Introduction:

Steel is the most widely used material for building. It is the world’s most important engineering
and construction material. It is used in every aspect of human’s lives. Steel is known to be highly
ductile material, which means that a material that can be subjected to a large deformation /strains
before it fractures. Therefore, engineers should always be careful while using steel in their
designs. It can be all summed up in the stress strain diagram for steel in figure 1.

Figure 1: stress strain diagram

When a ductile material like steel is subjected to tensile force, it undergoes different stages
before failure. Stress strain curve is the graphical representation of this stages. The elastic region
is the region where stress is proportional to strain and steel is linearly elastic, and no deformation
occurs to the steel. Yielding occurs when an increase in stress above the elastic limit which will
cause the material to deform permanently. Strain Hardening happens after yielding a further load
will reach the ultimate stress. Finally, necking is at ultimate stress, cross-sectional area begins to
decrease in a localized region of the specimen which causes the specimen to break at the fracture
stress.
Figure 2:
In this experiment, a 60cm steel rod is used, and goes
under tensile stress using the machine shown in figure 2.
Stress strain diagram obtained from the experiment:

Data of the steel bar and the tensile test:

Length= 30cm

Elongated length= 35cm

length ( final )−intial length 34−30

Percent elongation ¿ ×100 %= ×100 %=13.3 %
intial length 30

Yield stress (from the graph) =400mpa

Diameter of the steel bar=12.74

√ weight
length
=¿16 mm¿

These calculations show a healthy result, the percent elongation is the specimen’s fracture strain
and is a way to measure ductility and is known to be 12.5% or more, according to our data it is
13.3%, which proves that the material is ductile and strong enough to withstand tension. And the
yield stress is within the range that is proved and written in ASTM (400-500mpa) and in this
experiment it is obtained to be 400mpa.