Design and Analysis of TRI-BAND Hybrid
Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications
Varshni R
Department of electronics engineering
Anna university, MIT campus
varshuvani96@gmail.com
Abstract—Triple band radiating patch with Cylindrical
Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) excited with the
coaxial probe feed. The Dielectric Resonator Antenna
(DRA) is one of the most prominent antennas to
overcome the disadvantages possessed by the patch
antenna. Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna
(CDRA) along with the triangular patch radiates three
different frequency bands for WLAN (5.2/5.8) and
WiMAX (2.2/3.2/5.2). The three different radiating
bands are 2-3GHz. 3.1-4.5GHz, and 5-6.2GHz. The
fractional bandwidth for three different bands is 27.1%,
41% and 36% respectively. The antenna design has been
designed, investigated, and optimized using Ansoft HFSS
simulation software.
Keywords—cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA),
Triangular Patch, WLAN and WiMAX.
I. INTRODUCTION
The recent broadband communication system requires
compact antenna with wide bandwidth, high gain and light
weight [13]. Patch antennas are the most choice for these
requirements. Patch antennas offers small size, light weight,
low cost and various advantages [15]. However, the patch
antennas provide various advantages it undergoes some
disadvantages like narrow impedance bandwidth and
conduction losses [16] [19]. The conduction loss is due to
the skin effect. To fulfill the requirements of the modern
broadband communication and to overcome the
disadvantages of the patch antenna Dielectric Resonator
Antenna (DRA) is used [11]. Dielectric Resonator Antenna
(DRA) is an alternative to the patch antenna. The concept of
hybrid radiator can resolve the difficulties due to both patch
antenna and Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA). In hybrid
radiators the higher frequency bands are generated by the
Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA), while the lower
frequency bands are generated using the printed line i.e., the
patch.
The Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) is one of the
illustrious antennas to fulfill the requirements of the modern
broadband and wireless communication. The Dielectric
Resonator Antenna (DRA) is applicable for
WLAN/WiMAX/LTE/5G [7] [17]. The hybrid (combination
of patch antenna and dielectric resonator antenna) antenna
can be used for microwave and millimeter wave frequencies
[4] [14]. There are different shapes of dielectric resonator
available, which is chosen based on the application [12].
There are several shapes of dielectric resonator such as
circular dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA), rectangular
Dr.S. Vasuhi
Associate professor
Department of electronics engineering
Anna university, MIT campus
Vasuhi_h@annauniv.edu.in
dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA), hemispherical
dielectric resonator antenna (HDRA), which is chosen based
on the application [10]. Among all the shapes circular and
rectangular dielectric resonator are the most preferably used
one [9]. DRA’s are usually a material made with the
composition of ceramic or glass that tends to act as a
resonator for radio waves especially in the microwave and
millimeter wave frequencies [8].
The dielectric resonator has some basic features such
as low conductivity, high resistivity, compact size, simple
design and capable for broadband connection with cost
effective. Hence, it is widely preferably for millimeter wave
frequency ranges. These basic features results in less signal
interference, longer range which is useful for Wi-Fi
communication range, integration in mobile phones and
other small devices, and it is very easy to build at low cost.
II. RELATED WORK
Sharma et al. [1], the authors proposed the triple band hybrid
antenna with 2×1 multiple input and multiple output. The
hybrid antenna is the dual polarized antenna for
WLAN/WiMAX application. The dielectric resonator used
in this hybrid resonator is rectangular dielectric resonator in
order to achieve the triple impedance matching for three
different bands. Zhou et al. [6], the authors proposed the
antenna with dual band and dual polarization. It operates at
two frequencies namely 0.96GHz and 1.81GHz. This
proposed antenna can be used for GPS (Global Positioning
System) applications. The two symmetrical antennas are
placed close to each other in order to achieve small size.
Gourab das et al. [5], the authors proposed the triple band
hybrid antenna with three cylindrical dielectric resonators in
three different operating modes. The proposed hybrid
radiator is applicable for WLAN and vehicular applications.
Gupta et al. [3], the authors proposed the antenna with
cylindrical dielectric resonator (CDRA) operating in two
different modes. The resulting radiation is broadside
radiation with two adjacent bands. Laure Huitema et al. [2],
the authors proposed the multiple bands antenna with
dielectric resonator in compact size. The proposed antenna is
highly miniaturized in order to integrate with the mobile and
tablets. It is not only highly miniaturized in 800MHz and
also it is miniaturized in three different bands applicable for
different wireless applications.
This paper is organized as follows: SESSION I indicates
introduction. SESSION II indicates related work. SESSION
III indicates proposed framework.
SESSION IV indicates results and discussions. SESSION V
indicates conclusion and future work.
III. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
Fig.1 shows the feeding mechanism of the patch antenna.
The feed line is common for both the patch and the
dielectric resonator antenna.
Fig.1. Feeding Mechanism of patch antenna
The design consists of the equilateral triangular patch
etched over the FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 as
shown in Fig.1. The material used for patch is copper. The
patch design consists of two triangular structures: outer
triangular patch (TR1) and inner triangular patch (TR2).
Fig.2 shows the 3D view of the hybrid antenna. The
dielectric resonator of diameter D and height H is used in
hybrid antenna structure.
Fig.2. 3D view of hybrid antenna
The cylindrical dielectric resonator made of alumina
with dielectric constant 9.8 is placed over the triangular
patch and sticked using the adhesive material. The ground
plane place below the substrate is defective ground
structure. The patch and the ground plane are made of
copper.
The inner triangular patch and the outer triangular
patch dimensions are calculated using the formula as shown
below:
+
Where, is the dielectric constant of the substrate
Here, the dielectric constant of the substrate is 4.4
+
8.23
The length of the triangular patch is calculated as:
Where, is the resonant frequency
is the effective length of the patch
The length of the triangular patch is derived as:
30mm
= 15mm
Since the triangular patch is the equilateral triangle, all the
sides of the triangle are of same length.
The length of the outer triangle is calculated by taking
the resonance frequency as 2.2GHz. similarly, the length of
the inner triangle is calculated by taking the resonant
frequency as 3.2 GHz. Whereas, Cylindrical Dielectric
Resonator Antenna along with the Triangular Patch has the
resonant frequency of 5.2GHz.
A. Defective ground
In recent years, there have been several new concepts
applied to distributed microwave circuits. One such
technique is defected ground structure or DGS, where the
ground plane metal of a microstrip (strip line, or coplanar
waveguide) circuit is intentionally modified to enhance
performance. The name for this technique simply means
that a “defect” has been placed in the ground plane, which
is typically considered to be an approximation of an
infinite, perfectly-conducting current sink. Of course, a
ground plane at microwave frequencies is far removed from
the idealized behavior of perfect ground. Although the
additional perturbations of DGS alter the uniformity of the
ground plane, they do not render it defective.
B. Defective ground characteristics
The basic element of DGS is a resonant gap or slot in
the ground metal, placed directly under a transmission line
and aligned for efficient coupling to the line. Several
resonant structures may be used. Each one differs in
occupied area, equivalent L-C ratio, coupling coefficient,
higher-order responses, and other electrical parameters. A
user will select the structure that works best for the
particular application. The equivalent circuit for a DGS is a
parallel-tuned circuit in series with the transmission line to
which it is coupled.
C. Triangular patch
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The scattering parameter investigation has been carried
out on ANSOFT HFSS for the proposed radiator. The
proposed hybrid radiator has Cylindrical Dielectric
Resonator Antenna along with the triangular patch.

The triangular patch antenna configuration is chosen A. Reflection co-efficient

because it has the advantage of occupying less metalized
Fig.3 displays the reflection co- efficient (| analysis of
area on substrate than other existing configurations
proposed antenna with single port. It is observed from the
rectangular and circular geometries are most commonly
Fig.3 that the outer triangle is accountable for 2.2GHz
used, Its dimension that tends to be small can make the
frequency band while the inner triangle is accountable for
overall dimension of the antenna very small too.
3.2GHz. 5.2GHz band is generated because of
Patch antenna possesses many advantages such as low mode in CDRA. All these resonance frequencies have also
profile, light weight, small volume and compatibility with been verified mathematically in the previous equation.
microwave integrated circuit (MIC) and monolithic
microwave integrated circuit (MMIC). However, the narrow
bandwidth is the major obstacle in wide applications for the
microstrip antenna. In general, the impedance bandwidth of
the traditional microstrip antenna is only a few percent (2%
- 5%). The triangular patch antenna has minimum return
loss as compared to rectangular patch antenna. Hence it is
clear that for WiMAX and WLAN applications triangular
patch antenna produces better result

TABLE.1 DIMENSIONS OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS

Table.1 shows the dimensions and material used for the
patch, substrate, ground plane, and CDRA. Fig.3. Reflection co-efficient of proposed radiator

It is observed from the Fig.3 that the hybrid antenna

S.NO DESIGN DIMENSIONS MATERIAL radiates at three different bands such as 2.2GHz, 3.2 GHz
PARAMETERS USED and 5.2GHz.the three bands are suitable for the WLAN and
WiMAX applications. The return loss is measured to be 17,
28.7, and 20 respectively.
1. substrate
Fig.4 shows the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of
the proposed hybrid radiator. The VSWR for the bands
2.2GHz, 3.2GHZ and 5.2GHz is measured to be 1.27, 1.1,
Copper and 1.24 respectively.
2. Ground plane

Cylindrical D = 17.2mm Alumina

3. DRA
H = 6.3mm (9.8)

4. Outer triangle 1mm Copper

5. Inner triangle =2mm Copper

Fig.4. VSWR measurement of proposed radiator

It is observed from the Fig.4 that the voltage standing It is observed from Fig.6, that the near field region has
wave ratio for the designed hybrid antenna is less than 2. lower values in the y-axis when compared to the X-axis
So that the triple antenna has considerable reflections as the and Z-axis.
VSWR is based on the amount of reflections.
Fig.7. shows the 3D radiation pattern of the proposed hybrid
B. Far field and near field radiator. The proposed radiator shows the radiation pattern
for three different bands in the X, Y and Z axis.
Fig.5. shows the Electric field distribution of (E – Field) of
CDRA along with the patch for 2.2GHz, 3.2GHz, and
5.2GHz respectively. The component is much more
dominant when compared to component in
mode. mode is basically the hybrid mode.

Fig.7. Radiation pattern (3D VIEW) of proposed radiator

Fig.8. shows the total gain obtained from the triple band of
the proposed radiator. The gain total is measured in dB.

Fig.5. E- field pattern of the proposed radiator

It is observed from Fig.5, that the mode in CDRA

shows that there are one half wave and one full wave
variation in azimuthally and radial direction. mode
in triangular patch indicates the half wave radiation along
the length of the patch.

Fig.6. shows the near field region of the proposed radiator .

the near field region is measured in [v/m] total.

Fig.8. Total Gain of the proposed radiator

From Fig.8, it is observed that the gain values are positive

in all axis. Hence, the proposed radiator has high gain in all
the three bands.
Fig.6. Near field pattern of the proposed radiator
C. Radiation pattern

Fig.9 shows the two dimensional radiation patterns for the

triple band proposed hybrid radiator. The gain value is
lower in 2.2 GHz frequency band because of the inner
triangle and strip line in ground plane is accountable for this
frequency band. Similarly, the gain value is larger in middle
(3.2 GHz) and upper (5.2 GHz) frequency bands because
CDRA is responsible for these two frequency bands
(absence of metallic losses).
Fig.9. RADIATION PATTERN (2D VIEW)
It is observed from Fig.9, that the reason for higher gain in
upper frequency band is the higher order mode in CDRA,
i.e. HEM12δ mode
Fig.10 shows the two dimensional radiation pattern of the
proposed radiator in azimuth angle for every two degree.
Fig.10. RADIATION PATTERN (2D VIEW) FOR EVERY 2 DEGREES
It is observed from Fig.10, that the back lobe is smaller
when compared to the main lobe. Hence, the proposed
radiator has higher directional radiation
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The triangular patch along with the probe feed is
merged with that of a Cylindrical DRA so as to achieve
required band for WiMAX and WLAN operation. The
simulated results show that the designed antenna offered
desired resonant frequency at 2.2GHz, 3.2GHz, 5.2GHz,
which covers the WiMAX application bands and WLAN
application bands. This antenna provides maximum Gain.
The proposed very compact Cylindrical DRA design is
overall suitable for wireless local area networks (WLAN)
and WiMAX. WLAN operates in the 5.2GHz and WiMAX
operates in the (2.2/3.2/5.2) GHz. Also the losses had been
reduced while radiating at higher frequencies by the use of
cylindrical dielectric resonator as it lacks metal parts. The
surface wave losses and metallic losses also reduced. Thus
for high frequency applications hybrid antenna provides
high efficiency when compared to the patch antenna and
hence it is highly recommended.
This hybrid antenna can be carried out in MIMO
(multiple inputs and multiple outputs). The slitted ground
can also be adopted when hybrid design carried out in
MIMO in order to provide good isolation. The array of
hybrid antenna (patch antenna along with DRA) is also
possible for various wireless applications. The shape of the
Dielectric Resonator Antenna can also be changed based on
the application and the availability of cost.
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