GLOBALIZATION

Movement of people, culture, money around the world.

Goldstein (2009) - expansion of different industries.

“Globalization encompasses many trends including expanded international trade, monetary coordination,
multinational corporations, telecommunications, technical and specific cooperation, cultural exchanges of new types
and scales, migrations and refugee flows, and relations between world’s rich and poor countries and between human
beings and the natural environment.”

Friedman (1999) “The inexorable integration of markets, nation-states and technologies to a degree never witness
before in a what that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster,
deeper and cheaper than ever before.”

Kiss, Endre (2013) “Globalization is defined as the unprecedented new world state, a special phase of the world
history that is already perceptible but that started ultimately in its mature form in 1989 with the retreat of
communism.”

Heywood (2014) Globalization is the emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness that our lives are
increasingly shaped by events that occur, and decisions that are made, at a great distance from us. Distinction are
commonly drawn between economic globalization, cultural globalization, and political globalization.” –

Ritzer and Dean (2015) “Globalization is a transplanetary process set of processes involving increasing liquidity and
growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information as well as the structures they encounter
and create that are barriers to or expedite those flows.” –

Manfred B. Steger (born 1961) is a Professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He was also a Professor of Global
Studies and Director of the Globalism Research Centre at RMIT University in Australia until 2013.

MANFRED STEGER: Globalization is the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across
world-time and across world-space.

Expansion refers to both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections that cut
across traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographic boundaries.

Intensification refers to the expansion, stretching, and acceleration of these networks.

GLOBALIZATION IN ECONOMICS

 Multinational corporations operate on a global scale, with satellite offices and branches in numerous locations.
 Outsourcing can add to the economic development of a struggling country, bringing much needed jobs.
 Some automobiles use parts from other countries, as in a car being assembled in the United States with the parts
coming from Japan, Germany, or Korea.
 One shirt sold in the United States could have been made from Chinese cotton by workers in Thailand. Then it
could have been shipped on a French freighter that had a Spanish crew.
GLOBALIZATION IN THE BLENDING OF CULTURES

 The Silk Road was a trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea area and it allowed the exchange of
not only goods, but culture and knowledge.
 Christian missionaries from Europe added to the globalization of Christianity.
 Food is one factor of globalization.
 Satellite television allows shows from one country to be broadcasted in many others, adding to cultural
globalization. Ex. Spread of K-pop

GLOBALIZATION IN TECHNOLOGY

 The Internet is a major contributor to globalization, not only technologically but in other areas as well, like in
cultural exchanges of the arts.
 Global news networks, like CNN, contribute to the spread of knowledge.
 Cellphones connect people all over the world like never before. Around 60% of all people in the world use
cellphones. 96 sa US
 Greater international travel and tourism

ANTI-GLOBALIZATION

Many anti-globalism activists see globalization as the promotion of a Corporatist agenda, which is intent on
constricting the freedoms of individuals in the name of profit. They also claim that increasing autonomy and strength
of corporate entities increasingly shape the political policy of nation-states.

PRO-GLOBALIZATION

Supporters of free trade point out that economic theories such as comparative advantage suggests that free trade
leads to a more efficient allocation of resources, with all those involved in the trade benefitting. In general, they claim
that this leads to lower prices, more employment and better allocation of resources.

ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. PEACEFUL RELATIONS - Most of the countries have resorted to trade relations with each other in order to
boost their economy, leaving behind any bitter past experiences if any.
ASEAN integration and UN are products of Peaceful relation
2. EMPLOYMENT – Considered as one of the most crucial advantages, globalization has led to the generation of
numerous employment opportunities.
3. EDUCATION – With numerous educational institutions around the globe, one can move out from the home
country for better opportunities elsewhere.
4. PRODUCT QUALITY – The product quality has been enhanced so as retained the customers.
5. CHEAPER PRICE – Globalization has brought in fierce competition in the market.
6. COMMUNICATION – Circulation of information is no longer a tedious task and can happen in seconds. The
internet has significantly affected the global economy, thereby providing direct access to information and
products.
7. TRANSPORTATION – Today with various modes of transportation available, one can conveniently deliver the
products to customer located at any part of the world.
 8. GDP INCREASE - Gross Domestic Product (GDP), is the money value of the final goods and services produced
within the domestic territory of the country during an accounting year.
9. EXTERNAL BORROWING - With the help of globalization, there is opportunity for corporate, national, and
sub-national borrowers to have better access to external finance, with facilities.
10. TRAVEL AND TOURISM – Globalization has promoted tourism to great heights. International trade among
different countries also helps in increasing number of tourists that visit different places around the world.

DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. HEALTH ISSUES – Globalization has given rise to more health risks and presents new threats and challenges
for epidemics.
 HIV/AIDS, CORONA VIRUS PANDEMIC

2. LOSS OF CULTURE – With large number of people moving into and out of a country, the culture takes a
backseat. People may adapt to the culture of the resident country. They tend to follow the foreign culture
more, forgetting their own roots. This can give rise to cultural conflicts.

3. UNEVEN WEALTH DISTRIBUTION – It is said that the rich are getting richer while the poor are getting
poorer. In the real sense, globalization has not been able to reduce poverty.

4. ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION – The industrial revolution has changed the outlook of the economy.
Industries are using natural resources by means of mining, drilling, etc. which puts burden on the
environment.

5. CONFLICTS – It has given rise to terrorism and other forms of violence. Such acts not only cause loss of
human life but also huge economic losses.

6. CUT-THROAT COMPETITION – Opening the doors of international trade gas given birth to intense
competition. This has affected the local markets dramatically.

ARJUN APPADURAI

 Appadurai is a cultural theorist and anthropologist. Born in Mumbai, India in 1949.

 Professor at the University of Chicago
 He is the person who came up with the scapes theory.

Major Publications:S

1. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (1996)

2. Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy (1990)

According to him, different kinds of globalization occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration that he
calls “scapes”

1. ETHNOSCAPE – refers to the global movement of people, tourist/immigrants

2. MEDIASCAPE – about the flow of culture/ power of intl. media to spread infos/ vlogging
3. TECHNOSCAPE – refers to the circulation of mechanical goods and software.
4. FINANCESCAPE – denotes the global circulation of money./ visa, mastercard/ easier to spread; ATM
 5. IDEOSCAPE – the realm where political ideas move around / symbols spread around the world

Lesson 2: ORIGINS OF GLOBALIZATION

Major points of its beginning started after the Second World War

FIVE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ON THE ORIGINS OF GLOBALIZATION

HARDWIRED – it will happen eventually. Like in the genes of people, INNATE

 According to Nayan Chanda, it is because of our basic human needs to make our lives better that globalization
started.
 Our species originated in Africa but has crossed many continents seeking greener pastures.

( what we called “ cradle of life ‘’ )

 Commerce, religion, politics, and warfare are the “urges” of people toward a better life.

(commerce – trade for money) (religion – spread for better sense of fulfillment )

(Politics – extend political ideologist) (warfare – people trying to get material thing or wealth through war)

 Those action led to the formation of the four aspects (trade, missionary work, adventures, and conquest) of
globalization and can be traced throughout the history.

o trade – trade between people o conquest – military conquest, a country trying

o missionary work- spreads their religion to take over other country for power
o adventures–exploration of people (travel)

CYCLES –

 Some view Globalization as cyclical process and thus finding its origin is nearly impossible.
 It is also important to know how many cycles it has already gone through.
 This idea sees global ages have already appeared.
 There is also a notion that eventually this current cycle will soon disappear and reappear.

EPOCH –

Cycle – it happens again while EPOCHS, it has definite start and definite end.

 Ritzer and Therborn believe that there are six great epochs of globalization.
 Also known as “waves” with each having its own origin. [dahil may kasunod ulit]
 This argues that today’s globalization is not unique.
 It is different from cycle view as those great epochs do not return.

SIX GREAT EPOCHS

1. Globalization of religions like Islam and Christianity (4 th – 7th century) – eventually spread throughout the
world especially through missionary work, asometimes through conquests, and trade.
2. European Colonial Conquests (late 15th century) – exploration of the European in south america
 3. Intra-European Wars (late 18th – 19th century) – period of warfare between European countries

WARFARE – People are trying to get materials things or even wealth through war.

4. Heyday of European Imperialism (mid 19th century – 1918) – most powerful and prevalent
5. Post-World War II period – globalization happens after the world war II
6. Post cold war period – long period of mistrust between USA and the USSR

EVENTS –

 Gibbon argued military conquests like the roman conquests before the coming of Jesus Christ of the rampage
of Genghis khan’s armies into eastern Europe (13 th century)
 Rosenthal argued voyages of discovery like Christopher Columbus’ discovery of America, Vasco De Gama
rounding the cape of good hope, and Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigating the world as the beginning of
globalization

Events happened under the events origin.

Recent years view globalization beginning due to technological advancements in transportation and communication.

Events include

 the laying of the first translantic telephone cables (1856),

 first television broadcast (1962),
 modern internet (1988), and
 terrorist attacks on the twin towers in New York (2001).

With this view more and more specific events will characterize not just the origins of globalization but also its history.

Roman Empire – its culture throughout the world

Christopher Colombus – man that have discovered America, which is mistaken, he only re-discovered America.

Vikings From Europe, discovered America

Telegraph Cable – allowed communication between USA and the European country

BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES

More recent changes under the fifth perspective. These broad changes happened in the last half of the twentieth
century.

THREE MAJOR EVENTS

1. The emergence of the United States as the global power post world war II
 USA through its military and economic power after WWII was able to surpass Germany and Japan.
 Both former axis and allied powers fell behind economically compared to the new global power.
 USA also progressed in different aspects like diplomacy, media, film (Hollywood).
2. Emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs)
  Start opening in other countries/ MNCs had their roots I their countries of origin during the 18 th and 19th,
expanding their trade, money
 The United States, Germany, Great Britain all had great corporation in their homelands that are still
known today.
 An example is Ford and Genral motors which originated in the US in the 20 th century.

USSR second to USA

3. Demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the cold war.
 Last event is the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991
 This led to the opening of major parts of the world for the first time since the 20 th century
 Many global processes – immigration, tourism, media, diplomacy, and MNCs – spread throughout the
globe, paving the way to the so-called “FREE” world
 China is still a communist country, on its way to become a world power in terms of global capitalism.
 China is also globalizing in other aspects like hosting the 2008 Olympics in Beijing.

GLOBALIZATION STARTED IN AFTER WORLD WAR II

Lesson 3: HISTORICAL PERIODS OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization – define as the intensification and acceleration of social exchange, social consciousness, and social
activities that allows all types of people to interact.

5 PERIOD IN GLOBALIZATION

1. THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD – it was a time of spread humanity

- Globalization was severely limited
- Earlier phase, contacts among hunters and gatherers – were geographically limited. [ these groups were
focused on survival]

2. THE PRE-MODERN PERIOD

- The invention of writing and the wheel were great social and technological boost
- Writing facilitated the spread of ideas and inventions
- Black death – disease came into Europe and other parts of the world,

The ending of the Black Death marked the ending of the pre-modern period

- system of fudilism develop power class people down and upper class will be able to control all the important
resources amd trade system.
- The discovery of the Rosetta Stone

3. EARLY MODERN PERIOD

- Period between the Enlightenment and the Renaissance
- European enlightenment project tried to achieve a universal form of morality and law
- This with the emergence of European metropolitan centers and unlimited material accumulation which led to
the capitalist world system help to strengthen globalization
- Extinguish right or wrong, violence
 - Some movements use to violence against civilians to achieve political aims

4. THE MODERN PERIOD

- Innovations in transportation and communication technology, population explosion, and increase in
migration led to more cultural exchanges and transportation in traditional social patterns. Process of
industrialization also accelerated.
- Great depression hit America after WWI causing the decline of the economy
-

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

- - the creation, expansion, and acceleration of worldwide inter-dependencies occurred in a dramatic way and
it was a leap in the history of globalization.
- Consumer culture will globalize and shall sended national boarder

Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of Globalism

1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets.

2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization.
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.