IOT Based Battery Thermal Monitoring in E-Vehicle

System
1st K.Rajkumar 2nd Dr.S.Vasuhi 3rd S Mohan
Electrical And Electronics Engineering Department of Electronics Electrical And Electronics Engineering
Sri Sairam Engineering College Engineering Sri Sairam Engineering College
Chennai, India Madras Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
rajkumar.eee@sairam.edu.in Anna university, Chennai, India mohan.eee@sairam.edu.in
vasuhi_s@annauniv.edu

4th Dr.K.Suresh
Electrical And Electronics Engineering
2022 International Conference on Communication, Computing and Internet of Things (IC3IoT) | 978-1-6654-7995-0/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/IC3IOT53935.2022.9767896

Sri Sairam Engineering College

Chennai, India
suresh.eee@sairam.edu.in

Abstract - Generation of heat from the battery is one of the
most vulnerable problems faced in E-Vehicle system. Heat
generation is overwhelmed due to charging and discharging
while accelerating the engine. As the generation goes on
increasing in the long run life span of battery decreases which
in turn reduces the efficiency of the system. The paper aims in
monitoring the thermal heat generated in the battery using
wireless technology. VANET- Vehicular AD-hoc Network is
adopted for wireless monitoring of heat generated form the e-
Vehicle system. The proposed work is carried out in such a
way a heat sensor is used for measuring the heat generated in
the battery and its equivalent electrical value is sent to the
cloud and it is stored in the central processing unit which send
signals to the controlling mechanism which automatically
reduces the acceleration speed given to the engine thereby
controlling the heat generated in the battery.
Keywords - Electric vehicle, Battery management system,
Wireless sensor networks, Internet of things, Transmission,
vehicular AD-hoc network.
I. INTRODUCTION
An EV's battery pack is fabricated of Lithium-Ion cells, which
are frequently bundled into modules and connected in series to
produce the required Lithium-Ion cells are restrained electronics,
and their voltage and temperature must remain within a specified
range to ensure safe operation. An Electric vehicle's battery pack is
designed of Lithium-Ion cells that are connected in series to
generate the required voltage output [1]. Lithium-Ion batteries are
delicate technologies that require a certain voltage and temperature
range to operate safely. If the voltage or temperature goes below
the set point, the cell may decline. The cell might degrade if the
voltage or temperature falls below the prescribed value. The cell
may burn if these values exceed the maximum value set. The
Battery Management System (BMS) must ensure that the cells stay
within this safe range [2]. To do so, it can tell the equipment that
charges or draws electricity from the battery to reduce its power
flow or turn off. It can also open the primary relay situated on the
high voltage power line if an imminent breakdown is detected. The
BMS is also in charge of determining the battery's State of Charge
(SOC), state of health (SOH), state of power (SOP), and state of
energy (SOE). It receives the voltage information for each cell and
the pack current on a regular basis to give these functionalities. The
sample time for this data varies depending on the implementation,
although it is generally in the range of 500ms [3]. The retrieval of
this data accounts for the majority of application traffic on the
BMS internal network. When a battery is connected to a load and is
in charging or discharging mode, it can determine the terminal
voltage. When the battery is in any mode, the data is recorded by
the data acquisition system. The gradient voltage calculates by the
thermistor This is just the ratio of the voltage change over time to
the discharge level. When discharging the battery, the thermistor's
resistance is altered by the heat [4]. The temperature rises and
thermistor resistance rises with it. Change the resistance value to
determine the voltage. The discharge when the battery overheats,
the life of the battery is to become less.
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It requires the temperature monitoring unit for each battery cell
data acquisition system is collecting the electrical parameters like
voltage, current and impedance. This system consists of sensors which
will be connected central unit. The signal conditioning units remove
the ripples and disturbance in the available signal. The received signal
is converting to digital signal by using analog to digital converter. That
output signal is sent to central processing unit by using wireless
technology [1-3] .Sensor networks are a crucial component in
gathering the data that a battery requires. Because of its ease of
installation and maintenance, a sensor network is required. Wireless
sensor networks (WSN) technology is a major enabler for the IoT
paradigm. Wireless sensor networks are an automated technology that
uses VANET (Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network) to transmit electrical
parameters data and is considered a requirement for IoT applications.
With no assistance from linked nodes, To decrease intra transmission
delays on lines between the batteries and the central processing unit,
VANET uses statistical Network Tomography (NT) [4]. Better
security, more productivity, increased revenues, enhanced quality,
cheaper cost, and time savings are all advantages of adopting this
technology.
II. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
A battery safety risk consists of life span ageing,
deterioration acceleration, and loss of stability as a result of the
higher heat generation rate. Because quick charging of a power
battery produces a lot of heat, the temperature increase model
should be considered while developing the charging strategy.
Yet battery monitoring system use wired inter connection, Data
loss occurs due to reasons Whenever there is a power outage, If
the device network is reconfigured at any moment, When the
BMS(Battery Management System) has to be serviced,
Whenever the outstation connections are changed.
III. SYSTEM HARDWARE DESIGN
These modules monitor cell voltage and temperature and
provide the data to the control unit. In order to perform wireless
battery utilization, Modules are also used to equalize charge
between each cell. An ASIC, or Application Specific Integrated
Circuit, it is uses the controls of cell monitoring and load
balancing (CMC). High capacity batteries have an output
voltage of several hundred volts and are designed by multiple
modules linked in series. The load balancing is controlled by the
control unit, which calculates SOC and SOH. Common
automotive interfaces, VANET employs statistical Network
Tomography (NT) are used to transfer the data with the vehicle
central control unit. The interface also controls the battery
charging from the network [3, 4]. As a result, the control unit
must also regulate the battery's power consumption and keep it to
a bare minimum in the inactive mode. To minimize needless loss
or risk, the contactor disconnects the vehicle's battery cells in a
passive condition. Even in the case of severe problems such as
short circuits, overheating, or accidents, it can isolate the system
[6]. The fig.1 shown block diagram detailed explain the all the
blocks .In the event of a short circuit, the battery is also
protected by a fuse. The current is usually measured directly at
the battery with a special sensor.
 Fig.1.Hardware Design of Battery Management System
/
A. Monitoring system
The data monitoring system measures, analyses, and monitors
the battery properties such as each battery cell's temperature,
current, and voltage. Before being forwarded to the central module
controller, the signals from the sensors are transmitted with the
local module controller.
B. Communication
Wireless sensor networks are an automated technology that uses
VANET (Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network) to transmit electrical
parameters data and is considered a requirement for IoT
applications. With no assistance from linked nodes, VANET
employs statistical Network Tomography (NT) to reduce intra
transmission delays on lines between the battery and the central
processing unit [5-6]. Better security, more productivity, increased
revenues, enhanced quality, cheaper cost, and time savings are all
advantages of adopting this technology.
C. Internet of Things module
In the fig.2, the data transmission module in the battery
management system's terminal sends data from the battery pack to
the cloud management platform, including measured voltage,
current, state of charge, temperature, and other data, the cloud
management platform also send charging and discharging to the
battery through the communication module [5-7]. The control
command determines whether or not the battery has been
discharged externally. The AIR800E utilized in this design is a
three-in-one GPRS+GPS+Beidou IoT module with less size, small
power consumption, and a wide range of peripheral interfaces that
can fulfill the system's data transmission and positioning needs.
The Power key pin can be used to switch on the VANET
(Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network) module once it has been turned on.
The POWER KEY pin is controlled by an open collector drive
circuit in this configuration. Pull the Power key pin down for 1S
before turning it on [7]. The pins can be freed when the module has
been successfully activated. The network status can be indicated
via the NET LED pin signal. The surface module has been
connected to the server if the LED on the NET LED pin is on for
0.1 second and then off for 0.1 second. The GPRS TXD and GPRS
RXD pins establish the data communication connection between
the MCU and the remote server. The GPS TXD pin is used to send
location data from the satellite positioning system to the MCU.
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Fig.2.Schematic Illustration of IOT circuit diagram.
D. Safety Protection
The charge equalization controller for a series-connected
battery pack is required to safeguard the battery cells while also
maintaining storage capacity and operating rating. The physical
properties of the battery system are constantly changing, which
has an impact on the charging and discharging mechanisms.
Temperature, cell aging issues, and incorrect capacity assessment
all contribute to this mismatch [7].
E. Electrical Control
These modules monitor the state of function (SOF), and
the data are sent to the safety protection control unit and thermal
management. In order to create the wireless network, charge
equalization between each separate cells is also conducted in the
modules. An ASIC, the cell supervisory circuit, is in charge of
charge equalization and cell supervision (CSC). The output
voltage of drive batteries is several hundred volts, and they are
made up of many modules linked in series [1]. SOC and SOH are
calculated and charge equalization is controlled by the control
unit. To determine the SOF, standard car interfaces like as the
Control Area Network bus or Flex Ray bus is utilized to interact
with the vehicle. The battery charging from the power grid is
also controlled through the interface. It can also isolate the system
in the case of extreme malfunction like as short circuits,
overheating, or accidents. In the case of a short circuit, the
battery is additionally protected by a fuse. The current is usually
measured directly at the battery with a specific sensor [5-8]. For
safety concerns, two separate systems are employed. Modern
systems employ a measuring resistor or an electromagnetic field
asa sensor.
F. Thermal Management
The heat is generation by electro chemical mechanisam.more
current drive while abnormal current release and enter the period
from battery. Heat is produced in the battery through reaction,
resistance, reversible heat, and heat created by the external
contact terminal. Heat generation degrades function, shortens the
life cycle, and impairs the cell's ability to balance itself. The
active cooling system, liquid cooling, cooling by air, direct
cooling by utilizing liquid, and cooling by indirect contact
technique are the ways used in heat management [6].
  The system decides whether or not the battery has to be
balanced based on cell terminal voltage and subgroup cell
voltage. The system will submit the battery statistics
to the cloud management platform after the balancing
procedure is complete. In the control loop, if there is an
reserve power outage, the system must download the
cause of the outage to the server right away.

Fig.2.Block Diagram of Heat Generation Module

G. Temperature Measuring Circuit

The fig.2 has shown the block diagram of heat generation

module. The thermistor in the battery pack is used to find out the value
of temperature in the battery [4]. The temperature measuring method is
both inexpensive and effective. Place temperature-sensitive resistors
RT1 and RT2 in the battery pack to define two temperature measuring
locations [6]. You may acquire the temperature value of following the
table by measuring the voltage of RT1 and RT2 from the AD port of
the single-chip microprocessor, calculating the current flowing through
the temperature-sensitive resistor, and getting the associated resistance
value[5].

Fig.4.Flowchart of System Control Module

Fig.3. Schematic Illustration of Temperature Measuring
CircuitDiagram Communication and Positioning Strategy

IV.SYSTEM SOFTWARE DESIGN

System control strategy
 The system begins based on fig.4 flow chart of system
module, the battery pack status monitoring and data
communication duty cycle when the hardware startup is
complete. The system detects the state of the battery pack
when the battery starts to drain. in real time, and
transmits the information to the cloud management
platform; personnel monitor the battery pack operation in
the area under the monitoring platform in real time, and
perform timely monitoring of abnormal battery packs in
the battery pack deal with.
 After completing the initialization of the power-on
system, it is necessary to first determine if the battery
pack is in charging mode. If charging mode is enabled,
the battery is checked to stop discharging
 The system is not in charge mode, it will switch to
normal operating mode. The system collects all the data
such as cell voltage, total voltage, bus discharge current, Fig.5.Block diagram of process between Data transfer module
and temperature of the battery pack.

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 The fig.5 AIR800E wireless communication module data Battery Temperature Monitoring Test
interaction method can be classified into two quantities: active
uploading and collecting instruction. The data transmission In the table 2, the battery temperature monitoring test is
module (DTM) initially uploads data to the remote server on a used to detect the value of temperature and the temperature set
regular basis. When the server is finished receiving and value of the test bench. In test to find the battery minimum value
analyzing the data, it sends a passive response command to the of less than 5’c to maximum value of 70’c can be detect under
data transmission module. When the communication module different temperature condition. The maximum error is obtained
receives an instruction from the server, the communication 0.5’c which meet the requirement of<<2’c.
module analyses the instruction and provides the instruction to
the server. From flow chart based on strategy for positioning
figure (6), The battery pack can still perform the positioning Table 2 Measurement of Battery Temperature
function even if the GPS signal is poor and the location data is
partial, and the AIR800E adds the base station's positioning
capability.

VI.CONCLUSION
The fastest development of electric cars has resulted
in wide temperature dispersion due to large volume, high
Fig. 6. Strategy for positioning energy density, and rapid charging batteries. As a result of the
increased rate of heat generation, batteries faces safety issues
such as lifespan ageing, acceleration of degradation, and loss
V.FUNCTION SET MODULE of stability. The economics of energy usage and the
lightweight design of battery management systems remain a
Battery Voltage Monitoring Test challenge. The paper research on battery thermal management
system is the accurate prediction of temperature spreading for
In the table 1, the simulate results of 12 single cells is arrange power battery packs under various working circumstances.
to 3600mV through the system. The Battery Management System The operational states of a power battery, such as state of
used to calibrate the voltage of the simulated single battery to proof charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), state of power (SOP),
the measurement accuracy. The voltage of 12 single cells is fixed and state of energy (SOE), are included into the electro-
at 3600mV in this calculation. The voltage measure taken the thermal model using state estimation methods. The
reading by charging and discharging cycle, voltage measure temperature increase model should be taken into account
obtained by the battery terminal after the settling time The single while planning the charging strategy since quick charging of
cell voltage calibration error is up to 6mV, which fulfills the power batteries creates a lot of heat. The operating states of
arrangement criteria, according to the chart. the battery pack, such as temperature, current, and voltage,
are then monitored by sensors, which may then be utilized to
Table 1 Single Cell Voltage Measurement interactively adjust the temperature prediction model. To
complete the task, data collected by sensors from the battery
thermal management system is converted to hierarchical
Cell Voltage measurement structures using a methodology that includes transfer
Num protocols and data-processing methods like data cleaning,
Platform Measured screening, fusion, feature extraction, and clustering, resulting
ber Error/m
setting value by in hierarchical computing and control methods. In battery
V management system using wireless technology of VANET
voltage/mV BMS/mV
employs statistical Network Tomography (NT) to reduce intra
1 3600 3599 -1 transmission delays in lines between the battery and the
central processing unit.
2 3600 3602 +2
3 3600 3600 0
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