University of Dhaka

Department of International Business

Course code: IB-527

Course name:

Ethics and Social Responsibility of International Business

Assignment on:

“Ethics and Technology”

Submitted to:
Dr. Abul Khayer
Associate Professor
Department of International Business
University of Dhaka

Submitted by:
Milon Murmu
Roll: JN-030-093
Section: A
Batch: MBA 14th
Department of International Business
University of Dhaka

Date of Submission: October 16, 2022

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 Table of Contents

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1

Ethics in Information Technology (Trademark, Patent, Copyright) ............................................... 2

Ethics in Medicine .......................................................................................................................... 4

Importance of Medical Ethics ..................................................................................................... 4

Example of Ethical Dilemma ...................................................................................................... 4

Medical Ethics Concept: Consequentialism ............................................................................... 5

Medical Ethics Concept: Utilitarianism ...................................................................................... 5

Medical Ethics Concept: Deontology ......................................................................................... 5

Development of Medical Ethics Knowledge .............................................................................. 6

Medical Ethics Examples ............................................................................................................ 6

Ethics in Technology ...................................................................................................................... 7

Cheating on Exams Using Electronics Devices .......................................................................... 7

Identity Theft .............................................................................................................................. 8

Robotics Replacing Man ............................................................................................................. 8

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Usage in Medicine and Diagnosis ................................................... 8

Lawsuits Due to Breaches in Computer Usage........................................................................... 9

Most Important Ethical Issues in Technology .............................................................................. 10

The Relationship between Morality and Technology ................................................................... 12

Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 13

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 14

References ..................................................................................................................................... 15

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Introduction
The area of philosophy known as ethics is concerned with moral principles pertaining to human
behavior, including the goodness or evil of various activities and the reasons and purposes behind
them (Schwartz, 2017). In other words, the philosophical definition of right or wrong is used to
define how moral judgments like good and evil, or right or wrong, should be applied. ITAA defines
information technology as the study, design, development, implementation, support, or
administration of computer-based information systems, including software applications and
computer hardware, in a distinct section. Without technology, one cannot think for even one day
(Thomas, 2019). It facilitates communication, travel, and accomplishment of both private and
professional tasks. However, people are acting unethically for their self-interest by injuring others
owing to the misuse of laws and norms. The ethics of technology and their connection were
examined in this essay. This article also discusses commercial ethics, trademarks, patents, medical
technology, identity theft, and robots. It also emphasizes the effects of immoral behavior
committed by an individual or organization employing technology.

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Ethics in Information Technology (Trademark, Patent, Copyright)
In the age of information technology, IT has transformed several industries, including finance,
government, security, research, and many more (Reynolds, 2019). Similar to how it has impacted
good and wrong concerning communal life, education, freedom, relationships, age, legislation, and
other aspects.

The Internet, a component of IT, has significantly impacted the revolution in international
communication. The internet has made it possible for people to exchange a wide range of content,
including views and facts. It has provided the option for online grocery shopping, where everything
is available; all we need to do is add items to our baskets and complete our purchases before
paying. Most banks now provide online services so that customers may handle their everyday
transactions while sitting in a room. This has caused it to progress to the point that it has sparked
cultural strife. People using phony names and addresses have been dating online for the past couple
of years, which has dramatically increased e-dating in western nations. A large portion of the
Muslim world has joined the online dating scene. Pornography has become a lucrative industry in
certain western and eastern nations; however, some eastern nations still forbid the use of
pornographic websites within their borders (Liu and Berry, 2020). E-dating and pornography do
not violate the law in Western countries, yet they are undesirable and immoral in Eastern countries.

We have a social network obligation to conduct ourselves ethically on the job, and everyone is
aware of the difference between right and wrong. There may be a large number of users that act
unethically, and nobody is there to stop them. Many businesses monitor employee reports, personal
or work mail, and internet usage as part of their policies, or to safeguard any sensitive information
that may leak outside, or to prevent employees from engaging in side jobs or doing personal
business on corporate computers (Kumar and Choudhury, 2022). The corporation does this to
shield any workers from legal claims that might not be lawful for their organization, even if there
might be a serious privacy concern. Therefore, every organization has its laws and regulations
prohibiting unethical behavior in the workplace to address this issue. Therefore, each corporation
that uses electronic tracking must establish a team to strike a balance between company ethics and
privacy concerns.

In terms of privacy, some people gather some private information, such as a person's name,
address, phone number, email address, and payment information, and then sell that information to

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other businesses or individuals. Due to the growing popularity of social networking sites like
Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, personal information is now readily available to anybody.
Therefore, credit card fraud and identity theft have been occurring through these social networking
sites. Therefore, this firm is offering various options to improve privacy to combat such issues.

Someone's innovation or creativity is legally protected by copyright or may have a trademark

allowing that firm or individual to market that brand exclusively. Making duplicating CDs or
exchanging copyright-protected music, films, or software is prohibited (Kline, 2019). P2P is now
a widely utilized piece of immoral software. Everyone has been found guilty of violating ethics
due to the misuse of rights. It is not illegal to use P2P. But how it's being used is against the law.
It is allegedly prohibited to upload and download any software, data, documents, music, or movies
that are protected by a trademark or copyright. P2P activity and CD duplication have an impact on
the copyright-protected company. Their revenue can be lost. which indicates that the government
is likewise losing money. Nevertheless, legislation was attempted to prevent the copying or sharing
of copyrighted items, but it was ineffective. Therefore, companies utilize P2P as a way to increase
their sales to combat copying and sharing of things that are copyright protected. They started
offering free software trials. Even the music industry offers listeners a sample tune to encourage
them to purchase the full song. Still, their video or movie production firm has not come to promote
videos or prohibit sharing or pirating them, except for advertising online retailers like YouTube
and Daily Motion (Kline, 2019). Even if it has so far provided some respite to the corporation and
some publishers, it is still seen as immoral.

In the alternative Plagiarism is a crucial factor while creating original work or stealing from others.
Everything and any information may be accessed on the internet. As a result, the user copies and
places the information for personal use. And some people make up their arguments. Particularly
journal, university, college, and school students, as well as certain authors, are most likely to be
guilty. Copying without a suitable footnote and sources is neither plagiarism nor unethical (De
George, 2018). In addition, "following the law's requirements means being ethical." Every nation
has its laws governing its citizens. There is currently no international law binding all nations
together. Any information or item shared online could be legal in one nation while not being legal
in another. For instance, Voice over Internet Protocol is lawful in the majority of countries,
including the UK and the US, but it is outlawed in Nepal, Bhutan, and other places. Websites with

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unlawful content or those that may violate local laws are frequently filtered in various countries,
including China, the UK, and Arabian nations (Braine and Lesser, 2020). Possibly unethical
activities exist that are not prohibited by national law. Lying or concealing private information is
not meant to be considered a crime. But being law-abiding is entirely seen as moral.

Ethics in Medicine
The moral standards by which a doctor must conduct oneself are referred to as medical ethics.
When you apply to medical school, you must understand the idea of medical ethics, but you are
not expected to be an expert. It is important to be aware that medical ethics is a dynamic concept.
The ethical standards we hold today may differ from those we held thirty years ago, and our current
standards of ethics may not hold in the future.

Importance of Medical Ethics

In their area of work, medical personnel routinely encounter moral challenges and ethical
questions. A foundation for making decisions that are morally right and beneficial for the patient
in question is provided by medical ethics. To constantly put their patients' needs first, aspiring
doctors must have a strong sense of morality and an understanding of medical ethics.

Four Pillars of Medical Ethics

The four pillars of medical ethics are:

1. Beneficence (doing good)
2. Non-maleficence (do not harm)
3. Autonomy (giving the patient the freedom to choose freely, where they are able)
4. Justice (ensuring fairness)

These four principles represent a framework for analyzing the best action to take in a given
situation. To use this approach, you must consider whether your actions comply with each of the
four pillars.

Example of Ethical Dilemma

Surgery is a prime example of an ethical conundrum in the medical field. Consider a situation
where a patient has appendicitis and the doctors feel that surgery is required. Although technically
creating an incision into the patient's skin is "damage" to them, this is done with good intentions

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because getting rid of the inflamed appendix reduces the chance that it may rupture and cause
peritonitis. The patient would be given the option to choose surgery based on their clinical
necessity, and they would have the right to do so. Therefore, the four principles would be in favor
of doing this operation.

Medical Ethics Concept: Consequentialism

According to the ethical philosophy of consequentialism, the morality of a decision is solely
determined by its effects. This could be stated more succinctly as "ends justify the means." It
doesn't matter what you do as long as the result is positive overall.

Example: Because of her terminal disease, your patient is not expected to make it through the
procedure she is about to have. She asks you, "Doctor, will I be okay?" just before she is about to
be put under anesthesia. Although lying itself is not a moral activity, consequentialist philosophy
argues that lying in this situation is permissible.

Medical Ethics Concept: Utilitarianism

According to utilitarianism, the optimum course of action is that which results in the greatest gain
in utility (benefit). The utility is typically evaluated on a large scale, frequently taking into account
larger society as well as the patient in the issue. It embodies consequentialism.

Example: You have a certain amount of money to spend on either five patients with a fairly
common and simple-to-treat condition or one patient who needs a highly expensive therapy for a
rare disease. According to utilitarian ethics, caring for the five patients is morally preferable
because a bigger overall benefit is realized.

Medical Ethics Concept: Deontology

Another name for deontology is "duty-based ethics." According to this philosophy, the best course
of action depends on your duties and commitments. It implies that the morality of a decision is
determined by whether you followed the rules rather than by what happened as a result of doing
so. Contrasting this with consequentialism is clear.

A deontological approach would advise against lying to a terminally ill patient when they inquire
about their prognosis following surgery, for instance. That's because, following this idea, lying is
ethically wrong. After all, we have to tell the truth no matter what the consequences may be. In
general, consequentialism may be the most useful framework for considering the overarching goals
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of healthcare, and deontology-based frameworks are those that are most frequently used in
medicine.

Development of Medical Ethics Knowledge

Analyzing circumstances using ethical frameworks and ideologies is one of the finest methods to
improve your grasp of medical ethics. You can do this alone, with an instructor, or with another
applicant to a medical school who can offer you their point of view and help you brainstorm.
Compare the results provided by various frameworks and think about the ramifications. Keep up
with the most recent developments in health news, and consider how these moral guidelines relate
to the stories that are presently making headlines.

Medical Ethics Examples

At Medical School interviews, medical ethics is a big part of the selection process. You’ll likely
be asked ethics questions or face an MMI station designed to test your understanding of these
concepts. Some key medical ethics examples that you should be aware of for your interview are:

• The Charlie Gard and Alfie Evans cases

• Medicinal cannabis
• The handling of the COVID-19 pandemic
• Abortion
• Euthanasia
• Organ donation

Pick a few that are particularly pertinent to demonstrate to the interviewer that you are
knowledgeable about medical ethics in general when responding to inquiries about ethics. You
don't have to list all four principles of ethics and explain these notions. Also, keep in mind that
you might not be required to make judgments just yet. Showing that you grasp the topics in the
interview is crucial by addressing how the fundamental ethical principles connect to the inquiry.
If the interviewer presses you for an opinion, make sure you can ethically support your choice.

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Ethics in Technology
We support the current period, which is characterized by innovation and modern technology.
Modern inventions permeate every aspect of our life. Although the use of contemporary
technology has undoubtedly made life more comfortable and convenient, it has also sadly given
birth to several ethical issues, some of which will be covered in this assignment. Ethics is defined
as the rules of moral behavior. Personal ethics give the guidelines for one's private life, business
ethics provide the norms of behavior guiding commercial decisions, and computer ethics provide
the guidelines for using computers (Forsberg et al, 2016).

The most popular modern technology is the computer, and as a result of individuals abusing this
tool, numerous ethical problems are emerging. The computer has experienced some of the issues
listed below.

Cheating on Exams Using Electronics Devices

Cheating is utilizing illegal methods to accomplish a goal. Although there are many situations
where cheating is acceptable, this assignment specifically addresses the usage of technological
devices during academic fraud. The most popular strategy employed by students to obtain high
exam scores is cheating. Despite having a significant amount of anxiety about getting discovered
and being banned from examinations, students nevertheless cheat during exams (Liu and Berry,
2020). Cheating may have a significant negative impact on schooling as a whole. The use of
assessment data as a gauge of students' learning and a source of feedback for lesson planning is
undermined by cheating.

Nowadays, cheating is rather prevalent conduct. According to CNN, a study of students found that
more than seven out of ten have engaged in academic dishonesty at some point. Plagiarism is one
of the many strategies used in cheating that is often used. It involves taking information from
various sources and branding it with your name. The so-called gift of technology is plagiarism.
Students have access to a variety of websites where they may conduct research for assignments or
papers and still receive high grades without having any prior knowledge of the subjects. Thanks
to a variety of modern technologies, the most common of which is the mobile phone, cheating
during exams has become easier (Liu and Berry, 2020). Every modern cell phone comes with a
camera, internet, and other devices. The only thing a student can do is look up the data and record

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it on the response sheet. Using headphones during tests is also a common practice to aid in
answering questions.

Identity Theft
Identity theft is the process through which a criminal obtains access to a victim's personal
information and utilizes it for personal gain. The most frequent crime committed through the
improper use of technology is identity theft. At times, committing identity theft proved
exceedingly challenging. Unfortunately, several new electronic technologies have made this entire
process of identity theft relatively simple, saving criminals hours spent researching information
about their victims (Petersen, 2018). Approximately 23% of American homes experienced identity
theft at some point in 2010, according to the Bureau of Justice. The number of reports of identity
theft has increased since 2005, when there were 18%, making this rate startling.

Robotics Replacing Man

One of the most astounding technical developments of the twenty-first century is robotics.
Robotics are increasingly being used in business, particularly in the industrial sector. Robotics has
undoubtedly made manufacturing much simpler, faster, and error-free, but the cruel truth is that
this switch from man to robot has robbed an apprentice of the satisfaction of a job well done
(Tzafestas, 2018). People have lost their occupations as a result of the usage of robotics. Numerous
Fortune 500 firms, like Toyota and Mitsubishi General Electronic, employ robotics in place of
people. They place a lot more value on their production line and level of perfection than they do
on the worth of human capital. Based on the claim that a robot can manufacture 200% more pieces
than a person, a skilled worker is deducted from his position. Instability in the economy is blamed
for job losses, while the major cause of skilled employees' job losses is automation (Tzafestas,
2018). The robotics force is particularly noticeable in the manufacturing and agriculture sectors of
the economy. Additionally, the introduction of robotics has removed all of the small activities that
professionals once performed to aid them in their work.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Usage in Medicine and Diagnosis

Artificial intelligence, or AI as it is known by its shorthand, is a subject that is hotly debated in
today's society. The moral conundrums raised by AI are quite complex. A cyber doctor may be
error-free, but it lacks human emotional intelligence and the capacity to draw lessons from the past
(Petersen, 2018). The concept of experience is absent from AI medical practice when compared to

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that of a human practitioner. Humans learn from their experiences, which aids in their experience-
gaining. In contrast, since robots are trained to follow instructions, they lack the aspect of
credibility, trust, and feelings. Then, they will continue acting as intended, which may confuse
them. The use of AI in medicine cannot also make decisions that are in the patient's best interests
and respect their preferences. Several ethical issues come up when a machine is used in medical
procedures. A shared understanding and trust between them, as well as ethical concerns, are all
brought on by the use of technology in medicine (Kumar and Choudhury, 2022).

Lawsuits Due to Breaches in Computer Usage

These days, privacy-related lawsuits are at an all-time high. Due to several instances of huge firms
violating their privacy, users bring lawsuits against them. The most well-known professional
network in the world, LinkedIn, was sued this year for identical reasons. Due to her password
being compromised and published on a Russian website, a lady by the name of Kitie Szpyrka sued
the business. LinkedIn argued that just the passwords had been stolen and that the attackers
couldn't access the accounts of the original users, yet the business nonetheless had to deal with a
stunning $5 million lawsuit (De George, 2018).

Another such instance occurred when a woman by the name of Maggie Campbell filed a case
against eBay, the biggest shopping platform. She claims that the business does not shield its
customers from scam artists that try to deceive the clients. The most well-known payment method,
PayPal, was also a factor. Additionally, the plaintiff claimed that both businesses installed spyware
on their systems that allowed access to the user's personal information, spying on the user's
computer (Braine and Lesser, 2020). She charged both businesses with violating the privacy of the
people who use this website to purchase and sell goods.

Another intriguing legal action was brought against Facebook. The biggest social networking site,
Facebook, is well-known. With a 15 billion dollar lawsuit against Facebook, one was filed.
According to the lawsuit, Facebook stalks its users both while they are signed in and when they
are logged out of their accounts. Facebook has a very strict policy on privacy, and it appears that
they are breaking this policy by prying into the private lives of its members. It is morally repugnant
in every way and extremely risky due to the possibility of hazardous uses of the user's personal
information.

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The case stated above is a prime illustration of how firms lack ethical standards. Businesses lack
definite procedures that would stop them and their customers from acting unethically (Braine and
Lesser, 2020). The lack of a good code of conduct in the company is the only cause of security
breaches and privacy invasions. If eBay and PayPal had protected user privacy, that case wouldn't
have been brought against them. It is immoral for them to grow their business while utilizing
consumers' personal information. If appropriate ethical computer usage practices, such as respect
for privacy, can be enacted, more litigation against these large corporations can be averted.

Most Important Ethical Issues in Technology

Businesses today face several ethical difficulties. To protect individual liberties and use data
responsibly, important decisions must be made. Which moral concerns will be most crucial in
2021? The top five are listed below.

Misuse of Personal Information

In this technologically advanced era, one of the main ethical conundrums is how companies exploit
customer data. We frequently divulge personal information when we use the internet to explore
websites, shop online, enter information on websites, interact with various businesses online, and
use social media. Companies frequently gather data to make their online experiences more highly
personalized, but how much of our right to privacy is truly violated by this data collection (De
George, 2018). As they say, personal information is the new gold. Data has become commoditized
because of the value it offers to companies looking to connect with their target audience. How far,
though, is too far? Knowing what kinds of things are being sought after and what kinds of material
consumers are most interested in is incredibly significant information for businesses. Politicians
should be aware of the social or legal concerns that are receiving the greatest attention. These
important data elements are frequently used by organizations or corporations to generate profit or
further their objectives. Particularly Facebook has faced criticism for selling user data on several
occasions over the years.

Misinformation and Deep Fakes

The ability of false information to obtain a larger support base was something that became clear
during the 2016 and 2020 U.S. presidential elections. The resultant division had a significant
impact on the worldwide political and economic landscapes. We are continuously inundated with

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real-time events and breaking news as it happens, which is in contrast to how information was
received before the internet. Celebrities and public figures can share thoughts on social media
without first verifying their authenticity, which is then collected and propagated further. The
rigorous validation process that was once required to publish books and newspapers no longer
applies to information (De George, 2018). Similar to this, we once thought that video portrayed a
story that was unquestionably based in reality. However, deep fake technology today makes it
possible to manipulate digital imagery in such an intricate way that people appear to be saying and
acting in ways that never happened. With the usage of this technology, there is a considerable risk
of identity theft and violation of privacy.

Lack of Oversight and Acceptance of Responsibility

The majority of businesses use a hybrid stack, which combines owned and third-party technology
(De George, 2018). As a result, there is frequently some confusion regarding who is in charge of
governance, the use of big data, cybersecurity issues, and the management of personally
identifiable information (PII). Who is truly in charge of making sure data is protected? Do you
have any liability if credit card information is compromised if you use a third party to provide
software that processes payments? Everyone has to do it, that much is true. Businesses need to
adopt a mindset that recognizes that all parties collectively bear responsibility. Similar to this,
many experts advocate for a global approach to governance, claiming that local policing leads to
disjointed policy creation and pervasive data mishandling. We must work together if we want to
make progress, much like climate change.

Use of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence certainly offers great business potential. But, at what point do AI systems
cross an ethical line into dangerous territory?

Facial recognition: The use of software to find individuals can quickly become a less-than-ethical
problem. According to the NY Times, there are various concerns about facial recognition, such as
misuse, racial bias, and restriction of personal freedoms (De George, 2018). The ability to track
movements and activity quickly morphs into a lack of privacy. Facial recognition also isn’t
foolproof and can create bias in certain situations.

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Replacement of jobs: While this is anticipated to a certain degree, AI is meant to increase the
automation of low-level tasks in many situations so that human resources can be used on more
strategic initiatives and complicated job duties. The large-scale elimination of jobs has many
workers concerned about job security, but AI is more likely to lead to job creation.

Health tracking: The pandemic brought contact tracing into the mainstream. Is it ethical to track
the health status of people and how will that impact the limitations we place on them?

Bias in AI technology: Technology is built by programmers and inherits the bias of its creators
because humans inherently have bias. Technology is inherently flawed (De George, 2018). Does
it even matter who developed the algorithms? AI systems learn to make decisions based on training
and coding data, which can be tainted by human bias or reflect historical or social
inequities, according to Forbes. Leading AI developer Google has even experienced an issue
where AI software believes male nurses and female historians do not exist.

The Relationship between Morality and Technology

Technology should be used in ways that enhance people's physical, mental, spiritual, and moral
well-being. It makes people healthier, more intelligent, more loving toward God and neighbor, and
more capable of coming to moral conclusions (Braine and Lesser, 2020). A terrible technology
will have the opposite effect: it will make us sicker, less intelligent, less compassionate, and less
capable of forming moral judgments. We want good technology that will enable good activities,
not terrible technology that will facilitate harmful actions. Technology often just makes things
simpler to do. In the words of Catholic Worker Movement founder Peter Maurin, we ought to
strive to "create the kind of society where people find it easy to be decent." Technology can assist
with that, but it could already be used more effectively.

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Recommendations

Ethical Practices in Technology: Unlike business ethics, ethical technology is about ensuring
there is a moral relationship that exists between technology and users.

Respect for Employees and Customers: Businesses that use ethical technology have a strong
moral sense of the importance of protecting both customers and employees. Although data is
valuable, your most valuable assets are unquestionably the people that make up your organization
and its clients. To use technology ethically, be sure to follow reasonable safeguards for both
customers and staff.

Moral Use of Data and Resources: Data is unquestionably valuable to organizations. It enables
businesses to better target their marketing campaigns and hone their product offerings, but it can
also be an intrusive use of privacy, raising several moral questions. Data leakage and improper
usage can be prevented with the aid of data protection measures and compliance procedures.

Responsible Adoption of Disruptive Tech: Business growth using digital means. Disruptive
technology is frequently the only way to break even, not just a method to outperform competitors.
However, adopting new technologies need not present an ethical dilemma. You'll be well on your
way to using technology ethically if you take the necessary precautions to ensure that the
safeguards are in place for the technology you adopt.

Create a Culture of Responsibility: Ultimately, we need to create a culture of responsibility

within technology. If the information technology workforce and industry giants believe they are
responsible for the safe and ethical usage of technology, then we will see more governance and
fair use of data.

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Conclusion
One of the most diversified professions than you may think, information technology has several
connections to ethics (De George, 2018). Most individuals are unaware of their violation of
information technology's ethical standards. Therefore, rather than discussing ethics, individuals
should become aware of how to act ethically. Everyone should utilize technology effectively to do
tasks quickly and ethically, and they shouldn't use it for their benefit at the expense of other
people's security, privacy, or way of life. The human race may secure a higher quality of life,
successful corporate operations, and sustainability by upholding healthy technology usage
behavior.

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References
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Avebury, pp.36-79.
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