영어발음이해및연습

1. 철자와 발음
➊ graphemes = phonemes
: match in the number of letters (graphemes) with the number of sounds
e.g., pan, form, print, spirit

❷ graphemes ≠ phonemes
- should, choose : six graphemes but only three sounds
- awesome : seven graphemes and four sounds
- knowledge : nine graphemes and five sounds

❸ the discrepancies between the spelling and sounds

∙ The same sound is represented by different letters.
vowels : each, bleed, either, achieve, scene, busy
consonants : shop, ocean, machine, sure, conscience, mission, nation

∙The same letter may represent different sounds.

‘a’ : gate, any, father, above, tall
‘s’ : sugar, vision, sale, resume

∙One sound is represented by a combination of letters

thin, rough, attempt, pharmacy

∙A single letter may represent more than one sound.

‘x’ : exit [-ks-]
‘u’ : union [ju-]
‘h’ : human [hj-]

We should use a phonetic alphabet that is guided by the principle of a consistent one-to-one
relationship between each phonetic symbol and the sound it represents.
2. 영어 자음과 모음
∙ English consonant and vowel symbols with key words

Word positions
Phonetic symbol
Initial Medial Final
Consonants (24)
p pack super map
b bed rubber rob
t tea attack great
d date adore good
k catch picking look
g gate doggy bag
f fat coffee loaf
v very moving dove
θ thin ruthless death
ð they mother breathe
s sad sister bus
z zoom raisin buzz
ʃ(š) shine machine cash
ʒ(ž) - vision massage
h head behind -
ʧ(č) chair teacher which
ʤ(ǰ) jump larger huge
m mail remind room
n nest tenor bean
ŋ - anger king
j(y) yard beyond soy
w way rewind low
ɹ(r) rain boring four
l light bullet mail
Vowels and diphthongs
i(ij, iy) ease feet bee
ɪ it sit -
e(ej, ei, ey) eight bake say
ɛ edge red -
æ anger nap -
ʌ oven love -
ə above often Tampa
ɑ arch father spa
ɔ all hall saw
o(ow, oʊ) oat goat bow
ʊ - book -
u(uw) ooze loose two
aɪ(aj, ay) ice side buy
ɔɪ(ɔj, ɔy, oɪ, oj, oy) oil voice boy
aʊ(au, aw) out sound how
3. 자음의 분류
❶ Voicing
The larynx houses the vocal cords, which lie horizontally just behind the Adam’s apple. The
space between the vocal cords, which is known as the “glottis,” assumes different
configurations for sounds known as “voiced” and “voiceless.” If the vocal cords are brought
together, the air passing through creates vibration, and resulting sounds are “voiced.”
❷ Places of articulation
In order to form consonants, the airstream through the vocal tract must be obstructed in some
way. Consonants can be classified according to the place and manner of this obstruction.

Places Segmentals Articulators Words

Bilabial /p, b, m/ two lips pay, bay, may

lower lip
Labio-dental /f, v/ feel, veal
upper front teeth
labial with the lower lip
the tip or blade of the tongue
Interdental
/θ, ð/ between the upper and lower front thin, that
(or dental)
teeth
tongue tip or blade tip, dip, sip, zip,
Alveolar /t, d, s, z, n, l/
alveolar ridge nip, lip
tongue blade fish, garage, rich,
Plato-alveolar /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/
back of the alveolar ridge ridge
tongue tip
Retroflex /ɹ/ rye, row
back of the alveolar ridge
coronal with the tip or blade of the tongue raised
front of the tongue
Palatal /j/ yes, you
hard palate
back of the tongue
Velar /k, g, ŋ/ back, bag, sing
velum(soft palate)
dorsal using the back of the tongue
Glottal /h/ the glottis home
the lips (rounded)
Labio-velar /w/ we
the back of the tongue+the velum
❸ Manners of articulation
The manner of articulation of a sound is the degree and the kind of obstruction of a consonant
in the vocal tract. If we compare the first sounds of the words ‘tip’ and ‘sip’, we realize that
the airflow is obstructed in the same area (alveolar), and in both sounds /t/ and /s/, the
configuration of the vocal cords is the same (voiceless). The difference between the two sounds
lies in the type of obstruction of the airflow. While in /t/ we stop the air completely before the
release, we simply obstruct the airflow with a narrowing created by the articulators in /s/.

Airflow Constriction Manner Sounds

bilabial /p,b/
alveolar /t,d/
Stop
velar /k,g/
complete closure glottal [ʔ]
labiodental /f,v/
interdental /θ,ð/
Fricative alveolar /s,z/ Obstruent
palato-alveolar/ʃ,ʒ/
Oral partial airflow
with friction noise glottal /h/
Cavity

Affricate /ʧ,ʤ/

stop+fricative

liquid /l,r/
Approximant
greater opening glide /j,w/
no friction
Sonorant

Nasal
Nasal /m,n,ŋ/
Cavity
velum open
(nasal stop)
4. 모음의 분류
❶ Vowels and diphthongs
The vocal tract is more open in vowels than in consonants, which may be phonological, not
phonetic. Vowels are characterized by the position of the tongue and the lips.

∙ the position of the tongue

① height: beat – bit – bait – bet – bat
② backness: beat-boot, bit-book

☞ Front vowels are produced with the front of the tongue raised, back vowels with the back of
the tongue raised.

③ lip position: beat-boot. bit-book /ɔ, o, ʊ, u/

④ tense/lax: beat-bit, bait-bet /ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ʌ/

∙diphthongs: /aɪ, aʊ, ɔɪ/