of R.A 9266: ▪ Legibility and Wayfinding
“ Physical and systematic design ▪ Animation
undertaken by an architect on a ▪ Function and Fit
community and urban plane, more ▪ Complimentary mixed uses
comprehensive than, and an extension ▪ Character and Meaning
of the Architecture of buildings, spaces ▪ Order and Incident
between buildings, entourage, utilities ▪ Continuity and Change
and movement systems. “ ▪ Civil Society
3 Scales of Urban Design: ▪ Participation and Engagement

1. Region
2. Neighborhood COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
3. Block
- Community can refer to a usually small,
URBAN DESIGN gives : social unit of any size that shares
1. Form - pattern common values.
2. Shape – spatial structure - Expression of a community’s vision.
3. Character - Often formally conducted by NGO,
URBAN DESIGN – physical improvement. universities or government agencies to
progress the social well-being of local,
URBAN PLANNING – management and regional and sometimes, national
development. communities.
ARCHITECTURE – building design and plan. - Design process encourages community
groups to set goals and work together
to achieve them.
COMMUNITY PLANNING SOCIO-CULTURAL BASIS OF DESIGN OF
COMMUNITIES
- Involves the formulation of long-range
visions, goals, policies and strategies for SOCIO-CULTURAL
achieving social, economic and
- Relating to or involving combination of
environmental sustainability within a
socio and cultural factors.
community in order to guide
- Customs, lifestyles and values that
future community development.
characterize a society or group.

CULTURAL ASPECTS:
TOPIC 2: SOCIO-CULTURAL BASIS OF DESIGN
▪ Concepts of beauty
OF COMMUNITIES
▪ Education
COMMUNITY – group of people in a common ▪ Language
settlement with particular characteristics in ▪ Law and Politics
common. ▪ Religion
▪ Social Organizations
ARCHITECTURE – art and science of designing
▪ Technology and Material Culture
and constructing buildings
▪ Values
COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE ▪ Attitude

- Carried out with the active participation SOCIAL FACTORS:

of the COMMUNITY or the end-users.
▪ Reference Groups
- Movement that argues for the
▪ Family
importance of user involvement in the
▪ Role and Status in Society
design, construction and management
▪ Time and Available Resources
of the environment.
- Based on a democratic system of
decision-making that advocates the
SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
inclusion of community members in
issues concerning their built - Point of view that is built upon the idea
environment. that:
- AIM OF COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE : “Society and Culture are major factors
“To improve the quality of the influencing personal development”
environment by involving people in the - Socio-Cultural Factors referring to man:
design and management of the ▪ Religion
buildings and spaces they inhabit.“ ▪ Attitude
- 3 FUNDAMENTAL CLAIMS: ▪ Economic Status
1. Users participation leads to greater ▪ Class
user satisfaction ▪ Language
2. Users participation is more ▪ Politics
economical, at least in long term ▪ Law
3. Users participation produces
psychological and sociological
benefits
SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS IN COMMUNITY
DESIGN:
1. Geography and Ecology
Availability of Local Materials – most
designers design with available
materials. It is not common for people
to design with materials which are not
available or which are difficult to
obtain.
Environmental Issues – major current
environmental issues may include
climate change, pollution,
environmental degradation, and
resource depletion, etc.
Disaster Prone Areas – the word
sustainable is defined as using a
resource so that it is not depleted of
permanently damaged. Sustainability is
one of the most significant concepts of
this decade influencing the design
community planning and architecture.
Diverse Land – Architects design on
many places. And each of these places
have unique terrain.
2. Anthropology
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
- Architectural style designed based on
local needs availability of construction
materials and reflecting local traditions.
- Did not use formally schooled architects
but relied on the design skills and
tradition of local builders.
- Factors affecting Vernacular
Architecture:
1. Climatic Condition
2. Culture
3. Technological Advancement
3. Cultural Landscape
- Landscapes that have been affected,
influenced or shaped by human
involvement.
Ethnographic Landscape – in this sense,
landscapes are “symbolic environments”
that people create to give meaning and
definition to their physical environment.
Historical Sites – historic sites are cultural
landscapes significant for their association
with a historic event, activity or person.
Vernacular Landscape – landscapes that
evolved through use by the people whose
activities or occupancy shaped those
landscapes.
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
These special sites reveal aspects of our
country’s origins and development as well as
our evolving relationships with the natural
world. They provide scenic, economic,
ecological, social, recreational, and educational
opportunities helping communities to better
understand themselves.
TOPIC 3: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
AESTHETICS/COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
1930s
- urban renewal measures of government
in UK and North America.
- (UK) Urban Renewal can be directly
linked to the economic boost that the
country observed in the post-war
period when the attention turned to
the improvement of the living
conditions in poor neighborhoods.
- (US) Slum Clearance Movement gave
birth to the Urban Renewal Policies.
Slum Clearance was an outcome of the
 Great Depression period during the
1930s when the physically deteriorated
neighborhoods became the focus of
attention in the US.
Modern Movement In Architecture
- Led by Le Corbusier propagated the
notion of high-rise buildings employing
industrial construction techniques as
the future of urban development.
1945-1952
- Unite D’ Habitation, Le Corbusier
1960s
- The first significant step as a result of
the debate on community participation
in planning and decision-making was
the Concept of Advocacy Planning in
the US.
- Paul Davidoff – an urban planning
professor who introduced the concept
in an article published in November
1965 issue of the Journal of the
American Institute of Planners, entitled
“Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning”.
- Davidoff called for “democracy in
planning profession” wherein voices of
all interest groups are heard and the
role of the planner is that of an
advocate for these groups.
1970s
- Community architecture movement in
Britain led by Rod Hackney was Black
Road Area Improvement Project.
“Community Architecture is the architecture of
the community.” – quoted by Rod Hackney
- No rules to Community Architecture, it
is more “an attitude of mind” that
inspires architects to take on work
directly with their lower-income user
clients.
2013
- Royal Institute of British Architects
(RIBA) released a paper titled “Guide To
Localism”:
- Part 1: ‘Neighborhood Planning’
- Part 2: ‘Getting Community
Engagement Right’
- The paper is part of the “Localism Bill”
- This project is now termed as
“Localism”.
- 3 goals of Localism:
- Empowerment (increasing confidence
and involvement or the residents in
local affairs)
- Community Development (Supporting
the growth or development of a
community organization and
encouraging volunteering and social
actions)
- Stewardship (enabling the local people
to be involved on how the place and its
facilities are managed in the
appropriate services provided)
Localism
- Another form of the community
Architecture movement, with the same
driving principle of getting the people to
join in the designing and development
process of their own places.
AESTHETICS
- Set of principles concerned with the
nature and appreciation of beauty.
- Derived from the Greek word
“Aisthetikos” meaning ‘the of sense
perception’
- Branch of philosophy that is defined as
the critical reflection of art, culture, and
nature.
ANCIENT AESTHETICS
- Greece had the most influence on the
development of aesthetics in the west.
- Greek philosophers initially felt that
aesthetically appealing objects were
beautiful in and of themselves.
- Plato felt that beautiful objects
incorporated proportion, harmony, and
unity among their parts.
- Similarly, in the metaphysics, Aristotle
found that the universal elements of
beauty were order, symmetry, and
definiteness.
ISLAMIC AESTHETICS
- "Islamic" refers not only to the religion,
but to any form of art created in an
Islamic culture or in an Islamic context.
- According to Islam, human works of art
are inherently flawed compared to the
work of god.
INDIAN AESTHETICS
- Indian art evolved with an emphasis on
inducing special spiritual or
philosophical states in the audience, or
with representing them symbolically.
Vastu Shastra
– is a traditional Hindu system of
architecture, which literally
translates to “science of
architecture”
– Incorporate traditional Hindu and
some cases Buddhist beliefs.
– These are texts that are found on
the Indian subcontinent that
describes the principles of design,
layout, measurements, ground
preparation, space arrangement
and spatial geometry.
CHINESE AESTHETICS
- Confucius emphasized the role of the
arts and humanities (especially music
and poetry) in broadening human
nature and aiding “li” (etiquette, the
rites) in bringing us back to what is
essential about humanity.
- His opponent Mozi, however, argued
that music and fine arts were classist
and wasteful, benefiting the rich but
not the common people
Points added by Ma’am during discussion:
Urban Renewal
- Land redevelopment wherein they clear
out the slum areas/informal
settlements and blighted areas in order
to give way to opportunities for higher
class housing, businesses, and other
developments.
Blighted Areas
- Buildings that are unsafe and unfit for
occupancy, inadequate streets, and
environmentally contaminated areas.
*UK used Slum Clearance as an Urban Renewal
Strategy thus transforming the area into a new
type of development.
Apartments = US
Flats = UK
Unite De’ Habitation
- 330 apartments that was divided into
23 different types.
- Accommodation: 1500-1700 Occupants
American National Housing Act of 1949
- Removal of substandard and other
inadequate housing through the
clearance of slums and blighted areas,
realization of goals of a decent house
 and a suitable living environment
contributes to the development and
redevelopment of the community.
Property Speculation
- Buying a property in hope of deriving
capital gains.
TOPIC 4: ORIENTATION AND IDENTITY IN
COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
What does an Architect do for Community
Architecture?
ARCHITECT
- Investigate the needs of the community
extensively to ensure a suitable design
for the location.
- works in consultation with local
inhabitants in designing housing and
other amenities.
Orienting Exercises for Development Planning
and Action in Community Architecture:
1. Access to Resources
- series of participatory exercises-allows
development practitioners to collect
information and raises awareness
among beneficiaries.
2. Analysis of Tasks
- gender analysis tool- raises community
awareness about the distribution of
domestic, market, and community
activities according to gender and
familiarizes planners with the degree of
role flexibility that is associated with
different tasks.
3. Logical Framework
- matrix that illustrates a summary of
project design, emphasizing the results
that are expected when a project is
successfully completed.
4. Assessment of Needs
- tools that draws out information
about people’s varied needs, raises
participants’ awareness of related
issues and provides a framework for
prioritizing the needs
5. Participant’s Observation
- fieldwork technique used by
anthropologists and sociologists to
collect qualitative and quantitative data
that leads to an in-depth understanding
of peoples' practices, motivations, and
attitudes.
6. Seasonal Diagrams
- Show the major changes that affect a
household, community or region within
a year such as those associated with
climate, crops, labor, availability and
demand, livestock, prices and so on.
7. Socio-Cultural Profiles
- Detailed descriptions of the social and
cultural dimensions that in combination
with technical, economic, and
environmental dimensions serve as a
basis for design and preparation of
policy and project work.
8. Village Meetings
- Meetings with many users in
participatory development, including
information sharing and group
consultation, consensus building,
prioritization and sequencing of
interventions, and collaborative
monitoring and evaluation.
9. Identifying Sense of Time and Place
- growing number of planners and
architects are seeking to design
communities that have a stronger
"sense of place”
COMPACT PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT:
- mixed use
- strong pedestrian orientation
- active civic and community life
 - closer links between public transit &
land use
-higher housing densities
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL FORMS IN
PLANNING:
1. Centralized Form - A number of
secondary forms clustered about a
dominant, central parent-form.
2. Linear Form – series of forms arranged
sequentially in a row
3. Radial Form– composition of linear
forms extending outward from a central
form in a radial manner.
4. Clustered Form– collection of forms
grouped together by proximity or the
sharing of a common visual trait.
5. Grid Form– set of modular forms
related and regulated by a three-
dimensional grid
BUILDING ORGANIZATION IN PLANNING:
1. Centralized Organization– central,
dominant space about which a number
of secondary spaces are grouped
2. Linear Organization– linear sequence of
repetitive spaces
3. Radial Organization– central space
from which linear organizations of
space extend in a radial manner
4. Clustered Organization– spaces
grouped by proximity or the sharing of a
common visual trait or relationship
5. Grid Organization– spaces organized
within the filed of a structural grid or
other three-dimensional framework
VISUAL PROPERTIES OF FORM:
1. Shape
- characteristic outline or surface
configuration of a particular form
- principal aspect by which we identify
and categorize forms
2. Size
- physical dimensions of length, width,
and depth of a form.
- While these dimensions determine the
proportions of a form, its scale is
determined by its size relative to other
forms in context.
3. Color
- A phenomenon of light and visual
perception that may be described in
terms of an individual’s perception of
hue, saturation, and tonal value.
- attribute that most clearly
distinguishes a form from its
environment. It also affects the visual
weight of a form
4. Texture
- The visual and especially tactile quality
given to a surface by the size, shape,
arrangement, and proportions of the
parts.
- also determines the degree to which
the surfaces of a form reflect or absorb
incident light
5. Position
- The location of a form relative to its
environment or the visual field within
which it is seen.
6. Orientation
- The direction of a form relative to the
ground plane, the compass points,
other forms, or to the person viewing
the form.
7. Visual Inertia
- The degree of concentration and
stability of a form
- depends on its geometry as well as its
orientation relative to the ground
plane, the pull of gravity, and our line of
sight.
TOPIC 5: SIGNS AND SYMBOLS IN URBAN
DESIGN
SIGNS
- Are used to convey information in
pictorial form.
- SIGNS AND SYMBOLS ARE COMMONLY
USED IN EVERY SITIUATIONS.
- Pictograms and symbols are easier to
recognize and understand, cross various
language barriers, and often close the
communication gap.
- Symbols are quickly becoming the
standard for traffic control devices
throughout the world.
SEMIOTICS
- The study of SIGNS and SYMBOLS and
their use and interpretation.
“Symbolism in Architecture is another form of
communication.”- Robert Venturi
SAFETY COLORS:
▪ SAFETY RED – Fire, Danger, Stop
▪ SAFETY YELLOW - Caution
▪ SAFETY ORANGE - Warning
▪ SAFETY GREEN – Safety First
▪ SAFETY BLUE - Notice
DIFFERENT FAMILIES OF SIGNS:
1. MANDATORY SIGNS
- road signs which are used to set the
obligations of all traffic which use a
specific area of road.
ADDITIONAL SIGNS:
- Unlike prohibitory signs, mandatory
signs tell traffic what it must do, rather
than must not do.
- Most mandatory road signs are
circular, may use white symbols on a
blue background with white border or
black symbols on a white background
with a red border, although the letter is
also associated with prohibit signs.
2. PROHIBITION SIGNS
- means a safety sign behaviour likely
to cause a risk to health or safety.
- generally, use a black safety symbol
in a red circle with a diagonal cross
through.
3. WARNING SIGNS
- These signs are yellow
- type of sign which indicates a
potential hazard, obstacle or condition
requiring special attention.
- Some are traffic signs that indicate
roads that may not be readily apparent
to a driver.
4. SAFETY SIGNS
- medium of communication that
convey information or instructions
regarding the physical safety of people
- Signs in workplaces may be posted in
variety of areas in order to draw
attention them, such as on walls, on
doors, on machinery and products, or as
floor makings.
- usually have a symbol and text,
although there are safety signs that
have only one of the two
5. DANGER SIGNS
- Safety signs for warning when a
hazard or a hazardous condition is likely
to be life-threatening.
- The word 'Danger' is featured inside a
red oval which in turn is inside a black
rectangle and often feature other
warning symbols.
1. RECYCLED
- This mark is placed on recycled objects
to tell the consumer that they are
buying a recycled product
 - This is a big advertising point as
companies like their products to be
The meaning of colors on road signs:
seen as being environmentally friendly
2. FRAGILE 1. Red
- This mark is placed on breakable - Red generally means stop. The use of
objects packaging to tell people red on signs is limited to stop, yield, and
handling the box to treat it. prohibition signs.
3. DISABLED 2. White
- This is used to show disabled access. - A white background indicates a
4. MALE AND FEMALE regulatory sign.
- These signs are used commonly to 3. Yellow
distinguish the male and female toilets. - conveys a general caution message.
- In public toilets, triangle (represents 4. Green
skirt or dress) used for female toilets - shows permitted traffic movements or
and the inverted triangle (represents directional guidance
broad-shouldered tuxedo) for male 5. Fluorescent yellow/green
toilets. - Indicates pedestrian Crossings and
school zones.
ROAD SIGNS IN THE PHILIPPINES:
6. Blue
1. REGULATORY SIGNS - indicates road user services, tourist
- Priority Signs information, and evacuation routes.
- Direction Signs 7. Orange
- Restrictive Signs - Orange is used for warning and
- Speed Signs guidance in roadway work zones.
- Parking Signs 8. Coral
- Miscellaneous Signs - Coral Is used for incident management
2. WARNING SIGNS signs.
- Horizontal Alignment Signs 9. Brown
- Road Obstacle Signs - Brown is used to showing guidance to
- Pedestrian Signs sites of public recreation or cultural
3. GUIDE / INFORMATION SIGNS interest.
- Advance Direction Signs
The meaning of shape of road signs:
- Reassurance Direction Signs
- Service Signs 1. Octagon
- Tourist Information and Tourist - conveys the need to stop. A stop sign
Destination Signs is the only sign that uses this shape.
4. EXPRESSWAY SIGNS 2. Upside-down triangle
- Expressway Approach Signs - “yield.”
- Expressway Information Signs 3. Pennant-shaped
5. TRAFFIC INSTRUCTION - road signs warn drivers of no-passing
- Supplementary Signs zones.
- Movement Instruction Signs 4. Diamond-shaped
- road signs always warn possible
hazards ahead.
 5. Round-shaped
- signs are used for railroad signs.
6. Pentagon-shaped
- road sign provides a warning that a
school zone is ahead, or a school
crossing zone is approaching.
7. Horizontal rectangle
- shaped road sign usually provides
guidance to drivers but can be used for
a variety of needs.
8. Vertical rectangle
- road signs are typically used to inform
drivers of regulatory notices, such as
speed limits.
TOPIC 6: ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN:
1. Buildings
- Buildings are the most pronounced
element of urban design
- Buildings shapes and articulate space
by forming the street walls of the city
- Well-designed buildings and groups of
buildings work together to create a
sense of place.
- SAMPLE:
1. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
- these are buildings which are used
for normal residential purposes and
should facilitate activities such as
sleeping, living and cooking.
2. EDUCATIONAL BUILDING
- these are building housing
educational institutions such as schools
or colleges which are affiliated and
recognized by an appropriate board,
university or any similar affiliation
authority.
3. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS
- these types of buildings consist of
buildings that are constructed by the
government, semi-government
organizations or registered trusts for
specific purposes.
4. COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
- buildings where commercial activities
take place.
- a commercial building could contain
one or more of many types of
businesses, including retailers,
restaurants, offices or manufacturing.
5. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
- types of commercial properties used
for business purposes.
- simply put, are factories or other large
premises primarily used for
manufacturing or storing raw materials,
goods, or services for economic
purposes.
2. Public Spaces
- Public Space are the living room of the
city and it is where people come
together to enjoy the city.
- public spaces make high quality in the
city possible
- public spaces range from grand central
plazas and squares to small local
neighborhood parks.
- SAMPLE:
1. PUBLIC SQUARE
- most squares are hardscapes
suitable for open markets, concerts,
political rallies, and other events that
require firm ground.
- being centrally located, town
squares are usually surrounded by small
shops such as bakeries, meat markets,
cheese stores, and clothing stores.
- often at the center is a monument,
statue or other feature.
3. Streets
- These are the connections between
spaces and places, as well as being
spaces themselves
- They are defined by their physical
dimension and character as well as the
size, scale and character of the building
that line them.
 - the pattern of the street network is
part of what defines as a city and what
makes each city unique.
- SAMPLE:
1. Main Street – usually a focal point for
shops and retailers.
2. High and Fore Street
High Street – frequently used for the
street name of the primary business
street of towns or cities.
Fore Street – are often used for the
main street
3. Skyway – is usually used in the US for
long or high bridges for traffic.
4. Boulevard – multilane arterial
thoroughfare, divided with a median
down the center, and perhaps with
roadways along each side designed as
slow travel and parking lanes and for
bicycle and pedestrian usage, often
with above-average quality of
landscaping and scenery.
5. Esplanade – long, open, level area,
usually next to river or large body of
water, where people may walk.
6. Alley – narrow passageway between
or behind buildings.
4. Transport
- Transport system connect the parts of
cities and help shape them and enable
movement throughout the city
- They include road, rail, bicycle and
pedestrian networks together form the
total movement system of a city
- the balance of these various transport
systems in what helps define the quality
and character of cities and makes them
either friendly or hostile to pedestrians.
- SAMPLE:
1. Train
2. Bus
3. Jeepney
4. Taxis
5. Tricycle
6. Private Automobiles
7. Bicycle
8. Sidewalk
5. Landscape
- it is the green part of the city that
weaves throughout, in the form of
urban parks, street trees, plants,
flowers, and water in many forms.
- the landscape helps define the
character and beauty of a city and
creates soft, contrasting spaces and
elements.
- SAMPLE:
1. Central Park
– one of those places that make New
York such a great place to live in.
- The Huge Park
- 341has/843acres
- located in the center of Manhattan.
- its design has served as an example
for city parks around the world.
2. Pocket Park
- small park accessible to the general
public.
- are frequently created on a single
vacant building lot or on small, irregular
pieces of land.
- they also may be created as a
component of the public space
requirement of large building projects.
TOPIC 7: THE IMAGE OF THE CITY
KEVIN A. LYNCH
- Kevin Andrew Lynch
- American urban planner and author
- Best known for his work on Mental
Mapping and on Perceptual Form of
urban environments.
- Famous book: “The Image of the City”
- Disciple of Frank Lloyd Wright, spend
his academic career at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
 - Practice site planning and urban design
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY
- 1960 book
- About the look of cities, and whether
this look is of any importance, and
whether it can be changed
- Result of a five year study of Boston,
Jersey City and Los Angeles
- First Section of the Book:
- New concepts of LEGIBILITY and
IMAGEABILITY are presented
- followed by that, Lynch introduced
three American Cities as examples
- Third Section of the Book:
- Five elements and Their
interrelationships are summarized
- In Lynch’s view,
IMAGE can be explained as:
- “a picture especially in the mind”
- sentimental combination between
objective city image and subjective
human thoughts.
- Productions of environment images are
influenced by two process between the
observer and the observed
- The observer, with great adaptability
and in the light of his own purposed,
selects, organizes and endows with
meaning what he/she sees.
- Therefore, the specific image can be
totally different from the different
perspective of observers.
KEVIN LYNCH says that:
- A city is constructed in space, but of a
vast scale.
- A city is described with its surroundings
and elements.
- Explains that people’s perception of the
city is important.
- Going through a city from the viewers
mind is “image of the city”.
- Elements like nodes, paths, districts,
edges, landmarks make a city.
- To make a visual plan (map)
- Analyzing the forms and public areas.
- Understand problems, opportunities
and use them in designing a city
CONCEPT OF LEGIBILITY
- It is said to be the ease with which
people understand the layout of a
place.
- To understand the layout of the city,
people make a mental map, which
contains mental images of the city
constrains.
MENTAL MAP
- Person’s perception of the world
- Is an individual’s own map of their
known world
- Mental maps of individuals can be
investigated.
- By asking for directions to a
landmark or other location
- By asking someone to draw a sketch
map of an area or describe that area.
- By asking a person to name as many
places as possible in a short period of
time
CONCEPT OF IMAGEABILITY
- Another term introduced by Lynch
- Quality of physical object, which gives
an observer a strong vivid image
- High imageable city would be well
formed, would contain distinct paths
- They should be instantly recognizable
- Well formed city is highly dependent
upon the elements
- Remembering your city on images is
meaningful
- E.g.: Well designed paths include special
lighting, clarity of direction, etc.
 - Similarly with nodes, landmarks, - also used for exterior reference if
districts, edges visible from the outside
- These elements placed in good form, 4. Nodes
increase human ability to see and - Points, the strategic spots in a city
remember patterns and it is these into which an observer can enter,
patterns which make easier to learn and which are the intensive foci
to and from which he is traveling
3 Components of Imageability:
- May be primarily junctions,
1. Identity – as a separate entity places of a break in
2. Structure – spatial relationship between transportation, a crossing or
elements convergence of paths, moments
3. Meaning – practical or emotional of shift from one structure to
another
5 Major Elements of Imageability: 5. Landmarks
1. Paths - A rather simply defined physical object:
- Channel along which the observer building, sign, store, mountain
customarily, occasionally, or - Use involves the singling our of one
potentially moves element from a host of possibilities
- May be the streets, walkways, - Some are distant ones, typically seen
transit lines, canals, railroads and from many angles and distances, over
other channels in which people the tops of smaller elements, and used
travel as radial references
- Along there path the other
environmental elements are
arranged and related.
2. Edges
- Linear elements not used or
considered as paths by the
observer
- Boundaries between two planes,
linear breaks in continuity:
shores, railroad cuts, edges of
development, walls.
3. Districts
- Medium-to-large sections of the
city
- conceived of as having two-
dimensional extent
- which the observer mentally
enters “inside of”
- recognizable as having some
common, identifying character
- Always identifiable from the
inside