“Ecosystems of Pakistan”

Types of ecosystem: -
Aquatic Ecosystems: -
A habitat in water where living things interact with the physical and chemical
components of their surroundings is described as an aquatic ecosystem. Aquatic
animals rely on water for a number of purposes, including reproduction, food, shelter
and other requirements.
Terrestrial Ecosystem: -
Terrestrial ecosystems exist on land. Tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous woodland,
tropical rain forest, grassland and deserts are some examples of terrestrial
ecosystem.

Aquatic Ecosystems of Pakistan: -

Marine and Coastal: -
Marine and Coastal ecosystem refers to ocean or marine life and this ecosystem
includes estuaries, mangroves, salt marshes, coral reefs, etc. Marine and coastal
ecosystem is found in Gwadar, Karachi coast, Makran coast, Lasbella, etc.
Coral Reef: -
Coral Reef ecosystem refers to marine biome that include reef building corals
existing in shallow water. This ecosystem is found in coasts of Pakistan such as
Gwadar, Jiwani, Chunra and Astola Islands.
Freshwater Wetland:
Freshwater Wetland refers to ponds, streams, lakes, rice paddies that have less
concentration of dissolved salts. This ecosystem is found in Salt ranges in Punjab,
alpine regions in northern Pakistan, Indus Plain in Sindh, Jiwani and Makran coast in
Baluchistan. 
Freshwater:
Freshwater Ecosystem refers to ice sheets, glaciers, icebergs, ponds, lakes, rivers,
streams and groundwater and they are found in all provinces of Pakistan including
Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir. Northern
regions of Pakistan, Gilgit Baltistan also have freshwater ecosystem in the form of
glaciers and lakes that are found in mountain ranges such as Karakoram.
Estuaries: 
Estuaries refers to a transitional zone between freshwater body and marine water
body. Estuaries have salty water that support unique biodiversity. These transitional
zones are found in two provinces of Pakistan that are Baluchistan and Sindh. The
coastal areas of Sindh and Baluchistan have estuaries.
Terrestrial Ecosystems of Pakistan: -

Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf and Mixed Forests : -

This ecosystem is found in Upper Dir, Mansehra, Waziristan, Kaghan Valley, Swat
Valley, Shangla, Azad Jammu Kashmir, Abbottabad, etc.
Coniferous (Taiga or Boreal) Forests: -
This ecosystem is found in Swat Valley, Malam Jaba, Dir, and upper Kaghan.
Mangrove Forests: -
This ecosystem is found along with Indus River Delta in Sindh and Gwadar Bay and
Milani Hor in Baluchistan.
Grasslands and Shrub lands: -
This ecosystem is found in Gilgit Baltistan, Azad Kashmir, Karakoram Ranges, etc.
Littoral and Swamp Forests: -
This ecosystem is found in Rann of Kuch, Makran coast, Bundle Island, Gwadar
Coast, Indus River Delta, etc.
Tropical Thorn Forests: -
This ecosystem is found in Mirpur Khas, Mianwali, Bahawalpur, Sargodha, Dera
Ghazi Khan, etc.
Tundra and Alpine: -
This ecosystem is found in Northern Pakistan – Gilgit Baltistan, Karakoram Ranges,
Hindu Kush, Skardu, etc.
Desert: -
This ecosystem is found in Rahim Yaar, Bahawalpur, Yazman, Bahawalnagar, Khan
Purr, etc. This biome is present in Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Gilgit Baltistan.