A world of languages

(and other useful language stuff)

Jennifer Monje
 At the end of the lesson, you should be able to
• Demonstrate an understanding of the key ideas in language and
communication, such as the nature of languages, and learn new
vocabulary, such as language contact, language shift, dialect, World
Learning Englishes, etc;
• Relate your personal experience with the input presented through
outcomes the language biography form;
• Present in a group how English has been modified through
language contact through review of World Englishes
 All about language
o language is a system of conventional spoken,
manual (signed, such as FSL or ASL) or written
symbols by means of which we, as members of a
social group and participants in its culture,
express ourselves;
o contains a system of rules (also known as
grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a
vocabulary (lexicon);
o When people use the same language, they form
a speech community;
o Children who grew up speaking the language of
the community follows the process of language
acquisition (through a language acquisition
device or LAD); process is intuitive
p pop b bob t toot d dad c cat g got h hot
pp app bb ebb tt rattle dd ladder k kit gg egg wh whole
pe troupe bu build ed licked ed buzzed ck back gu guess j junta
pb cupboard tte serviette de blonde q quick gue league x Don Quixote
th thyme dh dhal x fox (ks) x exam
pt receipt ch echidna gh ghost
bt debt que mosque
cc soccer
kh khaki
kk trekking
cch zucchini
cqu racquet
ke Bourke
(zh)
f fit v van th thin s sit z zip sh shop si Asia
ff cuff ve solve tth Matthew ss kiss zz buzz ti motion ge mirage
ph phone vv savvy phth phthalates c cell s dolls ci ancient s treasure
gh rough vre hors d’ouevre se house se cheese si mansion g aubergine
ffe giraffe th this sc sauce ze sneee ssi percussion z azure
fe carafe the breathe st castle x xylophone ch chef j Taj Mahal
ft soften ps psychology ss dessert sch schnitzel
pph sapphire z pretzel che moustache
sce reminisce ce ocean
sse mousse sci prosciutto
sw sword ss tissue
sth asthma shi cushion
V facade xi anxious

m mum n nun ng sing l let r rat ch chips j jug

mm hammer nn funny n think ll will rr hurry tch hutch g gym
mb lamb kn knee ngue tongue le bottle wr write t picture ge large
mn autumn gn sign lle grille rh rhino c cello dge fridge
me madame ne caffeine sl island rrh diarrhe cc capuccino dg budgie
 – dialect is a variety of a language that signals where a person
comes from (geographic, such as a regional dialect), but also has
social inflections (class dialect, or occupational dialect).
– dialect is chiefly distinguished by features of linguistic structure
i.e. grammar (specifically morphology or word formation and
syntax) and vocabulary. May sometimes include phonological
features, such as intonation (although technically that would fall
Important terms under accent);
– Tagalog, a language, has a few dialects: Batangas (with its
characteristic intonation), Laguna (identified through its ‘peculiar’
syntax, or Bulacan (the variety most commonly associated with
Balagtas or poetic Tagalog)
Dialect of Tagalog
(Tagalog Batangas variety)
 Names of girls (Kawai, Nalani, Mahina, Keihao from Hanabana High)
– “titas”
– Humuhumunukunukuapuaa
– Merrie Monarch
– Waianae
– haole

Some Hawai’ian – Malasadas

– da kine
words/pidgin from – kalua pig

the video: Find out – Mahalo

– poi
what they mean! – lau lau
– kapono
– puas
– noho
– lolo
– nohole
 – mother (native) tongue is defined as the language that a child has
been exposed to from birth, or within the critical period (according
to Lenneberg before the age of 5), or the language that one has
learned first, knows best, uses most, and identifies with (Kosonen
and Young 2009, p. 11);
– lingua franca is a language which is used habitually by people
whose mother tongues are different to facilitate communication
Important terms between them. For example, Ilocano and Binisaya speakers use
Tagalog as a lingua franca because it is a common language for
both
– language contact occurs when speakers of two or more
languages or varieties interact and influence each other
– language shift is the process by which a speech community in a
language contact situation (i.e. consisting of bilingual speakers
gradually stops using one of its languages in favor of the other)
 1. Is Tausug (or Iluko, Sinugbuanong Binisaya,
Chavacano) a language or a dialect?
2. When did language shift happen in the Philippines?
Let’s pause for a
3. What persuasive reason/s could have occurred why
while… English has supplanted other languages in the country?
Let’s pause for a while, and
express what this quote
means in 50 words only…

Also accomplish the

Language Biography Form (in “A language is a dialect with an army and a navy.” Max Weinreich
the next slide) during the
asynchronous session on
October 4, 2021.

Upload on the HW tab of the

Class Notebook
Language Biography Form
I. Design features of
languages, whether
human or animal
I. Design features of human
language (cont..)
II. A world of languages
1. There are at least 7,102 languages spoken in the
world today;

2. 23 of these languages are a mother tongue for more

than 50M people;

3. Over half the planet are native speakers of at least

one of these 23 languages
(Can you guess where Japanese is spoken, apart from
in Japan?)
How do languages
stack up?
The case of Chinese

1. Chinese dominates as a macrolanguage, which

consists of other numerous languages;

1.
The case of Chinese

2. Mandarin, Yue (including Cantonese), Min,

Wu, and Hakka cover over 200 individual
dialects, which vary further by geographic
location.

1.
Spanglish Takes Over

1.
 – The world is multilingual, not monolingual;
To sum up: – Solid knowledge of one’s mother tongue has shown to be an important
building block for learning a second/third languages;
– The spread of languages has become possible because of colonization (‘an
army and a navy’);
– Chinese is an emergent super-language which could become as important a
language as English;
– 26 African countries where French is spoken as a MT are expected to
double in size. Africa’s growth may well bring French to the forefront –
making it the most-spoken language by 2050.
III. The spread of English
– The circles signify the type of spread, the pattern
of acquisition, and the functional domains in which
the English language is used across cultures;
The inner circle is composed of countries where
English is the primary language (UK, USA, Canada,
Australia, Ireland, Anglophone Canada, South
Africa, and New Zealand).
– The outer circle includes countries that have
British or American colonial ties, or are former
colonies of the British Empire, such as India,
Nigeria, Malaysia, Singapore, Ghana, Kenya, or
American, such as the Philippines, Guam, etc. The
use of English in these countries is as a second
language.
– The expanding circle includes countries, such as
China, Korea, Japan, Turkey, etc. that use English as
a foreign language, and is used mainly for
communicating with the inner and outer circles.
–
The spread of English
Inner circle provides the norms of
English (‘norm-providing’); outer circle
is ‘norm-developing’; and the
expanding circle is ‘norm-dependent’,
relying on the standards set by the
inner circle
(Where is much dynamism happening?
Clue: Because of language contact)
–
 World English/es – World English refers to the English language as a
lingua franca used in business, trade, diplomacy
and other spheres of global activity;

1.
– World Englishes refers to the different varieties
of English and English-based creoles developed in
different regions of the world;
– Global Englishes has been used by scholars in the
field to emphasize the more recent spread of
English due to globalization, which has resulted in
increased usage of English as a lingua franca.
 World English/es
– World Englishes is a term for emerging localized
or indigenized varieties of English, especially
varieties that have developed in territories
1.
influenced by the United Kingdom or the United
States.
– Pragmatic factors such as appropriateness,
comprehensibility, and interpretability justified
the use of English as an international and intra-
national language.
Colonial discourses on English
– If you do not know English, you are not smart
or modern.
1. – If you do not speak in ‘Standard English’, you
do not speak English well.
– Our mother tongues (MTs) or first languages
(L1s) interfere in the learning of English.
– The best English teacher is a native speaker of
English (native speakerism).

Language ideologies
1.
a set of implicit or explicit beliefs about
languages, speakers, and discursive
practices, influenced by political or moral
interests, and shaped in a cultural setting
(Irvine 2012).
• monolingualism in English language teaching
and learning (ELT)
• “multilingualism as a problem”
• “multilingualism as a resource”
• multilingualism as a linguistic human right”
• standard language ideology
• native speakerism
Where the
differences lie
 – Using the provided matrix on the previous slide, fill in with
additional examples under vocabulary (could be words, phrases, or
idioms (eg the Philippines’ ‘trialling’, American’s ‘streamable’,
Group etc.), pronunciation, grammar, syntax, etc.
Presentation #1 (Extra 10 points: Provide examples of other Englishes, such as
‘robot’ of African-English and ‘fighting’ of the Koreans.)
– (Individual) Read the excerpt “A Universal Civilization?:
(TBA) Modernization and Westernization” from Huntington’s 1996 The
Clash of Civilization and the Remaking of a New World Order. Take
notes using your online or physical notebooks. (Will be uploaded
to the Class Materials tab at a later time.)