Jn his magnificent biography of Keats, Nicholas Roe chronicles a forward-looking spicit, whose poetry offered a strikingly modern amalgam of the arts and sciences. Medical allusions to nerves, arteries, bone and blood developed in tandem with deepening thoughts on human pain and suffering, says Roe. Keats's vaunted "negative capability” allowed him ta engage imaginatively with life's transience and his own consumptive state (he suffered from tuberculosis and was not expected to live for long) The rueful melancholy of ‘To Autumn” and "Ode to a Nightingale” cpeake of a couragaous rackoning with mortality. Lord Byron, with customary disdain, ragarded Keats as a mere cilettante of sensation and “his imagination.” Roe will have little of this. The imagination at work in a poem such, as “Isabella, or, the Pot of Basil" derived from Keats's professional exposure to cissecting-room corpses. As the son of a Moorfields livery stables manager, Keats knew how the poor could serve as fodder for scalpals. Hospitals were complicit in the body-snatching trade, as the science of anatomy vas in its infency and trainee surgeons were required to practice thair skis. Select the part of the passage that mentions the poems that were informed by Keats's illness Click on a sentence inthe passage to make your selectionChoose the option that best answers the question. 1n his magnificent biography of Keats, Nicholas Roe chronicles a forward-looking spirit, whose poetry offered a strikingly modem amalgam of the arts and sciences. Medical allusions to nerves, artaries, bone and blood daveloped in tandem with Geepening thoughts on human pain and suffering, says Roe. Keats’s vaunted “negative capability” allowed him to engage imaginatively with life's trensience and his own consumptive state (he suffered from tuberculosis and was not expectad to live for long). ‘The rueful melancholy of "To Autumn” and “Ode to a Nightingale” speaks of a courageous rackoning with mortality. Lord Byron, with customary disdsin, regarded Keats 25 a mere dilettante of sensation and “his imagination.” Ree will have littie of this. The imagination at vrork in a poem such as “Isabella, or, the Pot of Basil" derived from Keats's professional exposure to dissecting-raom corpses. As the son of a Moorfields livery stables manager, Keats knew how the poor could serve as fodder for scalpels. Hospitals were complicit in the body-snatching trade, as the science of anatomy wae in its infancy and trainee surgeons were required to practice their skills ‘The author of the passage would agree with all of the following EXCEPT (O kear’s family backgeaund playad no role in his, Familiarity mith death Okeats encountered corpses in a working capacity, an artist's experience can have an effect on his cr her creations (O Lord eyron was known for being contemptuous towards his peers Hospitals during Keats’ time placed pragmatic concerns above ethical ones.Choose the option that best answers the question. In his magnificent biography of Keats, Nicholas Roe chronicles a forward-locking spirit, whose poetry offered 2 strikingly modern amalgam of the arts and sciences, Medical allusions to nerves, arterias, bone and blood developed in tandem with deepening thoughts on human pain and suffering, says Roe. Keats's vaunted "negative capability” allowed him to engage imaginatively with life's transience and his own consumptive state (he suffered from tuberculosis and was not expected to live for long). The rueful melancholy of "To Autumn” and "Ode to 2 Nightingale” speaks of a courageous reckoning with mortality Lord ayron, with customary disdain, regarded Keats as a mere dilettante of sensation and "his imagination.” Roe will have little of this. The imagination at work in a poem cuch as “Isabella, of, the Pot of Basil" derived from Keats's profassional exposure to dissecting-room corpses. As the son of a Moorfields livery stables manager, Keats knew how the poor could serve as fodder for scalpels. Hospitals were complicit in the body-snatching trade, as tha science of anatomy was in its infancy and trainee surgeons were required to practice their skis According to the passage, Lord Byron's attitude toward Keats is suspect primarily because Okeats drew on his experiance with death to write come of his poams Okeats’ poems combined ideas that were 2 synthesis of art and science Okeats’ succumbad at 2 relatively young age to tuberculosis (QByron himsalt was known for his whimsical imagination byron did not know Keats personally‘A senator, naar the and of his frst six-year term and running for reelection, made the claim: "Citizens of our state are thriving. While national unemployment levels have remained high, our stata unemployment rate has baen at astonishingly low levels for eleven years running. Clearly, everyone in our state has benefited from the economical packagas I have introduced during my time in tha Senate. ‘Therefore, grateful citizens of our state ought ta vote for my second term." ‘This argument is most vulnerable to what criticism? Olt takes a condition to be the offect of something that has happaned only aftar the condition already existed. Ort introduces several different types of evidence, ot all of which ere compatible with one another. Ore confiates political concitions with economic conditions. The economical packages intraduced by the senator may not have been as beneficial to citizens of other states. Oeven if what the senator is saying is true, it may rot be in his self-interest to argue in favor of it.‘Choose the option that best answers the question. Epidemiologist: Malarie passes into the human population Which of the following, if true, suggests that the whan a mosquito carrying the malaria protozoa bites 3 epidemiologist’s plan for eliminating malaria ts not human who has no immunity. The malaria parasite can vieble? ramain for up to forty days in the blood of an infected person, The disease cannot be passed from person to person, unless a non-infacted persen is exposad to the blood of an infected person. Theoretically, malaria could be eradicated in any given area, if all the mosquitoes carrying malaria in that area are extarminatad. If such a course of action is carried out at a worldwide level, then the global eradication of malaria is possible. OA person who is infected with maleria can infect B mosquito that is not carrying malaria, if that mosquito bites such a person. Onless 3 mosquito bites en infected person, and then bites a non-infacted person, malaria cannot be passed directly from human to human: O Malaria is stil endemic in many parts of the world, and many health workers believe that the global eradication of malaria is not possible. Osome people in areas where malaria is rife have developed an immurity to mosquitos, yet thay also show @ higher incidence of genatic disorders such as sickle-cell anemia. O Mosquitos in many developing perts of the world are responsible for passing on a variety of viruses to human hosts.Residents of Milatia are known for their longevity, Nutritionists maintain that the Miletians can attribute their increased lifespans to their diets. In addition to consuming a diet full of leafy greens, they alco have alow intake of saturated fats, which have been implicated in heart disease and atherosclerosis. Therefore, if one wants to have increased longevity, he or she should follow 2 Miatis based diet. ‘Which one of the following is an assumption on which the ergument depends? (O other aspects of the Mlitians' lifestyle do not affact the cbservad trend ef longevity in Miata. QAdopting another people's eating habits will, in of itself, not confer the same advantages, unless 2 percon incorporatas exercise into his of her hfe The Milatian lifespan has a relatively uniform distribution, with very fav dying young from natural causes. OMlilatians are the only people in whom there is 2 perceived link between ciat and longevity. All Milatians are known to have lifespans that are above averaga.Choose the option that best answers the question. For anyone claiming to write a history of a science of which reasoning forms the very essence, the question of the logic is of paramount importance. For example, 2 modem western account of any historical penod in mathomatics would, as a matter of coursa, chow a detailed proof justifying each and every mathematical result discussed. Despite this obvious fact, general histories of Chinese mathematics rarely show concer for this issue. They insist above all on presenting only the mathematical results, the logical underpinnings of which are unclear, and rarely do they provide the reader with any semblance of a proof. While this approach to the history of mathematics is naturally a result of vanous causes, one which probably plays an essential role is the fact that most Chinese mathematical works themselves contain na logical justifications: according to this worldview, apparentiy it was enough to state authoritatively that Something was true -~ it was completely superfluous to demonstrate why it was true, ‘There is one major exception to this general pattern, namely a set of Chinese argumentative discourses which hhas been handed down to us from the first milennium A.D. We are referring to the commentaries and sub-commentaries on the Juzhang Susnshu ("The Nine (Chapters on the Mathematical Arc'], the key work which inaugurated Chinese mathematics and served a5 = reference for it over a long period of its history. This fact, which was long unrecognized, means that we are now in 2 position to knaw a lot more about the logical construction (of mathematics in China than, for example, in Egypt, Mesopotamia, or India What distinguishes the commentaries on the Jiuzhang Suanshy from almost all other works of Chinese mathematical history is that the authors of the former (Omade clear exactly what theorems are tue (Ospent time justifying their qualifications as authorities Ocdid nat fully disclose all the results in the elds discussed Coprovided expicit proofs for the mathematical rosults pracented (Ohad infuence over a large portion of chinese history‘Choose the option that best answers the question. For anyone claiming to wnte 2 history of 2 science of which reasoning forms the very essence, the question of | the logic is of paramount importance. For example, 2 modern western account of any historical period in mathematics would, as 2 matter of courso, show a datailed proof justifying each and every mathematical result discussed. Despite this obvious fact, general histories of Chinese mathematics rarely show concem for this issue. ‘Thay insist above all on presenting only the mathematical results, the logical underpinnings of which are unclear, and raraly Go they provide the reader with any semblance of 3 proof. While this approach to the history of mathematics is, naturally a result of various causes, one which probably plays an essential role is the fact that most Chinese mathematical works themselves contain ne logical Justificatons: according to this worldview, apparently it was enough to state authoritatively that something was true --- it was completely superfluous to demonstrate why it was tue ‘Thora is one major exception to this general pattern, namely a set of Chinese argumentative discourses which has been handed down to us from the first milnnium A.D. We are referring to the commentaries and sub-commentaries on the Jiuzhang Suanshu ["Tha Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"l, the key work which inauguratad Chinese mathematics and served as reference for it over a long period of its history. This fact, which was long unrecognized, means that we are now in 3 position to know 2 lot more about the logical construction ‘af mathematics in China than, for example, in Egypt, Mesopotamia, or India. ‘The author implies all of the following except: Othe ancient mathematical texts of Mesopotamia do not provide explicit proofs for al their results. O The first Wester scholars studying the history of Chinese mathematics were unavrare of the proofs available in the commentaries and sub-commentaries on the Jiuzhang Suanshu © Proofs are a method of demonstrating the logical arguments underlying a mathematical result, Othe majority of important chinese mathematicians betwaen 1009 and 1500 would have known of the Jiuzhang Suanshu The authors of the Jiuzhang Suanshu do not make any claim justifying their own authority.‘Choose the option that best answers the question. AAs with impact structures, studies of Aftican meteorites, as well 2s expeditions dedicated to the search for meteorites, have in the past generally been directed by non-African, institutions. Obviously this has a lot to do with availabilty of funding for such work. It is, however, strongly felt that the widely noted lack of knowledge about the importance of the study of meteorites, of how to identify them, and of impact structures also contributes to this one-sided research situation. Mateorites, especially the iron and stony-iron meteorites, can be recognized by their metallic or semi-metellic appearance, frequently grooved surface structure, and strong magnetism, tis important thet, when such material is discovered, all information, for example about its position, orientation on the surface, time of fall, and any visual observations made or sound heard, be meticulously recorded Contamination from metal tools and chemical reagents must be avoided. That said, a small number of scientists, for example at the Universities of Cape Town, Cairo, and of the \witwatersrand in Johannesburg, have in the past actively studied meteorites, While these institutions display raquisite expertise for the task, they tend to work in isolation. The author's tone towards the work done by “2 small number of scientists” can best be described as one of © grudging sympathy O qualified approval Osystamatic disregard Qoutright condemnation (unrestrained enthusiasmAs with impact structures, studies of Aftican meteorites, 2s wall as expaditions dedicated to the search for meteorites, rave in tha past generally been diracted by non-african institutions. Obviously this has a lot to do with availability of funding for such work. It is, however, strongly felt that the widely noted lack of knowledge about the importance of tha study of meteorites, of how to idantify them, and of impact structures also contributes to this one-sided research situation. Meteorites, especially the iron and stony-iron meteorites, can be recognized by their metallic or semi-metallic appearance, frequently grooved surface structure, and strong magnetism. It is important that, when such material is discovered, all information, for example about its position, onentation en the curface, tima of fall, and any visual observations made or sound heard, be meticulously recorded. Contamination from metal tools and chemical reagants must be avoided. That said, a small number of scientists, for example at the Universities of Cape Town, Cairo, and of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, have in the past actwely studied meteorites. While these institutions display Faquisite expertise for the task, they tend to work in isolation. Select the sentence in which the author points out ‘an additional cause for the one-sidedness of research, Click on a sentence in the passage to make your selection“Choose the option that best anawers the question. As with impact structures, studies of African meteorites, as well a5 expeditions dedicated to the search for meteorites, have in the past generally been directed by non-African Institutions. Obviously this has a lot to do with availability Of funding for such work. 1t is, however, strongly falt that the widely noted lack of knowledge about the importance of the study of meteorites, of how to identify them, and of impact structuras also contributes to thie one-sided rasearch situation. Matacrites, espacially the iron and stony-iron meteorites, can be recognized by chair matalic or semi-metallic appearance, frequently grooved surface structure, end strong magnetism. It is important that, when such material 's discovarad, all information, for example about its position, orientation on the surface, time of fall, and any visual observations made or sound heard, be meticulously recorded. Contamination from metal tools and chemical reagents must be avoided. That said, a small number of scientists, for ‘example at the Universities of Cape Town, Cairo, and of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, have in the past actvaly studied meteorites. While these institutions display requisite expertise for the task, they tend to work in isolation. It can be inferred that in contrast to the universities mentionad, most other African universities have Qbeen underfunded to the point that they ere unable to conduct rigorous studies on matacnites, O shown no interest in pursuing the study of meteorites ‘O most lksly contaminated the tools they use to gather information concerning impact sites displayed less expertise regarding the study of mateorites been more meticulous in documenting the detai's of meteorites impact sitesEven though physiological and behavioral processes are ‘maximized within relatively narrow ranges of temperatures in amphibians and reptiles, individuals may not maintain activity at the optimum temperatures for performance because of the costs associated with doing so. Altematively, acbvity can occur at suboptimal temperatures even when the costs are great. “Theoretically, costs of activity at suboptimal temperatures ‘must be balanced by gains of being active. For instance, the leatherback sea turtla will hunt during the time of day in which kril are abundant, even though the water is cooler and thus the turtle's body temperature requires greater metabolic activity. In general, however, the cost of kegping 2 suboptimal body temperature, for reptiles and amphibians, is varied and not well understood; they include Fisk of predaton, reduced performance, and reduced foraging success, Ons reptile that scientists understand better is the desert lizard, which is actve during the morning at relatively low body temperatures (usually 33.0 C), inactive during midday When external temparatures are axtrame, and activa in the evering at body temperatures of 37.0 C. Although the lizards engage in similar behavior (e.g,, in morning and aftemcon, social dsplays, movements, and feeding), metabolic rates and water loss are great and sprint speed is lower in the evening when body temperatures ara high. ‘Thus, the highest metabolic and performance casts of Activity eccur in the evening when lizards have high body temperatures. However, males that are active late in the day apparently have a higher mating success resulting from ‘their prolonged cocial encounters. The costs of activity at temperatures beyond those optimal for performance are offset by the advantages gained by maimizing social interactions that ultimately impact individual fitness ‘The author implies that, in the desert lizard, the advantages in some forms of social interaction © occur during 2 period in which metabolic costs are low are in direct proportion to the desert lizard's body temperature Ovypically outwoigh the costs of engaging in activity Olower the chance that the lizard will expend energy Oare short-lived and carry with them numerous dangersEven though physiological and behavioral pracesses are maximized within rolatively narrow ranges of temperatura in amphibians and reptiles, individuals may not maintain activity at the optimum temperatures for performance because of the costs assaciated with doing so. ‘Alternatively, activity can occur at suboptimal temperatures even when the costs are great. Theoretically, casts of activity 2t suboptimal temperatures ‘must be balanced by gains of being active. For instance, the leatherback sea turtle will hunt during the me of day in which knil are abundant, even though the water is cooler ‘and thus the turtle's body temperature requires greater metabolic activity. In general, however, the cost of keeping ‘a suboptimal body temperature, for reptiles and amphibians, is varied and not well understood; they include ‘isk of predation, reduced performance, and reduced foraging success. One reptile that scientists understand better is the desert lizard, which is active during the moming at relatively low body temperatures (usualy 33.0 C), inactive during midday when external temperatures are axtrame, and active in the evening at body temperatures of 37.0 C. Although the lizards engage in simlar behavior (2.9., morning and afternoon, social displays, movements, and feeding), metabolic rates and water loss are great and sorint speed is lower in the evening when body temperatures are high. ‘Thus, the highest matabolic and performance costs of activity occur in the evening when lizards have high body ‘tomperatures. However, males that ara active lat in the day apparently have a higher mating success resulting from ‘their prolonged social encounters. The costs of activity at temperatures beyond those optimal for performance are offset by the advantages gained by maximizing social interactions that ultimately impact individual fitness. ‘The passage suggests that reptiles and amphibians are abia to Operform an activity at suboptimal temperatures (Oavoid excessive costs when performing an activity limit the costs of an activity by resting frequently maintain 2 body temperature irespective of the environment (avoid predation by resting during the nightEven though physiological and behavioral processes are maximized within relativaly natrow ranges of temperatures in amphibians and reptiles, individuals may not maintain activity at the optimum temperatures for performance because of the costs assaciated with doing so. Altematively, activity can occur at suboptimal temperatures even when the costs are great: “Theoraticaly, costs of activity at suboptimal temperatures must be balanced by gains of being active. For instance, the leatherback sea turtle will hunt cunng the time of day in which kril are abundant, even though the water is cooler ‘and thus the turtle's body temperature requires greater metabolic activity. in general, howaver, the cost of keeping 2 suboptimal body temperature, for reptiles and ‘amphibians, is varied and not well understood; they include tisk of predation, reduced performance, and reduced Foraging success One reptile that scientists undorstand batter is the desert lizard, which is active during the morning at relatively low body temperatures (usually 33.0 C), inactive during midday when extemal temperatures are extreme, and active in the evening at body temperatures of 37.0 C. Although the lizards engage in similar behavior (e.g., i morning and afternoon, social displays, movements, and feeding), metabolic rates and water loss are great and sprint speed 's lower in the evening when body temperatures are high. ‘Thus, the highest metabolic and performance costs oF activity occur in the evening when lizards have high body temperatures. However, males that are active late in the ay apparently have a higher mating success resulting from their protonged social encounters. The costs of activity at temperatures beyond those optimal for performance are offset by the advantages gained by maximizing social interacbons that ultmately impact individual Fitness, Tt can be inferred from the passage that the metabolic costs of an activity during tha midd'e of the day are similar to the metabolic costs of activity during the evening Othe same as the cost of metabolc activity at right higher than metabolic costs of activity in the moming Glow and constant, regardless of behavior CO typically lower, depending on the activityThe DNA molecule is composed of subunits called base pairs, which are two smaller subunits bonded together, forming part of a genetic message. In our bodies every individual cell has ene billion base pairs. It is unlikely that all of these base pairs, makng up what scientists call an fntire genome, could be extracted from fossil remains. Even if they could, thay would stil naed to be assembled into an ordered, structured ganome. At present, isolating and organizing the DNA into an entire genome for a fossil animal is impossible. We cannot create carbon copies of organisms that are alive today, even if we have the entire genoma in its correct order. Before cloning becomes possible, much must be learned about tranclating the information in the genome into 3 living, breathing organism. Based on information in the passage, if 4 scientist were able to derive 2 dinosaurs entire genome from a fossil then that scientist would not have sufficient information to create an actual dinosaur have the essential information necessary to ‘clone a dinosaur O know ite ragarding the dinosaurs onA Onot have access to the dinosaurs base pairs Obe able to translate the information in the genome into an organismThe DNA molecule is composed of subunits called base pairs, ‘The primary purpose of the passage is to which are twa smaller subunits bonded together, forming part of a genetic message. In our bodies every individual cell has. one billion base pairs. It is unlikely that all of these base pairs, making up what scentsts call an entre genome, could be ‘extracted from fossil remains. Even if they could, they would still need to be assembled into an ordered, structured genome. At present, isolating and organizing the DNA into an entire genome for a fossil animal is impossible. We cannot create carbon copies of organisms that are ave today, even If ‘we have the entire genome in its correct order. Before cloning becomes passible, much must he learned abaut translating the information in the genome into a living, breathing organism. O discuss an ongoing difficuity O highight a common misconception O disprove @ common theory O recommend a course of action argue agaist a controversial pracaceWriters are necessarily ambivalent about any kind of recognition—honors, prizes, simple praise—because they are ‘ambivalent about their relationship to the present. The first audience that a writer wants to please is the past—the dead winters who led him to want to write in the first place. Forced to admit that this is impossible, he displaces his hope onto the future, the postenty whose judgment he ynil never know. That leaves the present as the only audible judge of his work; but the present is made up of precisely the people whom the writer cannet live among, which is why he subtracts himself From the actual world in order to deposit a version of himself Im his writing, The approbation of the living is thus meaningful to 2 writer only insofar as he can convince himself that itis a proxy for the approbation of the past or the furure—insafar as it becomes metaphorical. Select a sentence in the passage whose function is to describe the manner in which a writer resigns him- ar herself to writing for the present. ‘Ck on 2 sentence in the passage to make your selectionwoters are necessanly ambivalent about any land of recognition—honors, prizes, simple praise—because they are ambivalent about their relationship to the present, The first audience that a writer wants to please is the pest—the dead \wniters who led him to want to wnte in the first place. Forced to admit that this 1s impossible, he displaces his hope onto the future, the posterity whose judgment he will never know. That leaves the present as the only aucible judge of his work; but ‘the present is made up of precisely the people wham the \wnter cannot live among, which is why he subtracts himself from the actual world in order to deposit a version of himself in his writing. The approbation of the living is thus meaningful to a writer only insofar as he can convince himself that itis @ proxy for the approbation of the past or the future—insofer as It becomes metaphorical. ‘The author of the passage belleves that winters are ambivalent to recognition because is (O rarely commensurate to the way in which postenty will regard a writer's work © only of consequence in the future, yet an author wil never know what the future thinks of his or her work typically bestowed in the present, whereas a writer 1s more concerned with approbation from the past ‘and the future (Ountairy meted out to those who possess only @ modicum of talent (O mostly unrelated to the quality of a writer’s prose‘Choos the option that best answers the question. The "trophic contamination hypothesis! posits that shorebirds accumulate industrial and urban pollution at stopover sites, toxins that are subsequent relasced in sudden high doses as fat is burned during migratory fights, disrupting the bird's ability to make migratory decisions. For example, large contaminant doses might hamper refueling by reducing the satiation signal in shorabirds so that they do not accumulate sufficient fat for migration. A racant study found that, out of those shorebirds that were unable to migrate, some weighed as much as 20% less than the average migrating bird of thir species. Whethar such findings are a rasult ef shorebirds suffering from trophic contamination, or whether such birds simply cut their migrations short by lending in a foreign ecosystem is, unlikely to be resolved until further studies are conducted. One promising line of rasearch involves organachlorines, toxins deposited on mudflats in the 1870s and 1980s, now buried by sedments but finally close enough to the surface to be of issue to foraging shorebirds. Organochlonnes should be more accessible to long-billed shorebieds that probe deeply for prey than to short-billed species that forage at or near the surface. We predict that an increased number of long-biled chorabirds will ether be unable to migrate or will be found along an aberrant Fight path, According to the passage, the long-billed shorebird is expected to be more likely than the short-bilad shorabird to have trouble migrating because Olt is more vulnerable to the effects of organochlornes Clit typicelly is unable to differentiete between a foraign ecosystem and a familiar one it stops feeding before itis fully satiated Olt grezes in parts of the mudflat in which the surface is known to have a higher concentration of organachlorines lit cigs deeper into the earth and is therefore mora likaly to encountar toxinsChoose the option that bast answers the question. Demotic Greek (language of the people) is the modern vernacular form of the Graek language, and refers particularly to the form of the language that evolved naturally from ancient Greek, in opposition to the artificially archaic Katherevousa, which was the offical standard until 1976. The two complemented aach other in a typical example of digiossia, or the existence of two forms of 3 language (usually a “high” and a “low”) employed by the same speaker depending on the social context, until the resolution of the Greek language question in favor of Demotic, Demotic is often thought to be the same as the modern Greek language, but these two terms are not completely synonymous. While Demotic is a term applied to the naturally evolved colloquial language of the Greeks, the ‘modem Greak language of today is mora like a fusion of Demotic and Katharevousa; it can be viewed as a variaty of Demotic which has been enriched by "educated" elements. Therefore, it is not wrong to call the spoken language of today Demotic, though such a terminology ignoras the fact that modem Graek contains - especially in a written or official form ~ numerous words, grammatical forms and phonetical features that dic not exist in colloquial speech and only entered the language through its archaic variety. Additionally, even the most archaic forms of Katharevousa were never thought of 2s ancient Greek, but were always called "modern Greek’, co that the phrase *modam Greek’ applies to Damotic, Standard Modern Greek and even Katharevousa ‘The paceage supports which of the Following ragatding Damotic crack? O'tt shares many commen features with Katharevousa Ott can be traced back to ancient Greek Out does not represent an example of diglossia Oit does not relate to the social context Otis synonymous with medern creek‘Choose the option that best answers the question. Demotic Greek (language of the people) is the modem vernacular form of the Greek language, and refers particularly to the form of the language that evolved naturally from ancient Greek, n opposition to the artificially archaic Katharevousa, which was the official standard until 1976. The two complemented aach other in a typical example of digiossia, or tha existence of two forms of 2 language (ucually 2 “high” and a “low") employad by tha same speaker depending on the social context, until the resolution of the Greek language question in favor of Demotic. Demotic is often thought to be the same as the modern Greek language, but these two terms re not completely synonymous, While Demotc is a term applied to the naturally evolved colloquial language of the Greeks, the modern Graak language of teday is more like a fusion of Domotic and Katharavousa; it can be viewed as a varioty of Demotic which has been enriched by “educates” elements. Therafore, it is not wrong to call the spoken language of today Demotic, though such a terminology ignores the fact that modarn Greek contains - especially in 3 written or official form - numerous words, grammatical forms and phonetical features that did not exist in colloquial speech and only entered the language through its archaic variety. Adcitionally, even the most archaic forms of katharevousa ware never thought of as ancient Greek, but were always called "modem Greek’, so that the phrase "modern Greek applies to Demotic, Standard Modern Greek and even Katharevousa. Regarding Demotic Greek, all of the following can be supported by the passage EXCEPT? (Opemotic Greek contains elements of katharevousa, OWModer Greek employs linguistic elements that fall outside the domain of Demotic Greek, O colloquial forms of Greek often make their way into Demotic Greek. (ODemotic Greek is not responsible with infusing Modem Greek with "educated" elements Okatharevousa and Demotic Greek were typical ‘employed in disparate cocial contextsConsider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. Dematic Greek (language of the people) is the modem vernacular form of the Grack language, and rafors particularly to the form of the language that evolved naturally from anciant Greek, in opposition to the artificially archaic Katharevousa, which was the official standard until 3976. The two complemented each other in a typical ‘example of diglossia, or the existance of two forms of a language (usually 2 “high” and 2 “low”) employed by the same speaker depending on the social context, until the resolution of the Greek language question in favor of Demotic. Damatic is often thought to be the same as the modem Greek language, but these two terms are not completely synonymous. While Demotic is a term applied to the naturally evolved colloquial language of the Greeks, the modern Greek language of today is more ike a fusion of Damotic and katharevousa; it can be viewed as a variety ‘of Demotic which has been enriched by "educated" elements. Therefore, it is not virong to call the spoken language of today Demotic, though such a terminology ignores the fact that modem Greek contains - especially in a wntten or official form - numerous words, grammatical forms and phonetical features that did not exist in colloquial speech and only entered the language through ite archaic variety. Additionally, even the most archaic forms of Katharevousa were never thought of as ancient Greek, but were always called "modern Grock", co that the phrace "modern Graek" applies to Demotic, Standard Modern Greek and even katharevausa, Which of the following can be inferred from the paceage? Licertain elements of modem Greek are artificially conetructed. A diglossia is comprised of both modern and ancient forms of a language. [Some modern Gresk can be traced to ancient colloquial forms.Dark matter and dark energy have little effect on conventional matter aver familar distances. Instead, they make their presence known through their prodigious gravitational effects. In tracking them down, therefore, astronomers have had te study ggantc assamblagos of matter, extending across spans of millions and billions of light-years. Perhaps the first to take thet sweeping viewpoint was the Swiss-American astronomer Fritz Zmicky. In the 1920's, Zwicky traced the motions of individual galaxias within great clusters of galaxies and mede a remerkable discovery: the individual galaxies are moving too fact to be held together in a cluster by the force of gravity exertad by the starry matter visible within them. From his measurements, Zwicky concluded that the great clusters of galaxies must be held together by the gravitational effect of come unsean mass, which he dubbed “dark matter” Scientists studied "giganbc assemblages of matter, extending across spans of milions and billions of light-years” in order to support @ theory regarding the structure of galaxies discredit the view that effects of dark matter are only manifest over small distances Obolster a hypothesis first proposed by Zwicky expand the scope of their findings observe a gravitational offect that is not apparent on a smaller scale‘choose the option that best answers the question. ark matter and dark energy have little effect on conventional matter over femiliar distances. Instead, they make their presence known through their prodigious gravitational effects. In tracking them down, therefore, astronomers have had to study gigantic assemblages of mattar, extending across spans of millions and billans of light-years, Pethaps the first to take that sweeping viewpoint was tha Swics-Amencan astronomer Fritz Zmicky. In the 1930's, Zwicky traced the motions of individual galaxies within great clusters of galexies and made 3 ramarkable discovery: the individual galaxies are moving too fast to be held together in 2 cluster by the force of gravity exerted by the starry mattor visible within them, From his measurements, Zwicky conclided that the great clusters of galaxies must be held together by the avitabonal effect of soma unseen mass, which he cubed fark matter.” It can be inferrad fram the passage that Zwicky hypothesized the existence of "dark matter” in order to account for Othe speed in which galaxies are moving away from one another (O the manner in which large galaxies tend ta clump together O the great distance between certain galaxies Qa phenomenon that visible matter alone is unable to explain CO the behavior of galavies outside of great clustersAmong the clacces at City High School, Mrs. Baxter's class thas the greatest percent of students who are taller than six feet. Mr. Pendelton’s class, however, has the greatest parcent of students who are 6'4 and taller. af the statements abave are true, then which of ‘the following must also be true? OM. Pendelton's class has more students who are betwaen 60 and 6'4 than any class, except for Mrs. Baxter's. Ons. Baxter's class has some students who are betwaan 6'0 and 6'4. QA City High Schoo), Mrs. Baxter's class has the ‘second greatest number of students who are taller than 6'4. OMr Pendelton's class has the greater percent of students viho are between 6'0 and 6'4. O The range of heights in Mr. Pendalton’s class is greater than that of Mis. Baxter's class.“Thare has always bacn controversy over the nature of postic language. To some, postic language should be special, removed from the language of everyday (thus, the Gictumn, "The language of the age is never the lanquage of postry’. To others, it should be closely in touch with everydey, of pethaps, be ‘current language heightened To Ralph Waklo Emerson, the whole language is in any case ‘fossil postry.’ Statements of this kind to some extent miss the point, which is to stross the enormous range of linguistic exprassion that ie found uncer the heading poetry. At cne extreme, there are poems that are as far Famoved from everyday speach as it is possible to imagina; at the other, there are poems that, if it were not for the division into ines, would closely resemble prose. “As far removed from daly spaech as possibia” most closely parallals which of the following? (Opoems..wwould closely rasemble prose” "current language heightened” O“tossil poetry” Othe enormous range of inguistic expression” "The language of the age is never the language of poetry”‘There has always been controversy over the nature of postic language. To some, poetic language should be special, removed from the language of everyday (thus, the dictum, "The language of the age is naver the language of poetry’). To ethers, it should be clasely in touch with, everyday, of, perhaps, be ‘current language heightened.’ ‘To Ralph Waldo Emerson, the whole lenguage is in any case “fossil poetry.’ Statements of this kind to some extant mics the point, which is to strass the enormous range of linguistic expression thet is found under the heading poatry. At ona extreme, there are poems that are 2s far removed from everyday speech as itis possible to imagine: at the other, there are poems that, ifit were not for the division into lines, would closely resemble prose. It can be inferred from Emerson’s quote that he implied which of the following? OPoarry has influenced colloquial speach OAll language eventually becomes archaic O Language that is too far removed from everyday, ‘speach becomes meaningless O'The range of linguistic expression is vast. (in most societies exists a disconnection between postry and everyday speech.What little scholarship has existed en Ernast Hemingway-~ considering his statura--has focused on trying to unmask the man behind the bravura. ultimately, most of these works have done little more than to show that Hemingway the myth and Hemingway the man were not too dissimilar (Hemingway lived to hunt big game se should we be surprised at his virlity, net to mantion that of many of the author’s--chiefly male--protagonists?). In the last few years, several biographies have reversed this trend, focusing on Hemingway near the end of his life: isolated and parancid, the author imaginad the government was chasing him (he was not complately wrong on this account). Ironically, the hunter had become the hunted, and in that sense, these latest biographers have provided-- perhaps unwittingly--the most human portrait of the writer yet. It can be inferrad from the passage that the author considers the latest Hemingway biographies departure from traditional biographies in that these latest biographies (© focus on a much overlooked aspect of the writer's body of work (O depict Hemingway in a manner that is at odds ‘with the myth of Hemingway claim that Hemingway was similar to several of his chief protagonists in his books (suggest that Hemingway lacked the viriity many associated with him Odo not attempt to explore the link between Hemingway the man and Hemingway the myth‘What little scholarship has existed on Emast Hemingway-- considering his stature--nae focused on trying to unmask the man behind the bravura. Ultimately, most of these ‘works have done little more than to show that Hemingway ‘tha myth and Hemingway the man ware net too dissimilar (Hemingway lived to hunt big game so should we be surprised at his viriity, not to mention that of many of the author's--chiefly male--protagonists?). In the last few ‘years, several biographies have reversed this trend, Focusing on Hemingway near the end of his life: isolated and paranoid, the author imagined the government was chasing him (he was not completely wrong on this account). Ironically, the hunter had become the hunted, and in that sense, these latest biographers have provided--perhape unwittingly--the most human portrait of the writer yet. With which of the following would the author of the passage agrea? [i The prevalence of scholarship on Hemingway is commensurate with his renown as a writer, [The latest Hemingway biographies consciously intended to chow Hemingway's vulnerabilities. until recently, Hemingway biographies had shown 3 similr trend,‘Choose the option that best answers the question, Freudianism sits alongside Marxism and Darwinism in the pantheon of modern theories held to be so revelatory that they not only gained the adherence of Western inteligantsia but shaped the broader culture. During the first half of the twentieth century, an air of intrigue and mystery hovered around Freud's newly anointed practitioners: psychotherapists. They occupied a strange tniverse, speaking in a language se incomprehensible but seemingly authoritative that it alternately awed and scared the average man on the street. Psychotherapy is no longer an intellectusl movement today a¢ it once was. But in the form of modem professional “cating,” it has assumed a new role, which is to provide a peculiar sort of substitute friendship — what we might call “artifical friendship” — for lonely people in a lonaly age. To understand why this occurred and what it moans for american culture, one must study the fractious history of the mental health field over the last six decades. Itis a complicated story, with a staggering variety of terms, schools, leaders, and techniques, so any overview must necessarily leave out many important details. But from even just a synopsis of the conflicts that gave rise to today’s culture of psychotherapy — battles over who Would hold the truest title to physician of the mind, tensions between scientists and clinicians, academics and professionals, elites and the public — we can see more clearly how psychotherapy has profoundly shaped the American conception of what happiness is and how we can achieve it Th the context in which it appears ‘fractious’ most nearly means Oarmicable Obreaking apart Osubmerged Obased in fact (O tumuttuousChoose the option that best answers the question. Freudianism sits alongside Marxism and Darvrinism in the pantheon of modern theories held to be so revelatory that they not only gained the adherence of Westem intelligentsia but shaped the broader culture. During the first haif of the twentieth century, an air of intrigue and mystery hovered around Fraud’s newly anointed practitioners: psychotherapists. They occupied a strange Universe, spezking in a language so incomprehensible but seemingly authoritative that it alternately awed and scared the average man on the street. Peychotherapy is no longor an intellactusl movement today as it once was. But in the form of madem professional “canng," it has assumed 2 nev: role, which is to provide 2 peculiar sort of substitute friendship — what we might call “artificial friendship” — for lonely people in a lonely age, To understand why this occurred and what it maans for [American culture, one must study the fractious history of the mental health field over the last six decades. Itis a complicated story, with a staggering variety of terms, schools, leaders, and techniques, so any overvievr must necessarily leave out many important detals. But from faven just a synopsis of tha conficts that gave rise to coday’s culture of psychotherapy — battles over who would hold the truest title to physician of the ming, tensions between scientists and clinicians, academics and professionals, elites and the public — we can see more clearly how psychotherapy has profoundly shaped the [American conception oF what happiness is end how we can achieve it, According to the passage "the American conception of what happiness is" at least partially results from opposing points oF view disputes amongst academicians Otistorical documents Conly one prominent school of thought (O popular forms of entertainment‘Select the sentence from the passage that best answers the question. Freucianism sits alongside Marxism and Darwinism in the pantheon of madem theories held to be so revelatory that they not only gained the adherence of Westem inteligentsia but shaped the broader culture. During the first half of the twentieth century, an air of intrigue and mystery hovered around Freus's nenly anointed practitioners: psychotherapists. They occupied = strange universe, speaking in 3 language so incomprehensible but seemingly authoritative that it altemately awed and scared the average man on the street, Psychotherapy is no longer an intellectual movement today as it once was. But in the form of modem professional “caring,” it has assumed a new role, which is to provide a peculiar sort of substitute friendship — what we might call "artificial friendship” — for lonely people in a lonely age. To undorstand vihy this occurred and what it means for ‘American culture, one must study the fractious history of the mental health field ovor the last six dacadas. It ic 2 complicated story, with a staggering variaty of terms, schools, loaders, and techniques, so any overview must, necessarily leave cut many important detalls. aut from evan just a synopsis of the conflicts that gave rise to today’s culture of psychotherapy — batties over who would hold the truast btlc to physician of the mind, tensions batwaen scientists and clinicians, academics and professionals, elites and the public — we can sac more Clearly how psychotherapy has profoundly chaped the ‘Amarican conception of what happiness is and how we can achiave it. Select the sentence that describes a reason that psychotherapists were initially regarded as different by most. Click on @ sentence in the passage to make your selection‘Choose the option that best answers the question. ‘The main goal of "risk communication” is for experts to inform laypeople of the potential dangers of nev technologies and ecological phenomenon. In order for experts to effectively communicate risk, they must Understand the extent of the knowledge base of those whom they hope to guide. Research has found that cannes messages, which make no concessions to a persor’s knowledge, are likely to leave those viho hear or read the message feeling befuddled or inciferent. Which of the following scenarios best captures the principle regarding effective "isk communication” elucidated in the passage? (Othe wast nile virus is 2 waterborne disease that infects very few in the United States, yet many ‘Americans, after watching news reports about the disease, have an unwarranted fear that they wil come dovin with the ilhass. Some consumer advocates claim that constant Use of cell-phones can cause brain tumors, especially in young children, though research has yet to reveal any such connection. Om an effort to combat the spike in skin cancer ‘cases in the Southem part of the United States, the government has hired a team of health exnerts to design the labeling for @ popular brand of skin creams OA group of patients who were using a new pharmaceutical drug to reduce the nisk of anxiety ‘attacks has cued the manufacturer, claiming that neither physicians nor the drug's packaging sufficiontiy warned against potential sida affects, ‘Oresearchers hoping to inform the public about the risks of radon in the home devised a brochure based on the results from a questionnaire that had been used to gauge the Public's understanding on the subject.In order te combat Carvile’s rampant homeless problem, ‘Mayor Bloomfield racently proposed a ban on sleaping outdoors in the city’s many parks. He claims that such measure will force the homelass to either leave Carville or to find means other than sleeping in public parks. Which of the following, if true, suggests that Mayor Bloomfields plan will be successful? O.Until the ban, the city’s many homeless shelters ‘were at loss than fifty percent occupancy. Omany homeless tend ta congregate underneath arville's numerous overpasses. O Adjacent cities have even tougher measures on ‘the homeless sleeping outdoors. The percent of Carville's population that has been homeless has been slowly decreasing in the last five years. Mayor Jonesmith, Mayor Bloomfiald's predacessor, had been far more tolerant towards the city’s homeless population.‘Chopin the pianist has been greatly overshadowed by Chopin the composer. When Chopin the pianist is mentioned, itis his dreamy gaze and supple wrists (as well as countlass famale admirars gathered around the piano returming that same dreamy tara). ut Chopin was 3 formidable pianist in his own right: after all, he was able to, play, from start to finish, all twenty-four of his etudes, a ‘set of piaces co demanding that even today’s graat pianists feel taxed after parforming them. Two things perhaps account for this oversight: for one, any pianist for ‘whom no extant recordings exist is likely not to veathiet time well. Secondly, Chopin’s coeval and friend, Franz Liszt, was of such legendary prowess that Chopin himself wished he could play his own etudes the way Liszt did Nevertheless, Chopin deserves to be remembered not just 36 a composer of challenging pieces but as a pianist capable of executing, with panache, these very pieces. in the context in which it appears, “weather” most nearly means Operich O subsist (withstand O transform OsustainCe ee ee Chopin the pianist has been greatly overshadowed by Which of the following, if true, would cast the most Chopin the composes. When Chopin the pianist is doubt on the auther’s contention regarding Chopin mentioned, it is his dreamy gaze and supple wrists (as well the pianist? 36 countiass famale admirers gathered around the piano Fetuming that same dreamy stare). But Chopin was a formidable pianist in his ovr right: after all, he was able to play, from start to finish, all twenty-four of his etudes, a set of places so damancing that even today’s graat pianists feel taxed after performing them, Two things perhaps account for this oversight: for one, any pianist for whom no extant recordings exist is likely not to weather time well. Secondly, Chopin’s coaval and friend, Franz Liszt, was of such legendary prowess that Chopin himself wished he could play his own etudes the way Liszt did. Nevertheless, Chopin deserves to be remembered not just a8 a composer of challenging piecas but as a pianist capable of executing, with panache, these very pieces. O Chopin rarely, if ever, played the piano works of other composers. Apart from a cello concerto and a few other works, Chopin composed mainly for the piano. © chopin seldom performad his etudes in concerts, preferring to pley in front of @ small group. ONot all of Chopin's compositions are ae ciffcult to execute as his etudes O Chopin, himsslf, acknowledged that he was primarily 3 composer, and would have composed even more difficult pieces had he the ability to play them.‘Choose tho estion that best ancwors the question. ‘The idea that all mental functions are derived from the brain originated with Hippocrates, but it was largely neglected until the late 18th century, when Franz Gall attempted to link peychology and brain scienca. Gall took advantage of what vias already known about the cerebral cortex. He was aware that it was bilaterally symmetrical and subdivided into four lobes. However, he found that these four lobes were, by themselves, inadequate to account for the forty-odd distinct psychological functions that paychologists had characterized by 1790. as a result, he began to analyze the heads of hundreds of musicians, actors, ete., relating certain bony elavations or deprassions under the scalp to the predominant talent or defects of their owners. Based on his skull palpation, Gall subdivided the cortes into roughly forty regions, each of which served as an organ for a specific mental function. While Gall's theory that all mental processes derive from the brain proved to be correct, his methads for localizing specific functions were deeply flawed because they were not based on what we would now consider valid evidence. Call did rot tact his ideas empirically by performing autopsies on the brains of patients and correlating damage to specific regions with defects in mental attrisutes; he distrusted the diseased brain and did not think it could reveal anything about normal behavior. Instead, he developed the notion that as aach mental function is used, the particular area of the brain racponstble for that function becomes enlarged. Eventually, a given area may become so buiky that it pushes out against the skull and produces @ bump on the head. Which of the following is NOT an assumption that. Gall makes regarding the relation between person's aptitude and personality traits, and that pporson’s brain? Each bump in the skull corresponds to a distinct part of the brain, which is responsible for 2 personality trait. OThe more 2 person develops a certain ability the more an area of thet parson’s skull will protrude. OThere are certain personality traits that do not manifest themselves in the shape of a persor’s, cull one can judge = person’s character simply by looking at the shape of the person's skull Othe diseased brain lends no useful insight into 2 person's typical behavior.entrar eee er ‘The idea that all mental functions are derived from the brain originated with Hippocrates, but it was largely neglected unbl the late 19th century, when Franz Gall _attempted to lin psychology and brain science. Gall took advantage of what was already known about the cerebral Cortex. He was aware that it was bilaterally symmetrical and subdivided into four lobes. However, he found that these four lobes were, by themselves, inadequate to ‘account for the forty-odd distinct psychological functions that psychologists had characterized by 1790. As a result he began to analyze the heads of hundreds of musicians, actors, etc, relating certain bony elevations ar depressions under the scalp to the predominant talent or defects of their owners. Based on his skull palpation, Gall subdivided the cortex into roughly forty regions, each of which served 1s an organ for a specific mental function, While Galls theory that all mental processes derive from the brain proved to be correct, his methods for localizing specific functions were daoply flawed because they were ot based on what we would now consider valid evidence. Gall dd not test his ideas empirically by performing autopsies on the brains of patients and correlating damage to specific regions with defects in mental attributes; he distrusted the diseased brain and did not think it could raveal anything about normal behavior, Instead, he developed the notion that as each mental function is used, the particular area of the brain responsible for that function becomes enlarged, Eventually, 3 given area may become so bulky that it pushes out against the skull and produces @ bump on the head. ‘The author would agree with all of the following regarding Gall's work EXCEPT? (Olt id not confirm certain assumptions in an empirical manner. Olt relied on surface Features of the skull to derive personality traits. (Out doomed the diseased brain as an invalid means of leaming about an individual's personality Olt postulated that personality traits were not linked to the brain but to depressions and elevations in the scalp. (Olt correctly identified the brain as the source of human behavior.‘Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apaly. ‘The idea that all mental functions are derived from the brain originatad with Hippocrates, but it was largely neglected until the late 18th century, when Franz Gall attempted to link psychology and brain science. Gall took advantage of what was already known about the cerebral cortex. He was aware that it was bilaterally symmetrical and subdivided into four lobes. However, he found that these four lobes were, by themselves, inadequate to account for the farty-odd distinct psychological functions that psychologists had characterized by 1790. as a result he bagan to analyze the heads of hundreds of musiciane, actors, ate., relating certain bony elavations or depracsions under the scalp to the predominant talent or defects of their owners. Based on his skull palpation, Gall subdivided the cortex into roughly forty regions, each of which served {as an organ for a specific mental function. While Gall's theory that all mental processes derive from the brain proved to be correct, his methods for localizing specific functions were deeply flawed because they were not based on what we would now consider valid evidence. Gal did not test his ideas empirically by performing autopsies on the brains of patients and correlating damage to specific regions with defects in mental attributes; he distrusted the diseased brain and did not think it could reveal anything about normal behavior. Instead, he developed the notion that as each mental function is used, the particular area of the brain responsible for that function becomes enlarged. Eventually, a given ares may become so bulky that it pushes out against the skull and produces 2 bump on the head. ‘The author considers Gal's methodology to be unscientific for which of the following reasons? [isall cid not tast his assumptions by examining actual brains. Dicall only based his assumptions on the surface of the sla LDicaits conception of validity differed from 2 contemporary understanding of validity.‘one reason we are able to recognize speech, despite all the acoustic variation in the signal, and even in very cifficult listening conditions, is that the speach situation contains a great deal of redundaney—more information than is strictly necessary to daccde the message. There is, firstly, cur general ability to make predictions about the nature of speech, based on cur previous linguistic cexparience—our knowladge of the speakers, subject matter, language, and so on. But in addition, the wide range of frequencies found in every signal presents us with far mare information than we nead in order to recognize what is being said. As a result, we are able to focus our auditory attention on just the relevant distinouishing features of the signal—features that nave come to be known as acoustic cues. What are these cues, and how can we prove their role in the perception of speech? It is not possible to obtain this information simply by carrying out an acoustic analysis of natural speech: this would tell us what acoustic information ic prasent but not what features of the cignal are actually used by listeners in order to identify speech sounds. The best an acoustic description can do is give us 3 rough idea as to what a cue might ba. But to learn about listener's perception, we need a different approach. option that best answers the question. ‘The primary purpose of the passage is to recommend a particular means of learning about 8 complex phenomenon point out the shortcomings in a line of research (explain 2 process and discuss why one approach vill not yield desirable results prescribe an approach to understand with greater specificity 2 physiclogical process Owam researchers against relying on @ specific methodologyest enswvers the question. ne reason we are able to recognize speech, daspite all the acoustic variation in the signal, and even in very difficult listening conditions, is that the epeach situation contains a great deal of racundancy—mare information than is stictly necessary to decode the message. There is, firstly, our general ability to make predictions about the nature of speach, based on our previous linguistic lexperience—our knowledge of the speakers, subject matter, language, and so on. But in addition, the wide range of frequancies found in evary signal presents us with far more information than we need in order to recognize what is baing caid. As 2 racult, we are able to focus our auditory attention on just the relevant distinguishing features of the signal—features that have come to be known as acoustic cues. What are these cues, and how can we prove their role in the parcaption of spaech? It is net possibla to obtain this information simply by carrying out an acoustic analysis of natural speech: this would tell us what acoustic information is present but not what featuras of the signal are actually used by Isteners in order to identify speech sounds. The best an acoustic description can do is give us 3 rough idea as to what a cue might be. But to laam about Istener's perception, we need a different approach, ‘The first paragraph of the passage implies which of the following conceming sound and communication? OA lack of redundancy in certain signals does not preclude communication. Othe excess of sound encoded in speech serves as an encumbrance to the exchange of information. OMany features of a sound can be lost without necessarily compromising communication between two speakers. (OvThe human processing of acoustic sound dees not depend on contextual factors. ‘Some languages depanc on social cues in ordar for speakers to be mutually intelligible,Choose the option that best answers the question, ‘one reason we are able to recognize speach, despite all the acoustic veriation in the signel, end even in very difficult istaning conditions, ic that the speech situaton contains a great deal of redundancy—more information than is strictly necessary to decode the message. There is, firstly, our general ability to make predictons about tha nature of speech, based on our previous linguistic experience—our knowledge of the speakers, subject matter, language, and so on. But in addition, the wide range of frequencies found in every signal presents us with far more information than we need in order to recognize what is being said. As a result, we ate able to focus our auditory attention on just the relevant distinguishing features of the cignal—teatures that have come to be known as acoustic cues. Whet are these cues, and how can we prove their role in the perception of speech? It is not possible to obtain this Information simply By carrying out an acoustic analysis of natural spech: this would tell us what acoustic informaton is prasent but not what faatures of the signal ‘ara actually used by listeners in order to identify speech sounds, The best an acoustic description can do is give us 1B rough idea as to what 3 cue might be. aut to leam about listener's perception, we need a different approach: ‘The main reason that tha author of the passage discounts using ¢ purely acoustic analysis to understand the way in which humans are abla to recognize sounds is that (O the physical properties of speech and the perception of those physical properties are qualitatively differant redundancy, or the excess of information, typically encuras that a signal is faithfully transmitted between two speakers Ono two people process the same cue in exactly the same way Othe relevant distinguishing features of a sound tend to merge different cues into 2 generalized sound so a6 to render any analysis ineffectual Chumans ignore certain features of the acoustic sound that may figure prominently into the perception of sound‘The price of the SuperPixel high definition television, by Lux Electronics, has typically been out of the range of most consumers, 2 fav: of whom nonathelass save up for the television. This past July, the SuperPixel reduced its price by 40%, and sales during that month nearly tripled. TechWare, a popular electronics magazine, claims that the SuperPaxal talevision should continue to see sales grow at this rate till the end of august. Which of the following suggests that TechWere’s forecast is misguided? O Most of the customers who had been saving up for the SuperPixal bought the television in July. (OSales of the MegaPixel high definition television, an even more expensive model than the SuperPixel, caw daclining sales in the month of auly. Olectronics sales tend to peak in August and Dacember. O The SuperPixel tends to be an unreliable television and Lux Electronics makes a ‘conéidarabla profit from repars. O The Superfixel is the only mode! for which Lux: Electronics plans a price reduction,‘Choose the option that best answers the question. Megalimpet is 2 nationwide owner of office space. They have major office buildings in the downtowns of several cities in the 48 lower states, and rent this space to individual companies. Megalimpet office spaces vary from small offica to large cuitas, and every space has custom- designed wall-to-wall carpeting. The carpet in saveral Megalimpet facilities needed replacing. The winning bid for the nationvride carpet replacement was submitted by Bathyderm Carpet Company (BCC). The bid contract involves all delivery costs, all installation, and any ongoing maintenance and upkeep while the carpet is under the three-year warranty. Both BCC executives and independant consultants they hired felt BCC would be able to perform all these services for far less than their bid price; these circumstancas would allow BCC to reap a considerable profit Which of the following, if true, most calls in question tha argument that ECC will make a large profit from this contract with Megalimpet? all the carpers will have to be transported by twain from BCC factory in Louisville, KY, to Megalimpet's locations from coast to coast. OBC has already supplied carpets to a number of restaurant chains, and some of those spaces are 25 larga as Megalimpat's largaect office spacas. (O The carpet installation teams will have to cut ifforent sizes of the carpets for the differant size office suites in the Magalimpet buildings (OThe material in BCC carpets degrades rapidly when it comes into contact with standard toner, found in most laser printers and photocopiers; the degraded sections are unsightly and smell bad, so they often naed to be replaced. O The next competing bid after BCC's was 50% higher than BCC bid.Hoping for a fresh (of cash, the nascent public works program hhad to shut down when funds were not forthcoming. reprisal dispersal Hiquidity infusion instantiationConsider each of the choices separately and selact all that apoly. Language acquisition has long bean thought of as a Which of the following grammatical constructions process of imitation and reinforcement. Children lear to would be consistent with the “ought” in the speak, in the popular view, by copying the utterances second paracraph? heard around them, and by having their response strengthaned by the repetitions, corractions, and other Entbopag reactions that adults provide. In recent years, it has —— become clear that this principle will nat explain all che facts Cire of lancuage development. Children do imitate 2 great deal, raieeaaar especially in learning sounds and vocabulary; but little of their grammatical ability can be explained in this way. Two kinds of evidence are commonly used in support of this critcism - ene basad on the kind of language children produce, the other on what they do not produce. ‘The first piece of evidence derives from the way children handle irregular grammatical pattems. When they encounter such irregular past-tense forms as went and took or such plural forms as mice and sheep, there is 2 stage whan thay replace thasa by forms baced on the regular pattems of the language. They say such things as wented, taked, mices, mouses, and sheeps. Evidenty, childron accuma that grammatcal usage is regular, and try to work out for themselves what the forms ‘ought’ to be ~ a reasoning process known as analogy. They could not have learnad thase forms by 2 process of imitation. The other kind of evidence is based on the way children seem unable to imitate adult grammatical constructions exactly, even whan invited to do so.‘Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. Language acquisition has long been thought of as a Which of the following casts doubt on the “popular process of imitation and reinforcement. Children learn to view"? speak, in the popular view, by copying the utterances, heard around them, and by having their response strengthened by the repetitions, corrections, and other reactions that adults provide. In recent years, it has become clear that this principle will not explain all the facts of language development. Children do imitate a great deal, ‘especially in learning sounds and vocabulary; but little of ‘thelr grammatcal ability can be explained in this way. Two kinds of evidence ara commonly used in support of this Ctiticism ~ one based on the kind of language children produce, the other on what they do not produce. [Clupen hearing the word ‘goose’, 2 small child utters ‘goosas’ whan 3 group of the birds fics by. [a child continues to say ‘nobedy don't like me’ despite his mother repeatedly correcting him by saying, ‘nobody likes me." (a 5-yeer-old girl, upon seeing a film, tells her friend, “I watched a film.” “The first piace of avidence derives from the way chiléren randle irragular grammatical patterns. when thay encounter such irregular past-tense forms as went and took or such plural forms as mice and sheep, there is a stage when they replace these by forms based on the regular patterns of the language. They say such things as vented, taked, mices, mouses, and sheeps. Evidenty, chidren assume that grammatical usage is regular, and try to work out for thamealves what the forms ‘ought’ to be - 3 reasoning process knowin as analogy. Thay could not have leamed these forms by a process of imitation. The ther kind of evidenca is based on the way children seem unable to imitate adult grammatical constructions exactly, even when invited to do so‘Choose the option that best answers the question. Dolphins can swim at high speeds and achieve high acceleration in the water. In 1936, Sir James Gray calculated the force dolphins should be able to exert based on their phyciology. He concluded that the propulsive force they ware able to exert was not enough to explain how fast they swim and accelerate. In the 2000s, experimenters used special computer-enhanced measurements of the water in which dolphins were swimming. Through machematical modeling, they were able to measure the force dolphins exert vrith their tails, As it turns out, dolphins exert considerably more force with their tails than Sic James Gray or anybody alse aver expected. Therefore, the force exerted by their tails easily explains how fast they swim and accelerate. In the argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? O This frst ic 2 piece of evidence supporting the main conclusion; the second is the main conclusion, Othe first is a false conclusion based on an. incorrect premise; the second is the revised conclusion drawn from the corrected premise. OThe first is an opinion the author seeks to refute; the second is the opinion the author supports Othe first is a prediction that, if accurate, would provide support for the main conclusion of the ‘argument; the second is the main conclusion. Othe first is a generally held assumption; the second is a conclusion that violates that ‘scumptionThe average size of marine life that washes up on the ‘shore of tha Japanese island Ryukyu is smaller than the average size thet washes up on the Westem coast of ‘Australia, Giant equid have recently been found washed up. fon the shores of Ryukyu as wall as the Western coast of Australia, It can be concluded that the average size of the giant squids on the shore Ryukyu must be less than that of giant squids washed up on the shores of Western Australia, ‘The argument above can be attacked on the grounds that it does which of tha Following? Olt falis to distinguish between giant squids and more diminutive variants. (Olt assumes that 2 general pattern is likely to hold true in a specific case. Ott discounts the possibility that the largest giant quid was found on the shores of Ryukyu (Ott mistakenly asserts that one instance holds true for all cases. O'lt does not discuss the size of the giant squid compared to other squids.Choose the option that best answers the question. “The rate of health complications of patients on intravenous (QV) therapy at a particular hospital were higher than usual. Government inspectors found that the typical IV solutions used in this hospital had somenhat high concentrations of sodium and potassium, which were raising patients’ blood prascure and taxing ther kicneys, “Tha government inspactars mandated lowering the sodium and potassium in these IV preparations, and threatened with possible government fine. In compliance, the hospital lowered the sodium and potassium levels in the IV solutions to the correct levels. Nevertheless, patients on IN therapy at that hospital continuad to hava a high rate of health complications. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why acting on the government inspectors! recommendations failed to achieve its goal? OvThe change in IV solution procedure meant 2 number of related legal documents had to be renegotiated and ravirittan, at great cost. ‘when sodium and potassium levels in the blood fall below their baseline level, it can damage cells throughout the body by reverse osmosis. Oiltis typical for a patient's appetite to incraace to healthy levals once they have completed 3 course of IV therapy. OA high proportion of patients at this hospital are older, and older patients are more vulnerable to infactions that can accompany 1Vs. O Because the findings were published in the news, some patients have chosen to use another hospital in the region.Solf-polinating plants carry several advantages over those plants that are non-selt-paliinating, For one, ‘self-polinating plants still procuce the same number of seeds during drought conditions, when the number of insects—which aid in the spread of seeds of non-seif- pollinating plants—is low. Self-pollinating plants are also ‘bie to thrive in a groatar variaty of climates. Nonetheless, ‘the number of salt pollinating plants in the world is much ower than that of non-self=polinating plants. Which of the following, if true, could account for the discrepancy described in the paragraph above? OA wide variety of insects, any of which can experience dwindling numbers dunng drought years, disperse the seeds of non-self-polinating plants. QNon-self- pelinating plants release larger seeds ‘that Rave a far greater chance of germinating than those formed by self-pollinating plants. (© During non-rought years, non-self- pollinating plants do not create more seeds than do slf-polinating plants. Oinsects sometimes spread the seeds released by seli-pollinating plants but such seeds rarely germinate. ‘ONon-selF-polinating plants thrive in tropical parts ‘of the world mere readly than do seif-polinating plants.‘Choose the option that best answers the question. In Metroville, the KP subyray line follows the riverfront from downtown to the neighborhoods currounding the university. No matter how many trains the subway runs on the KP line, there are always congestion and delays on the KP line, ‘The subiway submitted a proposal for an alternate subway line that would travel from downtown to the neighborhoods surrounding the university via the inland neighborhoods, hoping to draw some of the congestion from the KP line. ‘The city hired urban pianning consultants who concluded the subway's proposal of a new line would not reduce commuter congestion on the KP line. Which of the folowing, if true, most helps to explain the urban planning concultants' pecition? Oconstruction of a new subway tine would involve Constructing a number of new stations throughout the city ©The city buses that run along the rivar between downtown and the university would be more attractive te commuters than an inland suaway line OQ construction of a new subway Ine would inavitably stimulate the growth of new businass and restaurants along that line, especially in the vicinity of the stations of that new line. ‘O Some commuters have rapertad having to wait a long as half an hour to board a train on the KP Ine. O The most popular after-work destinations, such as riverfront restaurants and bars as well as the ballpark, would only be accessble by the currant KP Ine.In the twentieth century, the visual arts have embarked on major experimentation, from cubism to expressionism. While tastes always vary, there are certainly some people who find beautiful objects of each of the art movements of the first half of the twentieth century. In the latter half of the twantieth century, though, most works are so abstract or shocking that neither the critic nor the general public uses the word beautiful’ to describe them: indeed, sometimes late twentieth-century artists have, as one of their expressed goals, the creation of a work thet no one could find beautiful. Whataver thase artists are crasting may be intellectually engaging at some level, but it is no longer art. Which of the following is an assumption that supports drawing the conclusion above from the reasons given for that conclusion? Qart critics generally have a different appraisal of 4 work of art than does the general public Othe meaning of any work of art is defined entirely by the ideas of the artist who created it. O beauty is a defining quality of art QAll art movements of the latter half of the twentieth century are responses to the movements of the first half of the century. Otis not possible for any work to be simultaneously beautiful and intellectually engaging.sas ws ce Ras eat bay es te hich ofthe folonng ie necszary to evate te risk of significant injury. Therefore, doctors working in an. 9 mer eae co aed iat on open re Se Hh en mex Dieters a ve nab chur a kas sete tm hase nor oop sha The probability that these cyclists admittad to an emergency room have suffered similar accidents in the past Othe durability of bicycle helmets over the course of many years Othe number of riders wearing bicycle helmets ‘compared to the number not wearing helmets (O Whether the bicycling activites of cyclists using a helmet differs fram the activities af those not. wearing a helmet (The number of madical staff who ara in the emergency room whan an injured cyclist arrives“choose the option that best answers the question. Oceanclogist: Recently an unprecedented number of dead dolphins washed ashore along the mid-Atlantic coast. In the blood of over half of the dolphins, marine biologists discovered a brevotoxin that had been emitted by the alga Ptychodiscus brevis, in what is known as a red tde, ‘Adaitionally, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), a toxic industrial compound, was also found in the dolphin’s blood. ‘A reasonable Conclusion, and indeed one many have dravin, is that the dolphins were simply victims of the brevatoxin, Nonetheless, brevotoxins, by themselves, are not lethal to dolphins, though they do tax the dolphins system. Furthermora, most dolphins hava some accumulated brevotexins in their blood without suffering any ill haaitn effects. Therefore, the brevatoxins alone cannot explain the mass beaching of dead dolphins. Which of the following, if true, doas most to help explain the oceanologist’s doubt that the brevotoxins ware the primary cause of the dolphins washing upon shore? (© Most stricken dolphins that wash upon shore, whether or not thay eventually die, tend to do so in the Gulf of Mexico. O shortly before the dolphins washed ashore, a major oil spl not only caused algae to relaase brevotoxing but also released an array of deleterious industrial pollutants, inching PCB. While PCB can cause metabolic imbalances in dolphins so that thay stop eating prematurely, the dose of PCE a dolphin encounters in the wild is unlikely co pose a lethal threat to a dolphin. C Scientists, near to the site of the beached dolphins, ciscovered a group of beach sea otters axhibiting similar symptoms as the dolprine. OPcB and brevotoxins exercise different effects on an organism, with PCB causing visible lesions.‘An unknown simian virus recently killed off nearly half the human population of a remota jungle town. Because the disease spread at an alarming rate—victims usually exhibited signs within 8 hours of exposure, and many died ‘within 36 hours—che simian Vieus, if an outbreak occurs ‘again, is likely to cause more deaths then has any other previous virus. Which of the following pieces of information most ‘effectively calls into quastion the validity of the conclusion? O The Zairean strain of the Ebola virus, known as Zaire ebolavirus, has a mortality rate of nearly 75%. (© The village in which the outbreak of the unknown simian virus occurred is located in a country that thas had several viral outbreaks in the last two decades (viruses that have vary litte time to incubate before destroying their hosts tend not to lead to ‘widespread epidemics, because quarantines are Ur in place bafare the disease can spread. OThe town in which the outbreak occurred had only fifty people, of whom twenty-four died. O viruses tend to be most destructive in densely populated areas, oftentimes spreading amongst thousands of peepla befora any quarantine can be put in place.‘Choose the option that best answers the question. Researchers, invastigating the link between daily coffee consumption and leeming, clam that subjects who consumed one cup of coffee a day for ona week (the equivalent of 50 mg par day) exhibited improvements in declarative memory. Furthermore, the study revealed that such improvements were longer-lasting than those witnessed in a control group served decaffemated coffee (decaffoinatad contains negligible amounts of caffeine). ‘After a week of learning a lst of facts, the subjacts who consumed one cup of coffee were able to recall these facts with significantly more accuracy. While daily coffes consumption may aid in the process of forming a greater number of short-term memories, and increase the lkelhiood that these memorias will be stored in long-term memory, the study glosses over an important fact. Many exhibit censitivities to caffeine, including headaches (both migraine and non-migraina), sleeplessness, heightened anxiety and any number of factors that, when working either alone or in tandem, may actually lead to = decrease in the observes link betwesn caffeine and leamning. Nonetheless, despite the fact that the study represents a random sampling—and thus any umber of subjects can exhibit any number of reactions to caffoine—if enough subjects continue to display signs of improvements in learning, then this result would not be inconsistent with the study's findings. Stil, until the researchers either release more details of this study, of subsequent shidies are conducted, the extent to which those with caffeine sensitivity influenced the observed link between coffee consumption and memory will nt be fully known, “The primary purpose of the passage is to Odiscrecit the findings of a study due to flaws in the design of the study Opoint out a factor that may mocify the extent of certain findings ‘Oshow how results in a finding were Unintentionally fabricated ‘Obolster an argument conceming the interaction of lesining and caffeine intake © expand on several oversights of a noteworthy study‘Choose the option that best ansvrers the question. Researchers, investigating the link batwoen daily coffee consumption and leaming, claim that subjects who consumed one cup of coffee a day for one week (the equivalent of SO mg par day) exhibited improvements in declarabve memory. Furthermore, the study revealed that such improvements wera longer-lasting than those witnessed in a control group served decaffeinated coffee (decaffeinated contains negligible amounts of caffeine). After 2 week of leaming a lst of facts, the subjects who ‘consumed one cup of coffee were able to recall these facts with significantly more accuracy. While daily coffee consumption may aid in the process of Torming a greater number of short-term memories, and increase the likeiinood that these memones will be stored in long-term memory, the study glosses over an important fact. Many exhibit sensitivities to caffeine, including headaches (both migraine and non-migraine), sleeplessness, heightened anxiety and any number of factors that, when working either alone or in tandem, may actually lead to 2 decrease in the observed link between caffeine and learning. Nonetheless, despite the fact that ‘the study represents a random sampling—and thus any number of subjects can exhibit any number of reactions to ceffeine—if enough subjects continue to display signs of, improvements in learning, then this result would not be inconsistent with the study's findings. Stil, until the rosearchers either releace mora datails of this study, or subsequent studies are conducted, the extent to which those with caffoine sensitivity influenced the observed link between coffee consumption and memory will nat be fully known Rogarding coffee's affactiveness on memory amongst those who do nat display "sensitivities to caffeine,” the author assumes that (Qmore rigorous analysis in the form of follow up studies must be conducted (O the researchers must be more forthcoming in their findings | CO this group displayed a uniform tendency any positive effects will be negated by the effects exhibited by those with sensitivities to caffeine CO this effectiveness was flesting, and tended to all but disappear within 2 week of the study‘Select the sentence from the passage that best answers the question. Researchers, investigating the link batween daily coffee Select the sentence in which the author expresses consumption and leaming, claim that subjects who ‘an opinion towards the results of the study. consumed one cup of coffee a day for one week (the equivalent of 50 mg per day) exhibited impravements in declarative memory. Furthermore, the study revealed that. such improvements were longer-lasting than those witnessed in a control group served decaffeinated coffee (decaffeinated contains negligible amounts of caffeine), After a week of leering a list of facts, the subjects who consumed one cup of coffe were able to racall these facts with significantly more accuracy. tick ta make your selection \hile daily coffee consumption may aid in the process of forming a greater number of short-term memories, and Increase the Ikelinood that these memories will be stored in long-term memory, the study glosses over an important fact. Many exhibit sensitivities to caffeine, including headaches (both migraine and non-migraine), sleeplessness, heightened anxiety and any number of factors that, when working cither alone or in tandem, may actually lead to a decrease in the observed link between caffeine and leaming. Nonetheless, despite the fact that the study represents 2 random sampling—and thus any umber of subjects can exhibit any number of reactions to caffeine—if enough subjects continue to display sions of improvements in learning, then this result would not be Inconsistent with the study's findings. Stl, until the researchers either release more details of this study, or subsequent studies are conducted, the extent to which those with caffeine sensitivity influenced the observed link between coffee consumption and memory will nat be fully known,Montaigne’s pursuit of the character he called Myself —"bashful, insolent; chaste, lustful; prating, silent; laborious, delicate: knowing, ignorant"—lasted for twenty years and produced more than @ thousand pages of observation and revision. When he died, he was stil ravising and, apparently, not at ll surpnsed, since Myself was a protean creature, impossible to anticipate but alco, being alvays at hand, impossible to ignore. Tike to think of the essays as a kind of thriller; with Myself, the elusive prey, and Montaigne, the sleuth, locked ina battie of equals whe were too clase for dissimulation and too smart for satisfaction, and it may be that Montaigne did, to0, because he often wamed his readers that nothing he wrote about Mysolf was likaly to apply for much longer than it took the ink he used, writing it, to dry. Montaigne's relationship to "Myself" is most similar to that of (a datactive who ic finally able to apprehend a criminal Oa person who inspires 2 writer to create ‘well-known works Oan athlete plagued by 4 nemesis who can always anticipate the next move Oa serial killer who deliberately leaves clues so that the police will find him (an artist attempting a self-portrait that ende up looking different from the artistChoose the option that best answers the question. Even today, the meaning of World War II remains elusive. Beevor, in his latest book, calls it "the greatest man-made disaster in history.” That cescrption is very plausible; loss 0 is his idea that it was part of sn international civil war between left and right. In 1941 the veteran anti-~ Communist winston Churchill aied himself with Joseph Stalin, frustrating the efforts of the Nazis to tum the war into an anti-Bolshevik crusade. Nor were the Japanese much concemad that President Roosevalt was (relatively speaking) a man of the loft; they attacked Pearl Harbor because of American threats to thair interests, not to their ideology. On the other hand, ideological slogans could be strong motivators. Men clung to the idea of fighting for the Fuhrer, or for the emperor, to keep them going in the face of certsin defeat. Russians, for their part, were encouraged to fight for the motheriand, rather than for the ideals of international socialism, in what was labeled the Groat Patnotic War. The example of Winston Churchill siding with Joseph Stalin best serves to undermine which of the folowing views? O Soldiers involved in World War II were motivated to fight for their leaders. QBeavor’s thesis was not enbraly plausible, Any sweeping interpretation of Werld War Tt tends to elude historians O The war was mostly fought along ideological lines. Othe sapanese were less influenced by ideology than Beevor claimsEven today, the meening of World War II remains elusive. Beevor, in his latest book, calls it "the greatest man-made disaster in history." That description is very plausible; less 0 is his idea that it was part of an international civil war between left and right, In 1941 the veteran anti-- ‘Communist Winston Churchill allied himself with Joseph Stalin, fstrating the efforts of the Nazis to tum the war into an anti-Bolshevik crusade. Nor were the Japanese much concemed that President Roosevelt was (relatively speateng) a man of the left; they attacked Pearl Harbor because of Americen threats to their interests, not to their ideology. On the othar hand, ideological slogans could be strong motivators. Men clung to ths idea of fighting for the Fuhrer, or for the emperor, to keep them going in the face of certain defeat. Russians, for their part, were encouraged to fight for the motheriand, rather than for the ideals of international socialism, in what was labeled the Greet Patriotic War. In the context in which it is used “frustrating” most early means O angering Obelaboring O thwarting Osgreunaing OincitingThe Green Peas Grocery Store in the remote wealthy enclave of Luxvile charges more than the Green Peas Grocery Stora in Oak City charges for the sama items. Clearly, on any given item, the Green Peas gracery franchise is taking advantage of its location in Luxville to reap higher profits on that item. In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to compare O the selection of specialty items in the Oak City locaton with the selection of specialty items in the Linville locaton O the cost of transporting merchendise to the Oak Gity location with the comparable cost to the Lunvila location O the average cost of the seme or comparable items at other grocery stores in Oak City with the average cost at other stores in Lucville O The percent of average household income spent fon groceries in Osk City with the comparable percentage in Luxvile O The cost of these items in Oak City and in Luwvile with the cost at other Graen Paas ctoras ‘throughout the state.Linguist: Each language has a word that captures & concept or emotonal state in 2 way that no other language does, To capture such 3 breadth of expression, an artificial language should be created that contains words corresponding to all the differant concepts and ‘emotional states captured by the world's languages. That is net to say that cuch a language would contain as many words as there are in all the world's languages. Rather, only for these words that have ne corresponding word in another language. While such 2 plan is hugely ambitious, ‘the resulting language would be more thorough than any exsting language. The conclusion drawn above dapends on which of the following assumptions? Okxtinct languages do not offer up words that capture concepts and emotional states in ways that fundamentally differ from those of existing languages. Omany languages have words that virtually overiap in the meaning they convey. Each year hundreds of the world's languages go extinct, once there are no longer any native speckers remaining. (Otis possible for one person to learn all of the world’s existing languages. O The range of concepts and emotional states is ‘the only indication of a language’s thoroughness.‘Choose the option that best answers the question. Scientists have created double-blind studies 0 that Neither the subjacts of the expanment nor scienbsts know whether a patient is receiving an actual drug or a placebo, which is nothing more than a sugar pill. Essentially, if one knows that one is receiving an actual pil, such knowleege can affect the outcome of 2 study. @ racent study on the effectiveness of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Fraloxamine on daprascion found that those Subjects administered the drug were 15% more likaly to have a decrease in symptoms than the control group, which was compnsed of those who received a placebo. Since neither group knew which they were receiving, the placebo or the SSRI inhibitor, the observed drop in depression can only be attributad to Fraloxamine. Which of the following, if true, best calls into question the conclusion of the argument? ONaithar the patients nor the doctors in eithar group (the control group or the Freloxamine group) knew which drug they were receiving, since patients in both groups were briefed on the potential side effects of SSRI, which can often be pronounced, many in the Froloxamina group, upen exhibiting side effects, concluded that they were being administered the SSRI. (OFreloxamine does not exhibit a uniform effect in all patients, with many reporting little improvement in symptoms of depression, even after several months of taking the drug, At dosages two-fold of those employed in the trial, Fraloxamine has been shown to cause brief episodes of psychosis Oone subject from the Freloxamine group experienced debilitating side effects and was forced to drop out of the trial before its completion.‘The element ytterbium increases its electrical resistance when subject to high mechanical stresses. This property has made it an indigpensabla component in a medical tool designed to measure tha stress on bones, which can guide physicians in setting broken bones, Unfortunately, yyeterbium is rare, found in only fewr meager sources around the world. A steep market demand will cause the price to skyrocket, ang this technology so helpful to physicians will become unaffordable. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? Just one mining company controls all the Yytterbium that is imported into the United States, where thesa medical tools ara manufactured, O The process of extracting pure ytterbium from its ‘ras, euxenite and xanotime, is vary expensive and involves strong acids. O Ytterbium is also used as an adcitive, in small quantities, in the manufacture of stainless steal and solid-state lasers. © Some common alloys of tin also increase their lectrical resistance under machanical loads. O The largest source of ytterbium is in a relatively remote region of China.In an effort ta recruit the most qualified educators, New Way Education has begun to canvass for potential teachers in top-ranked universities throughout the country. Those students who show interest in becoming teachers {are put through rigorous training that includes a final test, in which students must effectively teach 2 15-minute mock classroom to 2 taam of New Way Education trainars. Therefore, those who are selected to teach at New Way Education ara coma of the best educators in the industry and will create a positive leaming experience for students in their classrooms. \Which of the following is an assumption on which the arqument rests? O The skils 8 prospective educator displays in the 15-minute mock classroom transfer with a high degree of reliability to an actual classroom setting CO students who exprass interast in the initial collage recruiting session are actualy these students who will go on to make the best teachers. O The top educators in the industry all have a similar style of teaching. (© Many educators at New Way Education have little to no formal experience in the classroom. O There is ¢ high degree of variability in the quality of instructors at New Way Education.upiter has 2.5 times mora mass than all the other planets of the soler system combined and is 11 times as large as Earth in diameter. Jupiter is so large that scientists believe it almost became a star: as the gasas and dust contracted to form the planet, gravitational forces created tremendous pressure and temperature inside the core—as high as tens of thousands of degrees. But there was not enough mass available to create the ‘temperature naeded to start 3 fusion reaction such as that of the Sun (above 27,000,000 Fahrenheit, or 15,000,000 Celsius, at the Sun's core); thus Jupiter has been cooling down evar since. Even so, Jupiter radiates about as much heat as it receives from the Sun. ‘The passage is mainly concamed with (Othe size of Jupiter relative to other planets in the solar system Odifferances between the cun and Jupiter Ohow Jupiter’s mass has affected its development Othe tomparature of a plants core during 2 fusion reaction (amount of powar radiated by Jupiter‘The problem with treating the five-paragraph essay form as 4 relatively benign aid to clarity is that lke any habit itis very hard to break. Students who can net break the habit remain handicapped because five-paragraph form runs. counter to virtually all of the values and attitudes that they need in order to grow as writers and thinkers—such as respect for complexity, tolerance of uncertainty, and the willingness to test and complicate rather than just assert ideas. The form actually discourages thinking by Conditioning writers to be afrad of looking closaly at evidence. If they loak too closely, thay might find something that does not fit, at which point the profabricated orgarizabonal schama falls apart. But it fe precisely the something-that-doesn't-seem-to-fit, the thing writers cell 2 “complication”, that triggers good ideas. In the context in which it appears “conditioning” most neatly means O preparing Oupaating O alerting Ornsting O training‘The problem with treating the five-peragraph essay form as 2 relatively barign aid to clarity is that like any habit it is very hard to break, Students who can not break the habit remain handicapped because five-paragraph form runs counter to vietually all of the values and attitudes that they need in order to grow as writers and thinkers—such 45 raspect for complexity, tolerance of uncertainty, and the willingness to test and complicate rather than just assert ideas. The form actually discourages thinking by conditioning writers to be afraid of looking closely at evidence. IF they look too closely, they might find something that does net fit, at which point the prefabricated organizational scheme falls apart. But it is precisely the something-that-doesn’t-seem-to-fit, the thing writers call 2 “complication”, that triggers good ideas. ‘The author cbjects to the five-paragraph essay as a means af instiling certain positive writing habits on the grounds that it does which of the following? CIE limits @ student's ability to engage in sustained inquiry. [itt enforces certain modes of writing that are not bla to tolerate ambiguity. Litt fails to provide a coherent structure in which students can clearly state their ideas.A coffee manufacturer wants more restaurant chains to serve its brands of coffee. The manufacturer is considering a plan to offar its coffae to larga chains at 3 significantly lower price, at least for a certain pariod. This lower price initialy will reduce the manufacturers profits, but they hope to get into enough nationwide restaurant chains that their volume increases significantly. Once they ‘nave a much highar volume, evan 2 emall increase in thair price would have an enormous effect on their profits. In evaluating the plan's chances of success, it ‘would be most helpful to knovr which of the following? O Whether their discounted price is lower than the prices of the coffac manufacturers whe currently provide coffee to these nationwide restaurant chains. Whether the manufacturer will use the same shipping syetem as it has been using ta ship coffee to restaurants across the country. Whether the prices of some mixes of coffee will be ciscountad mora than the prices of others: Whether the coffee manufacturer will be able to cut costs associated with advertising to maintein 2 strong profit margin aven with the lower prices. whether an altemate plan would allow the coffee manufacturer to take greater profits from the rostourant chains to which it currently provides coffee.The culture that seems to make the most use of foreign languages 2s 2 part of business enterprise is Japanese. Here, 2 wide vanety of foreign names is used, depending on the particular quality of the product the manufacturar wichas to strass. In the field of car names, for example, English is used in order to convey an impression of high quality and reliability. If elegance is to be stressed, a French name is chosen. A sports car often has an Italien ‘The Inguistic effects are most noticesble in television commercials, where appropriate American, French, etc. settings are used along with the foreign language (without translation). Japan is tha only monolingual country to make frequent usa of foraign languages (primarily French and English) in its commercials. The viewer usually does not understand them, but the connotations of prestige associated with these languages are enough to watfant their use. AAs it appears in context, the word warrant” most nearly means allow for O preclude accompany O deserve Ojustify“Choose the opton that best answers the question. The culture that seems to make the most use of foreign languages 2s 2 part of business enterprise is Japanese. Hora, a wide vanety of foroicn namas is used, depending on the particulsr quality of the product the manufacturer wishes to stress. In the field of car names, for example, English is used in order to convey an impression of high quality and relibility. 1f elegance is to be stressed, 2 French name is chosen. A sports car often has an Italian The Inguistic effects are most noticeable in television commercials, where appropriate American, French, etc. sattings are used along with the foreign language (without translation). 2apan is the only monolingual country to make Frequent use of foreign languages (primarily Franch and English) in its commercials. The viewer usually does not understand them, but the connotations of prestige associated with these languages are enough to warrant their use. Which of the following would provide the best. justification for the existence of English in Japanese commercials, despite the fact that most Japanese do not understand English? OTe many Japanese, the mere voicing of an English word evekes a cosmopolitan splendor, thereby conferring sophistication onto whatever is being advertised, often an American or British actor will be featured in 2 Japanese commercial Some Japanese are unable to tell the difference between English that has @ strong Japanese ‘accent and Englich that is spoken by a native speaker, O sapanase tend to associate French words with romance, even if they are completely unaware of the words being spoken Some products, when advertised in English, do ot always sell as well as when they ere advertised in Jepanese.