HUMAN RIGHTS FACILITIES AND THE ROLE OF INDIAN

GOVERNMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

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 Abstract
A full summary is provided in the Introduction chapter. This first chapter contains a detailed
explanation of the topic as well as the things that will be done in the research, as well as all of
the analyses and methods that are involved and required for this dissertation. This chapter
serves as a road map for the study's future readers. The second chapter is devoted to a
Literature Review, in which secondary sources were used to gain a fundamental
comprehension of the topic. Data information gathered from peer-reviewed academic articles
is used to effectively approach the research's aims. In addition, the various limits and
setbacks encountered over the entire process of constructing this study have been described.
The Methodology chapter is the third chapter. The study strategy, sample methodologies,
research philosophy, approaches, and other processes involved in the development of this
research are discussed in this chapter. Finally, ethical concern has been introduced to inform
of the study's ethical nature. The fourth chapter is mostly focused on findings and analysis,
and it briefly summarises the core study's qualitative and thematic analysis. It has been
discussed in the study of qualitative analysis in relation to the overall subject matter of
individuals with disabilities in India. The government has yet to generate appropriate growth
possibilities in this field, according to experts. It is rife with discrimination and bias, and the
government has made no effort to improve it. Conclusion and Recommendation is the fifth
chapter, in which the analysed facts and findings are correctly related to the objectives. It's
then followed by a thorough examination of the research's limitations and gaps, with a focus
on the fundamental sources of such information. The study's future scope has also been
properly presented.

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 Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................4

Aim and Objectives................................................................................................................4

Research Questions................................................................................................................5

Research Rationale.................................................................................................................5

Literature Review.......................................................................................................................5

Introduction............................................................................................................................5

Discrimination faced due to disability in India......................................................................5

Quality Rights Programme for people with mental disability...............................................6

Health needs for Indian people with disabilities....................................................................7

Health concerns neglected in women with disabilities in India.............................................8

Higher Education for Individuals with Disability in India.....................................................9

Job prospect for Individuals with Disability in India...........................................................10

Issues with guidelines for admitting people with disabilities by Indian Medical Council. .11

Methodology............................................................................................................................12

Introduction..........................................................................................................................12

Research Philosophy............................................................................................................13

Research Approach..............................................................................................................13

Research Strategy.................................................................................................................13

Data collection and analysis.................................................................................................14

Limitations...........................................................................................................................14

Analysis and Discussion..........................................................................................................14

Conclusion and Recommendation............................................................................................16

Conclusion............................................................................................................................16

Recommendation..................................................................................................................17

Bibliography.............................................................................................................................18

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Introduction

Under the Indian Constitution, people with disabilities are guaranteed varying fundamental
rights. The most important ones are noted to be citizenship security, right of justice, liberty of
expression, quality of status, safety against discrimination against job prospects and
opportunities. However, according to the statistical reports presented in 2021, the work status
of individuals with disabilities, as of 2011, has been a minimal count of 36%. The country,
home to over 1.3 billion residents, registers 2.2% of the entire population under different
categories of disabilities. However, over the years, much progress in the lifestyle, healthcare
and job prospects of such individual has not been observed. Majority of industries are still
noted to be highly against the concept of employing such individual, irrespective of their
achievements and potential. Resulting from them, individuals with disabilities who come
from low-income families do not receive necessary requirements, medication, healthcare and
psychological needs. This dissertation is based on forming an analytical and descriptive
understanding of the present situational facilities and governmental aid provided to such
individuals. It also concentrated on the prospective status and requirement of proper
implementation of human rights for people with disabilities. It is expected that this study can
help bringing to focus the varying loopholes and drawbacks of the prevalent system, still
initiated in the country.

Aim and Objectives

Aim

This study aims at analysing the present condition of human rights and their implementation
in regards to individuals with disabilities, identifying the inadequacies with probable
recommendation of improvement.

Objectives

 To analyse the present laws and regulation applied by the Indian government focusing
upon the human rights of individuals with disabilities.
 To consider the role of human rights facilities prevalent in this country and their
attempts at providing equal accessibility for such individuals.
 To access the varying drawbacks and inadequacies of the present systems and
recommend probable development aspects

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Research Questions

 What are the present laws and regulation applied by the Indian government focusing
upon the human rights of individuals with disabilities?
 What is the role of human rights facilities prevalent in this country and their attempts
at providing equal accessibility for such individuals?
 What are the varying drawbacks and inadequacies of the present systems and
recommend probable development aspects?

Research Rationale

Individuals with disabilities who come from low-income families do not receive necessary
requirements, medication, healthcare and psychological needs. This dissertation is based on
forming an analytical and descriptive understanding of the present situational facilities and
governmental aid provided to such individuals. It also concentrated on the prospective status
and requirement of proper implementation of human rights for people with disabilities. It is
expected that this study can help bringing to focus the varying loopholes and drawbacks of
the prevalent system, still initiated in the country.

Literature Review

Introduction

The classification of disabilities is seen as an umbrella word that encompasses a wide range
of approaches that are affected by both physical and mental characteristics. Those with
disabilities are defined as people who have long-term sensory, physical, mental, or
intellectual impairments, according to traditional classifications. As a result of the society
framework, these are likely to emerge as barriers or hindrances to engagement and successful
involvement. This part focuses on gaining an analytical and descriptive grasp of the current
situational facilities and government assistance available to such people. It also focused on
the future position of individuals with disabilities and the importance of ensuring that their
human rights are properly implemented. This study is expected to assist in bringing to light
the various flaws and disadvantages of the current system.

Discrimination faced due to disability in India

The categorisation of disabilities is viewed umbrella-term representation of vast platforms of

approaches which are subject to both physical and mental attributes. According to

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conventional definitions, people with disabilities are described as individual with long-term
sensory, physical, mental or intellectual impairments. These are subject to arise as barriers
or hindrances in the prospect of interaction and effective participation as per the societal
structure. Cues, preconceptions, bias, and discrimination are all social-cognitive processes
that contribute to mental disability stigma. Physical appearance, impaired social skills, and
psychiatric symptoms and labels are examples of clues used by the general population to
identify a person living with mental disability (PLMI). Prejudice stems from common
assumptions concerning PLMI, such as incompetence, weakness, or danger, and is defined as
a belief in the validity of stereotypes and decisions based on them. As a result, discrimination
against PLMI is common and can take many forms, including bullying, interpersonal
relationship disruptions, work and school exclusion, and social exclusion. Stigma,
discrimination, and abuses of human rights are all linked, supporting, and legitimising one
another.

For example, stigmatising a person living with schizophrenia (PLS) is one form of
discrimination; denying them employment because of their schizophrenia is another form of
discrimination, resulting in a violation of their right to work. Stigma leads to discrimination,
which leads to human rights breaches, which legitimises stigma. If the cycle is not broken, it
will continue to repeat itself and build momentum. As a result, stigma poses a threat to the
well-being of PLMI, with some of this amounting to human rights violations. Stigma and
discrimination breach fundamental human rights in general, and the right to be free of
discrimination in particular, according to a human rights framework. Discrimination against
PLMI also violates other human rights, including the right to health, dignity, privacy, equality
before the law, and freedom from cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.
Human rights violations can have major health implications. For example, the way health
policies and programmes are created and implemented can promote or violate human rights—
that is, the susceptibility and impact of poor health can be decreased by taking actions to
respect, defend, and fulfil human rights.

Quality Rights Programme for people with mental disability

In mental health services around the world, including India, poor quality care and human
rights violations are frequent. Many countries' reports have revealed a high level of violence,
abuse, and coercion in these institutions, including forced admission and treatment, as well as
the use of seclusion and constraint. The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with

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Disabilities (CRPD) establishes a foundation for human rights-based mental health service
reform. Countries that have ratified the Convention are legally bound by it. Several recent
UN resolutions and reports have highlighted the unsatisfactory human rights situation in the
field of mental health, including violations against persons with mental health disorders or
psychosocial disabilities, as well as those who use mental health services. The World Health
Organization (WHO) initiated the Quality Rights programme in 2013 in response to the large
prevalence of poor quality and human rights challenges in mental health. Build capacity to
understand and promote human rights, recovery, and independent living in the community.

Taking care of one's mental health and well-being has become a global necessity and a key
goal of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, our reaction has been shamefully
inadequate in all countries around the world, and we have made little progress in advancing
mental health as a fundamental human right. A mental health disability affects one out of
every ten people, and up to 200 million people have an intellectual handicap. Dementia
affects an estimated 50 million people. Many people with mental disabilityes or psychosocial,
intellectual, or cognitive challenges do not have access to high-quality mental health care that
meet their requirements while also respecting their rights and dignity. People are still
incarcerated in facilities, separated from society and stigmatised in their communities. In
health care, jails, and the community, many people are subjected to physical, sexual, and
emotional abuse and neglect. They also lack the ability to make decisions regarding their own
care and treatment, as well as where they wish to reside and their personal and financial
issues. They are frequently denied access to health care, education, and jobs, as well as full
inclusion and involvement in community life.

Health needs for Indian people with disabilities

In India, the elderly population (60 years and older) accounts for roughly 8.6% of the
population, with this figure predicted to rise to 12.2% by 2026. Many surveys, such as the
census, the National Sample Survey Organization, and the WHO report, have collected
statistics on disability in the older population. The estimated prevalence rate of disability
varies depending on the disability measure employed, study techniques, classifications, and
types of disabilities, among other factors. In India, the prevalence of disability was 24.9
percent among persons aged 18 years, rising to 43.4 percent among those aged 60 years in
low- and middle-income countries, including India, according to the World Report on
Disability. As the population ages and chronic disabling disabilityes become more common,

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the rate will continue to rise. South Asia also has the most disability-adjusted life years lost,
accounting for one-quarter of the total.

The disability rate in India was 2.2 percent across all ages, slightly higher in males, according
to census data (56 percent). Around 21% of those who are disabled are above the age of 60.
Further analysis of the data revealed that the prevalence was 5.1 percent among those aged 60
to 80 years, with the prevalence being highest in those aged 80 years (8.4 percent). The most
prevalent disabilities were locomotor and visual disabilities (both 25%), followed by hearing
disabilities (19%), speech disabilities (4%), mental disabilities (2%), and multiple disabilities
(1%). (12 percent). Females had a greater rate than males (5.3 percent vs. 5.0 percent), and
rural vs. urban had a higher rate (5.3 percent vs. 5.0 percent) (5.6 percent vs. 4.2 percent).
According to a Telangana study, the prevalence of hearing and vision impairment was 38.8%
among people over 50 years old, with 17.4% and 15%, respectively. Another rural study in
South India found that 5.6 percent of people over 60 years old were disabled.

Disability is both a public health and a human rights issue. The health of elderly persons with
impairments is frequently precarious. In addition to the underlying health condition that
causes disability impairment, disabled people are more vulnerable to secondary health
conditions (associated to the primary) and comorbidities (unrelated to primary). People with
schizophrenia, for example, may develop pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections, or diabetes
or hypertension as a result of their cerebral palsy (primary). In comparison to the general
population, people with disabilities require more intensive and specialised healthcare. Some
disabled people have several health problems or are affected by multiple bodily systems.
According to the Telangana disability survey, those with impairments had 2.4 times more
serious health disorders than people without disabilities when they were 50 years old.

Health concerns neglected in women with disabilities in India

According to estimates, over a billion individuals worldwide have a handicap that interferes
with their daily lives. According to the 2011 Indian Census, there are around 26.8 million
persons with disabilities in India alone. According to research, persons with disabilities
(PwDs) in India are among the world's most neglected, stigmatised, destitute, and
uneducated, and women with disabilities are the most socially and economically excluded.
They face the triple burden of discrimination as 'women' (socially marginal creatures),
'disabled' (incapitated, inefficient, and unwanted), and 'women with disabilities' (the weakest
of the weak), and are frequently socially invisible. Although there has been a growing

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realisation that PwDs in India require better educational and career options, their sexual needs
and ambitions, sexuality issues, and sexual and reproductive health and rights have been
mostly overlooked.

More than a billion people, or around 15% of the world's population, suffer from some sort of
impairment, with the vast majority living in poor countries. Although persons with
disabilities (PwDs) account for only 2.2 percent of India's overall population, they number
around 26.8 million in absolute terms. The majority (56%) of these are men, and the majority
(69%) live in rural areas of the country. Given the patriarchal structure of most parts of India,
these figures may be underestimated since many PwDs, particularly women, may have been
excluded from the enumeration process due to perceived stigma and by families attempting to
hide crippled female relatives. Despite their enormous numbers, people with disabilities are
one of India's most stigmatised populations. They have poorer health outcomes, lower
educational attainment, lower economic involvement, and higher poverty rates than their non-
disabled peers. Women with disabilities (WwDs) have significantly lower literacy and
employment rates, with approximately 20% and 10% respectively.

PwDs and their families are significantly worse off than the general population due to low
educational achievement, poor employment opportunities, and stigma. According to recent
research by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), women with disabilities are the
most "invisible" and face social and economic discrimination. International disability rights
organisations and the United Nations have worked to incorporate PwDs into mainstream
society throughout the years. However, the focus has generally remained on delivering
entitlements such as an inclusive physical environment and employment and education
opportunities. Fertility, sexual behaviour, as well as sexual and reproductive health and
rights, have mainly been disregarded. Prejudice and discrimination against people with
disabilities, especially women, persists around the world, resulting in a slew of serious and
often extreme abuses of sexual and reproductive health and rights. Forced sterilisation,
limited contraceptive options, menstrual and sexual suppression, poorly managed
pregnancies, forced abortions, termination of parental rights, denial of, or forced, marriage,
and other forms of abuse have all been perpetrated against women with disabilities around the
world.

Higher Education for Individuals with Disability in India

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Higher education is critical for people with disabilities to be employable. It guarantees an
individual's self-sufficiency in society. As a result of this realisation, stakeholders are
working to create a more inclusive environment in educational institutions. However, the
truth is that in underdeveloped nations like India, only a small percentage of persons with
disabilities have access to advanced education. The challenges, existing facilities, and needed
accommodations in a higher education setting for the benefit of students with disabilities are
systematically explored in this study conducted through focus group discussions (SwD). The
qualitative research was carried out in six major Indian metropolises among persons with
disabilities who had access to higher education. Accessibility, classroom functions,
examination accommodations, communication, societal attitudes, and employment challenges
were all noted as key issues that needed to be addressed. The findings point to insufficient
planning, implementation of disability legislation, societal disability sensitization, and
resource availability in a developing country. In the midst of inadequate disability
accommodation facilities, reports of support networks provided by friends in colleges
highlighted the strength of humanity.

People with disabilities speak out about the lack of regulations and services accessible in a
growing country like India. Comparative case studies have dominated recent literature on
finance systems aimed at giving access to higher education for historically underserved
groups. None of these studies have focused on students with disabilities particularly (SWDs).
However, depending on the type or degree of their disability, the latter have extremely
specific funding requirements. SWDs range in the nature of the help they require to perform
successfully in their everyday living and learning contexts as a result of their unique and
varied demands. To put it another way, while the overarching issue of higher education
funding is a hot topic, SWDs cannot simply be handled as part of the larger discussion.

Furthermore, as many experts have pointed out, colleges around the world are seeing a major
decrease in government subsidies and an increase in student fees, both of which have had a
severe influence on university operations. McGrath and colleagues did a comparative study in
2014 that looked at higher education admissions procedures in ten European Union member
nations, with an emphasis on how these countries deal with the inclusion of SWDs. Cuts in
these countries' public financial resources, according to the report, lowered or significantly
impacted fairness in admission to higher education for many students, including those with
disabilities. Although peer mentors play an important role in helping people with intellectual

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and developmental disabilities (IDD) in higher education, little is known about these college
students and the causes that led to their participation in this programme.

Job prospect for Individuals with Disability in India

Due to variables related to their condition as well as psychosocial concerns, many people
with severe mental disabilities are unable to prepare for, find, or hold a job. For people
suffering from serious mental disabilities, finding work is a crucial step toward healing.
Obtaining professional courses and degrees for employment in India has been increasingly
important in the previous two decades. The Salamanca Statement has offered the most
powerful impetus for calling attention to the education of some of the world's most
marginalised communities all over the world. It has had a substantial and unique impact in
India on the provision of educational opportunities for disabled children. This is subject to
developing into a crucial barrier in the prospects of future job availability, scope and
opportunity. The interconnected ideas of redistribution, recognition, and representation are
investigated through the interconnected ideas of redistribution, recognition, and
representation, drawing on Nancy Fraser's conception of justice as an analytical tool.

Positive laws and increasing provision of aids and appliances, among other reasons, have
contributed to a large increase in the number of children with disabilities enrolling in schools
over the last two decades. However, the quality of teaching and learning for children with
impairments has received little attention. Instead, efforts are concentrated on assimilating into
a mainstream system that is plagued with difficulties. Homelessness is seen as a major public
health issue. Research studies have found a bidirectional relationship between homelessness
and mental disability, as well as a link between poor well-being, bad quality of life, and low
productivity. In India, recent legislative enactments have made it necessary for the
government to address concerns connected to the rights of people with mental disabilities,
such as shelter and housing. As a result, it is critical to discuss opportunities and prospects for
rehabilitating homeless mentally ill people in India in the context of existing programmes,
policies, and legislation.

Issues with guidelines for admitting people with disabilities by Indian Medical
Council

In 2007, India adopted the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities (UNCRPD), making it essential to align all of the country's current laws with the

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convention's requirements. The result was the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD)
Act, which was passed by Parliament in 2016 and put into effect the following year. The Act
shifts from a charity-based strategy to a rights-based approach, protecting people with
disabilities' human rights. The number of disabilities on the list has been increased from
seven to twenty-one. According to the terms of the Act, anyone with a benchmark disability
(a minimum of 40% of a defined disability) is entitled to all of the advantages and
accommodations entrenched in the Act as a matter of right, including a 5% reservation in
higher education. As a result, the Medical Council of India (MCI) informed candidates for
postgraduate courses in the disability category that in 2018, anyone with one of the 21
disabilities listed in the RPwD Act is considered eligible. Varying reasons have been brought
to view that mark the 2019 implemented MCI guidelines to be biased and extensively unfair.

MCI appointed six experts to draught pan-India recommendations for 21 impairments. All of
the experts were from Delhi, with five of them coming from the same institute. Many other
states (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa, and Gujarat) that recognise and have experience
with accommodating learning disabilities were not represented. The MCI committee's lone
member is in charge of establishing an inter-disciplinary strategy by incorporating those
specialties that are typically entrusted with the diagnosis and care of people with SpLD. Only
a few state governments (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa, and Gujarat)
have explicitly authorised accommodations to those with SpLD, despite the MCI expert's
contention that dyslexia are overdiagnosed. Only 840/10,19,360 kids across the country were
diagnosed with dyslexia in class XII (CBSE board) last year.

A little 0.08 percent increase in two years cannot be used to justify the phrase
"overdiagnosis," nor should it be used to validate the claim that this figure implies a "increase
in fraudulent disability certificates." Because quantification for SpLD is not yet standardised,
the presence or absence of a benchmark disability should be used as the criterion for
addressing the challenge of quantification until better techniques are developed. In the event
of locomotor disability, the highest limit of 80% does not measure individual functional
capabilities. Ability evaluation should be included in the recommendations.

Methodology

Introduction

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One of the most significant chapters in a dissertation is research methodology, which informs
readers about how the study was carried out. Future researchers will be able to assess the
research's quality by reviewing the study's Research Methodology. The dissertation project
was created, first and foremost, through the acquisition of secondary, qualitative data. For the
effective conduct of the research and proper analysis of the acquired data, this mode of data
collecting was chosen along with other strategies. The philosophy, methodologies, design,
strategy, and other aspects for the study's formation will be discussed in this chapter.

Research Philosophy

Interpretivism has been utilised as the primary research philosophy in this particular study in
context to the subject requirement and validity. This particular approach has assisted in
performing a descriptive and informative formation of qualitative data. It is also to be noted
that one of the primary advantages of utilising interpretivism is the inclusion of subjective
data structure. It has procured the pathway to incorporating literature review and peer-
reviewed articles for information extraction. Validation is a crucial factor in the prospective
development of the study.

Research Approach

For the purpose of conducting this study, a deductive approach was used. The observation of
facts and numbers is the foundation of the deductive research approach. This is appropriate
for this study because one of the important components in this study is the analysis of the
consequences of an abstract concept like customer loyalty. An abstract generalisation of
customer loyalty's impacts must be established in order to access its effects. The deductive
approach will be effective in this case because it allows for abstract generalisation of the facts
acquired. This study's research philosophy was interpretivism, which fits in perfectly with the
Deductive approach's nature of objective data observation. Furthermore, the Deductive
technique complements the Qualitative method's data acquisition category. These are the
motivations behind the development of the deductive approach.

Research Strategy

Secondary qualitative research and thematic analysis have been chosen as the research
strategy. Secondary qualitative data analysis is utilised when there is enough data for the
research to be conducted but not enough for the data analysis. In this study, pre-existing data
is used to create the study. As a result, the secondary, qualitative research technique was

13
extremely useful in the development of this dissertation. Another important approach for
establishing facts and analysing facts and situations is the use of thematic analysis. Because
the dissertation is descriptive in character, the research technique must involve thematic
analysis. It is much more perceivable to analyse observations, in addition to providing
appropriate explanations backed up by research materials when the facts are divided into
themes. As a result, secondary research and a thematic analysis technique were employed in
this study.

Data collection and analysis

The secondary data collection strategy was used in the preparation of this dissertation. The
analysis of the scholars' prior works was taken into account when writing this dissertation.
The previous researchers' work has been analysed, and the repeating themes have been used
to construct and establish the facts and assertions for this study. The benefit of employing this
method is that it is one of the most dependable and credible data collection methods
available. Because it is based on the condensed knowledge of numerous researchers in the
past, the secondary data gathering approach is the most dependable and allows the researcher
to obtain the biggest quantity of information. Some of these are primary research sources,
while others are secondary, ensuring that the research data gathering is properly balanced.
Secondary data gathering was chosen as the data collection approach for this study because of
this.

Limitations

Within research, study limits identify the various flaws in the applied research design that are
likely to influence research outcomes and conclusions. The research's limits are generally
recognised after the full procedure of implementing the proposed approach has been
completed. Similarly, different limitations have been discovered in this study. One of the
most significant drawbacks is the scarcity of appropriate past research on this particular topic.
This is a critical hurdle, given the research's fundamental reliance on previously published
research publications and articles for data collection. Citing and referencing past research
papers are important components of a literature review, as they emphasise the fundamental
ground. However, because this study focused on one specific topic, the accessible materials
were extremely limited.

Analysis and Discussion

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According to the statistical reports presented in 2021, the work status of individuals with
disabilities, as of 2011, has been a minimal count of 36%. According to an estimate by the
WHO, globally, 15 percent of the population live with some form of disability, while over 80
percent of that share live in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. As per Census 2011, in
India, out of the 121 Cr population, about 2.68 Cr persons are ‘disabled’ which is 2.21% of
the total population. Prejudice is described as a conviction in the validity of stereotypes and
actions based on them, and it originates from widespread preconceptions about PLMI, such
as ineptitude, weakness, or danger. As a result, bullying, interpersonal connection
disturbances, work and school exclusion, and social exclusion are all prevalent types of
discrimination towards PLMI. Stigma, discrimination, and human rights violations are all
intertwined, supporting, and legitimising one other. The classification of disabilities is seen as
an umbrella word that encompasses a wide range of approaches that are affected by both
physical and mental characteristics.

Those with disabilities are defined as people who have long-term sensory, physical, mental,
or intellectual impairments, according to traditional classifications. As a result of the society
framework, these are likely to emerge as barriers or hindrances to engagement and successful
involvement. Social-cognitive factors such as cues, beliefs, bias, and discrimination all
contribute to mental disability stigma. The general public uses physical appearance, impaired
social skills, and psychiatric symptoms and labels to identify those who are suffering from
mental disability (PLMI). People with impairments are commonly disregarded and
overlooked in general. They also have a higher chance of dying young. Their right to be
included in the common pool, to be educated or employed, and to participate is frequently
rejected. Disabled people's health is further harmed by these social difficulties. Individuals
with impairments are frequently invisible and marginalised in society, preventing them from
exercising their full range of rights.

In India, people with disabilities have a hard time getting general or specialised healthcare or
rehabilitation services. Around 15% of them in metropolitan areas and 3% in rural areas
receive some type of rehabilitation, for a total coverage of 5.7 percent. According to a study
conducted in Delhi, barely 50% of individuals with disabilities sought medical treatment.
Furthermore, the study shows that seeking treatment was disregarded and ignored, resulting
in significant disability. However, the Telangana study found that medical rehabilitation
services (76%) and vocational services (88%) were well covered, but assistive devices were
underserved (44 percent). In fact, people with disabilities not only have a greater rate of

15
health-seeking behaviour, but they also suffer considerable challenges to receiving healthcare
services when compared to people without disabilities. Lack of understanding of services
(13.3 percent vs. 2%), cost of transportation (13.3 percent vs. 2.2 percent), inaccessible
physical building (12.7 percent vs. 2.3 percent), and poor fitting of hospital equipment were
among the most important barriers in the South Indian study (13.2 percent vs. 2.1 percent).

Disabled people experience discrimination or stigma from hospital employees as well as the
general public. Poverty is another major reason why persons with disabilities in India are
unable to obtain the necessary healthcare. According to the WHO, around 53% of disabled
people are unable to initiate affordability of health-care costs compared to a 32% ratio
of those who are not. Furthermore, the literature review has noted that, over the previous
three decades, both policymakers and researchers in India have ignored the issue of PwDs'
sexual and reproductive health. Following the International Conference on Population and
Development (ICPD) in Cairo in 1994, India began a two-decade-long national engagement
with the issue of SRH. The introduction of the SRH technique in India was a watershed
moment. Prior to the ICPD, population-related activities were mostly focused on family
planning and population management. Because of this narrow view, the population's
sexuality and sexual health concerns were not addressed in the country's national
health/population policies and programmes.

India was one of the ICPD's signatories, and it quickly abandoned its target-based approach
to family planning in 1996, demonstrating its commitment to the new programme. India
began reorienting its national policies and programmes in the 1990s, shifting its focus away
from family planning and toward maternal and child health, as well as the much broader idea
of "sexual and reproductive health" (SRH). Along with the shifting policy landscape, this
period saw a tremendous increase in studies on many aspects of SRH. Concerns such as
sexual risk behaviour, as well as the SRH situation and needs, were the focus of the research.
Despite the fact that PwDs, particularly women, make up a major fraction of the population,
most SRH research undertaken in India in recent decades has not included them in their study
populations.

Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion

16
This research has brought to view a descriptive understanding of the present situational
position of people with disabilities in India. It has been observed that a major section of the
stated population is subject to discrimination in all aspects of the society. This endangers
their prospects of healthy lifestyle, opportunities and healthcare in comparison to the other
section of the Indian population. People with disabilities are subject to being provided with
a variety of essential rights under the Indian Constitution. Citizenship security, right to
justice, liberty of expression, status quality, and protection against discrimination in job
chances and opportunities are among the most vital. The country, which has a population of
about 1.3 billion people, has 2.2 percent of the population with various types of disability.
However, there has been little advancement in such individuals' lifestyles, healthcare, or
career prospects throughout the years. Despite their accomplishments and potential, the
majority of industries continue to be strongly opposed to employing such individuals.
Individuals with disabilities from low-income households do not receive the required
requirements, medication, healthcare, or psychological needs as a result of them.

Recommendation

Considering the situational understanding of the issues observed and presented in this study,
varying ranges of recommendations are subject to being incorporated. One of the elemental
recommendations is the introduction of more mental health development and management
facilities within the country, with proper authorisation and liability of the government. It is to
be noted that the insertion of governmental liability would encourage effective and affordable
approaches for marginalised communities. Furthermore, another important recommendation
is subject to the development of increased job opportunities for this minority. This study has
brought to view that a major section of the Indian population reflects varying impressions of
disabilities, both physical and mental. Accordingly, if job opportunities be increased, job
deprivation would be decreasing, positively impacting the country economy. It is also to be
taken note of the fact that another important implementation prospect is the initiation of zero
discrimination tolerance in workplaces. This would encourage reduction of bullying and
prevalent discrimination experienced by this population subset. Study has also brought to
view that the introduction of forums and platforms of disability awareness would
considerably impact and change the biased mindset exhibited by majority.

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