athematics is essential in the 

sciences, engineering, medicine, finance, computer science and
the social sciences. The fundamental truths of mathematics are independent from any scientific
experimentation, although mathematics is extensively used for modeling phenomena. Some areas of
mathematics, such as statistics and game theory, are developed in close correlation with their
applications and are often grouped under applied mathematics. Other mathematical areas are
developed independently from any application (and are therefore called pure mathematics), but
practical applications are often discovered later. [7][8] A fitting example is the problem of integer
factorization, which goes back to Euclid, but which had no practical application before its use in
the RSA cryptosystem (for the security of computer networks).
Historically, the concept of a proof and its associated mathematical rigour first appeared in Greek
mathematics, most notably in Euclid's Elements.[9] Since its beginning, mathematics was essentially
divided into geometry, and arithmetic (the manipulation of natural