In each of the preceding illustrations, the probability of each outcome is

known a priori. That is, on the basis of known mathematical and physical
principles, we can calculate the probable incidence (or proportion) of each
possible outcome in the total number of outcomes associated with a number of
trials. That is, if we toss a coin a number of times, we expect to observe
‘heads’ about half the time. Although ‘heads’ might appear three or even four
times out of the first four tosses of the coin, given a sufficiently large number
of trials, the proportions will converge on 1/2 for each of the two possible
outcomes.