Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22K74-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-1035-9
A Big Wave of Deep Learning in Medical Imaging
- Analysis of Theory and Applications
2022 6th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS) | 978-1-6654-1035-9/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICICCS53718.2022.9788412
S enthil G. A R. Prabha
Research Scholar, Associate Professor,
Dept of Electronics and Dept of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Communication Engineering,
Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Sri Sairam Institute of Technology,
Advanced Studies(VISTAS), Chennai, India.
Chennai, India. r.praba05@gmail.com
senthilga@gmail.com
S . S ridevi D.Roopa
Associate Professor, Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science and Dept of Computer Science and
Engineering Engineering,
Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Sri Sairam Institute of Technology,
Advanced Studies (VISTAS) Chennai, India.
Chennai, India, roopa.cse@sairamit.edu.in
sridevis.se@velsuniv.ac.in
Abstract - Deep learning models have become the province of
cutting-edge machine learning models that are widely used in
medical imaging in multiple kinds of ranging from image
recognition to natural language processing. This article presents
a brief overview on the recent developments and some relevant
issues in medical image processing and image analysis as they
related to machine learning. The proposed article will not cover
the entire application landscape becau se it is becoming a very
large and rapidly growing field, but will instead focus primarily
on deep learning theory and techniques in medical imaging. Our
goal is threefold: (i) To provide such a brief overview to deep
medical imaging learning; (ii) To represent different approaches
as well as comparisons of how deep learning has been
accomplished, from image retrieval to segmentation to disease
prediction; (iii) Provide the current medical imaging-related deep
learning applications.
Keywords-Big data, Convolutional Neural Network, Deep
learning, Disease Prediction, Healthcare, Medical Imaging.
1. INTRODUCTION
The healthcare industry is a large-priority field
where most medical data assessments are conducted by
med ical experts. Due to its scope, variety of criteria and
most basic core knowledge of the subject, understanding of
med ical images is very limited to s pecific experts.
Healthcare med ical imag ing is a collection of procedures or
strategies used to generate visual representations of internal
body sections, such as organs or tissues, for medical
purposes, such as health monitoring, diagnosis, treatment of
diseases and injuries. It also aids in the establishment of
anatomy and physiology databases. Because of recent
advancements in the field, med ical imaging has the potential
to collect hu man body knowledge for a wide range of
valuable medical applicat ions. Various types of medical
imaging technology provide varying levels of detail about
the location of the body to be examined or treated. The use
of medical imag ing for med ical procedures is regarded as
critical validation of many diseases and illnesses that are
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M Razmah
Assistant Professor,
Dept of Electronics and
Communication Engineering,
Sri Sairam Institute of Technology,
Chennai, India.
razmah.eee@sairamit.edu.in
R M Asha
Assistant Professor,
Dept of Civil Engineering,
Sri Sairam Institute of Technology,
Chennai, India.
asha.civil@sairamit.edu.in
being investigated and reported. High-quality imag ing aids
patient decision-making and has the potential to save lives.
An ever-changing technology is med ical imag ing.
With advances in the field of mach ine learning, medical
imaging is evolving on a daily basis. This suggests that in
the future, as more and more co mputer vision experts and
med ical practitioners work together to develop medical
imaging, the results of it will continue to improve [1]. In the
previous era, the value of medical imag ing, s uch as
Co mputed To mography (CT), Magnetic Resonance imaging
(MR), Positron Emission Tomography (PET),
Mammography, Ultrasound, X-ray and so on. It has been
observed in the detection and diagnosis of illnesses at an
early stage. In the hospital research center, hu man
specialists such as radiologists and doctors have mostly
conducted medical image analysis in the clinic Brody et al.
[2013][46].
Traditionally, hu man experts have mostly
developed functional or task-related factors based on their
focus on a specific do main, making non-experts unable to
use machine learn ing methods for their own research. Deep
learning, on the other hand, has reduced such barriers by
incorporating the feature selection step into the learning
process. That is, deep learning requires only a collect ion of
data with minor preprocessing rather than hand-designing
features and then exploring the insightful embodiments in a
self-taught manner Bengio et al. [2009][45]. When the
sample size available throughout a training process is hug e,
deep learning methods are highly successful. More than 1
million illustrated images were given, for instance, in the
ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge
(ILSVRC). As for clin ical uses, however, we typically have
a small group of images, For examp le, appro ximately 1,000
images. The small number of training samples required to
generate deep models without overfitting is one of the most
major challenges in applying deep learning to medical
images, according to Russakovsky et al. [2015][47].
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 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22K74-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-1035-9
Researchers attempted to optimize the p rocessing
of such images as early as medical images could be viewed
and loaded into a desktop by developing a framewo rk.
Medical image analysis was mainly carried out fro m the
1970s to the 1990s, using systematic deploy ment of
minimu m-level pixel man ipulation (edge and line detector
philters) and co mputational modelling to create a ru le-based
framework that could only solve specific tasks. Recent
developments in deep learning models have allowed faster
and more p recise detection, while the accessible increased
computational power fo r the CPU and GPU enables
radiologists to significantly increase their clinical efforts.
For med ical diagnosis, time is a vital factor, and early
detection can possibly create years to a patient's life.
Fig 1. Why deep learning for medical imaging?
Jotheeswaran et al. [2018]
Figure 1 depicts the importance of deep learning
involvement in various image modalit ies as for the medical
image processing. Deep learn ing is unquestionably critical
in med ical imaging. The research includes everything fro m
short guides to articles. Lakhani et al. [2017]; Litjens et al.
[2017]; Erickson et al. [2017]; Hagerty et al. [2017];
Seebock et al. [2015]; Shen et al. [2017]; Su zuki et al.
Rajchl et al., 2018; Brein inger et al., 2018; Cornelisse et al.,
2018; to co mplete books Gareon et al., 2017; Lu et al.,
2017; Zhou et al., 2017.
There are nu merous introductions to the topic.
They each serve a unique purpose and provide a unique
perspective on this rapidly evolving deep learning
technology.
The goal of this review is to provide the reader
with availab le deep learning for medical imaging and to
assist medical experts. This research work's main
contribution is
1. It all started with a solid foundation of deep learning in
medical imaging.
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2. Established a comprehensive road map of different
approaches and comparisons of how deep learning has been
implemented in medical imaging.
3. Described the list of current med ical imaging-related deep
learning applications.
The points raised above clearly distinguish this survey
fro m others conducted recently. It contains the same level o f
detail as previous works. The simulat ion of images has
carried out using MATLAB. The format of the paper is as
follows: Section II examines the entire research on deep
learning in medical imaging. Section III co mpares and
contrasts the various approaches. Section IV lists and briefly
describes the applications, followed by Section V's
conclusion.
2. THEORY
2.1 Roadmap of Deep Learning in Medical Imaging
One of the first fields was categorization where
deep learning takes place has been used in medical image
processing. The category of diagnostic images involves the
identification of d iagnosed images, where any given a
diagnosis experiment is a specimen and the data size is less
than that of a mach ine learning. The classification o f
artefacts or lesions typically focuses on classifying a
component of a medical p icture into two or mo re classes.
For each of these tasks, prediction accuracy incorporates
both global and reginal knowledge. about the presence and
position of lesions Choudhary et al. [2016].
Localization of anatomical artefacts such as organs
/ lesions is an essential pre -processing aspect of the
segmentation task. Several systems have been suggested in
order to locate an object in an image, 3D image parsing
involves transforming 3D space as a co mbination o f 2D
orthogonal planes. There was a long rev iew pattern using
computer-aided strategies in the identificat ion of lesions in a
med ical p icture, enhancing the precision of detection or
reducing detection time for humans. Interestingly, the first
such methodology was designed in 1995 to d iagnose
nodules in X-ray images that used a CNN with 4 layers Liu
et al. [2004].
Medical image segmentation of organs and other
structural elements consists of detailed analysis of shape,
size and volu me. Usually, the segmentation task is
characterized as the identification of a co llect ion of pixels
defining contours or artefacts. In terms of imp lementation of
deep learning algorith ms, feature extraction involves the
activities of target recognition as well as organ and
substructure segmentation. Class imbalance is one issue that
injury seg mentation associates with object recognition,
because the majority of the pixels in an image belong to a
non-infected category.
Often referred to as spatial alignment, the typical
task of image analysis is to measure the transformation of
coordinates fro m one image to the next. In this situation
mostly carried out in a proprioceptive where a specific type
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 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22K74-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-1035-9
of transition is presumed and a pre -trained met ric is
optimized. While detection of lesions and object
segmentation are seen as the primary use of deep learning
algorith ms. Researchers have discovered that deep networks
can be helpful in achieving the optimal output for
registration.
Fig 2. Number of Articles published in various Medical
Imaging Domains
In medical imaging, there are several other
applications of Deep Learn ing. Content-Based Image
Recovery (CBIR) is a systematic search for information in
large databases that generates similar case history data
retrieval and recognizes rare disorders. Another assignment
that utilizes Deep Learn ing to boost image quality,
normalize images, complete data and discover patterns is
image extract ion and enhancing Pugalendhi et al. [2018].
Another job that seems to have a very large-scale
application in the modern world is integrating image data
with reports [44].
This has contributed to the leveraging of findings in two
related research fields of
a) To boost the precision of image classification.
b) Producing text reports from images.
c) Depicts the number of publications so far in various
domains of medical imaging Fig 2.
2.2 Deep Learning in Disease Prediction and Treatment
For the previous years, prediction of disease based
on patient care history and health data through the
application of data mining and mach ine learn ing strategies
has been an ongoing challenge. Many authors have
investigated data min ing methods for the prediction of
particular diseases to pathological data or patient profiles.
Such techniques have attempted to predict illness
recurrence. Furthermore, some methods attempt to predict
control of the disease and progression. Deep learning's
recent advancement in various areas of machine learning has
prompted a shift toward machine learn ing models that can
gain knowledge rich, hierarchical representations of original
data with min imal preprocessing and deliver mo re accurate
outcomes Wu et al. [2018].
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2.2.1 Preparation of Datasets and Data Collection
This consists of gathering objects of medical info rmation
fro m mult iple sources such as health facilities, patient
discharge slips, as well as the UCI repository, and then
collecting preprocessing. The data that will remove all
redundant data while extracting relevant data features .
2.2.2 Devel oping a Probabilistic Approach to Disease
Prediction Modelling and Deep Learning (RNN)
In this phase, It is to establish a probabilistic
Modelling and Deep Learning Model Based on RNN that
will function efficiently on extensive healthcare databases. It
can also create a decision tree and deal with a large nu mber
of knowledge factors without removing variables.
2.2.3 Dataset Training and Testing
On the disease dataset, the Disease Prediction
model will be trained to do the p rediction correctly and
create the Confusion matrix.
2.2.4 Implementati on and evaluation in a real-world
scenario
The train ing and investigated prediction model will
be used in a real-life scenario created by human experts and
the results will be used to improve the approach.
2.3 Data Privacy and Ethics Concerns
It is ext remely difficult to describe the notion of
privacy. One v iew that is currently popular links privacy to
sense. There are conceptual ru les about how data can flo w
that rely on the parties involved, the mechanism through
which data is accessed, the extent of access, and the intent
of that access. There has been a breach of privacy when
these situational rules are vio lated. Such breaches may occur
when access to the informat ion is gained by the wrong actor,
the mechanis m by which data can be communicated is
breached, or the intent of access is unacceptable, etc. When
we thin k of mo ral exp lanations why such breaches are
troubling, they can be categorized into two parts
(consequentialist and deontological considerations with
some simplification). Two requirements are in order: first, in
both categories, certain privacy breaches pose concerns.
Secondly, some questions about "limited data" collection are
also present. Big data environments, however, appear to
increase the number of people impacted, the magnitude of
the consequences and the complexity o f preventive or self -
help interventions for outraged individuals.
Healthcare AI focuses on analyzing data fro m
patient health to optimize findings by recommending
diagnoses, reading pictures of medical equip ment, speeding
up medical research and development, and more. Also, AI
algorith ms may make therapeutic interventions. Finally, A I
algorith ms may aid in resource allocation decisions, which
is somewhat controversial. Both of these applications
include very broad sets of health care data: how patients
were allowed to treat; how they reacted and data on those
patients themselves, such as genetic data, family h istory,
health habits and respiratory rate. Algorith ms could not be
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 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22K74-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-1035-9

empowered or tested on how they work once trained in the Accuracy for
absence of such data. Hu miliation, paranoia or emot ional T uberculosis
pain may be experienced by patients whose private medical Rahul
GoogLeNet Microscopic 95.79%
Duggal et
informat ion is availab le. While these injuries do not have al.[2016]
and AlexNet Images Accuracy
observable external consequences, they are still injuries. Five layers Wireless
Patients may experience no financial damage or stigma fro m Xiao Jia et Convolutional Capsule 99%
others. Big data also increases the risk fo r mo re damage to al.[2016] Neural Endoscopy Accuracy
Network (WCE) images
dignity. Facts are especially sensitive and private about
Gastrointestina Rongsheng Convolutional 80%
wellbeing. In certain cases, big data allows so meone that we l (GI) Diseases Zhu et Neural ImageNet
would not like to access the data to direct knowledge of Accuracy
Detection al.[2015] Network
health, whether by inadvertent exposure or harmfu l Syed H
Fast features
activities such as hacking [2]. extraction Upto 90%
Shirazi et GI tract of KID
using CNN accuracy
al.[2016]
architecture
3. COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF DEEP Jelmer M Convolutional 482
87%
LEARNING MEDICAL IMAGING Wolterink et Neural Mammographi
Accuracy
al.[2015] Network c Images
Nu merous image specific d iagnostic tasks require a 736 oblique
and
new search in order to detect ano malies, calculate Convolutional craniocaudal
measurements, and change on the fly. The primary enablers Weidi Xie et 82.6%
Neural mediolateral
al.[2016] Accuracy
are automated image analysis tools based on machine Network mammographi
learning algorithms, wh ich improve image diagnosis and c views of 344
Tumor cancer patients.
perception by making it easier to classify findings. Deep Detection
Breast
learning is a popular method for determin ing the aft state's ultrasound
Yixuan Convolutional
accuracy. This recently opened previously uncharted Yuan et Neural
images of 1125 88%
territory in med ical image analysis. Deep learning patients with Accuracy
al.[2017] Network
applications in healthcare address a wide range of issues, 2393 regions
of concern.
including cancer screening and disease tracking, as well as Convolutional 219 lesions in
personalized treatment reco mmendations. However, we are Jiang et 86%
Neural 607 breast
al.[2017] Accuracy
still lacking in methods for converting all of this data into Network images.
usable data in Table 1. major deep learning research in 270900
Images,
med ical image analysis in multip le disease detection was Sarraf et validated and 96.86%
highlighted. LeNet-5
al.[2016] checked in Accuracy
fMRI on 90300
TABLE 1. Major Deep Learning Research in Medical Image Analysis Alzheimer’s images.
with Multiple Disease Detection and Accuracies
Parkinsons Deep up to
Hjelm et
Diseases Boltzmann ADNI Dataset 92.38%,
Performanc al.[2014]
Analysis Re fe re nce Model Dataset Used Detection Machine 92.20% and
e Factor
95.35%.
Deep 97.5% 3D-
Varun
Convolutional EyePACS, Sensitivity, Hosseini CAD
Gulshan et Convolutiona
Neural Messidor 93.4% asl et Dementia 98.84%
al.[2016] l Neural
Network Specificity al.[2016] M RI
Convolutional 94% Network
Kathirvel Neural Sensitivity
Kaggle-fundus
[2016] Network with 96%
dropout layer Specificity
Cu-Deep The availability of b ig data, the new hu man brain -
Diabe tic Harry Pratt Convolutional 75% modeled deep learn ing algorith m, and co mputing power are
Kaggle
Re tinopathy et al.[2016] Neural Accuracy
Network three developments driving the deep learning revolution.
Five layers 98% While the long-term economic advantages of deep learning
Xiao Jia et Convolutional Sensitivity are substantial, the initial effo rt and costs are also
Massidor ROC
al.[2016] Neural 97% significant. However, despite major stakeholders' efforts and
Network Specificity projections about the development of deep learn ing and
Deep
Konstantino
Convolutional 45%
med ical imaging. There will be a debate about replacing
s Kamnitsas EyePACS humans with machines. Deep learn ing may have advantages
Neural Accuracy
et al.[2017]
Network of patient prevention and treatment. Moreover, there have
Convolutional been some issues that must be addressed before this can
Neslihan Neural ImageNet
99% for happen faster.
Histological Bayramoglu Network with HistoPheno Hookworm
and et al.[2016] transfer types
Microscopical approach
Ele me nts Deep 100%
John A
De te ction Convolutional Microscopic Accuracy for
Quinn et
Neural Images Malaria
al.[2016]
Network 99%

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 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22K74-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-1035-9
4. APPLICATIONS OF DEEP LEARNING IN
MEDICAL IMAGING
In medical imag ing, there are many uses for DL,
ranging fro m tu mour detection and monitoring to
quantification and visualization of blood flo w. In part icular,
deep mach ine vision learn ing can help health professionals
make sense of vast quantities of data. One of the main
applications of medical imaging is the identification of
cancer. If d iagnosed early, some of the deadliest types of
cancer are ext remely curable, such as melano ma and breast
cancer. The speed and efficiency of DL-assisted diagnostic
imaging can thus benefit cancer therapy. To detect the
features of metastatic cancer with greater precision than a
human physician, DL models can be used.
Detection of breast cancer is one typical approach
of deep learn ing for medical imag ing. In o rder to distinguish
points of irregular breast tissue, breast cancer screening
usually requires matching two mammogram images. A
qualified Convolution Neural Network (CNN) can pro mote
this procedure. For instance, to compare image analysis, a
specialized deep neural network established by IBM
Research-Haifa in Israel uses extremely similar
subnetworks. In chest mammography images, this can better
detect and recognize mass.
To generate wealth fro m medical imaging, h igh-
quality analysis is required, but hu man interpretation is
restricted and prone to mistakes. Although medical imaging
such as MRI is usually used with co mputer analysis, hours
of computing time are required for standard MRI analysis. A
mach ine has to arrange billions of voxels (3D p ixels) to
match t wo M RI scans, and it is time -consuming to scale this
up and interpret information fro m a large number o f
individuals. Train neural networks to grab symptoms of the
same disorder, however. The info rmation is fed into one end
of the network and then transfers to generate the desired
output across multiple nodes. This enables MRI image
processing to be accelerated by radiologists.
In comparison to background pixels, blood vessels
cover just a few pixels, wh ich includes segmentation to take
out their form. In a method known as human-in-the-loop AI,
a human technician can use deep learn ing to enhance the
effectiveness of the segmented image. Based upon a
relatively limited nu mber of clinical trials, CNNs can be
trained to recognize tissue abnormalit ies. This helps
minimize the need for disease detection and care through
invasive interventions. For instance, using a tumor
probability heatmap, wh ich categorizes the tumor
probability of overlapping tissue patches, a DL algorith m
may help pred ict tu mour propagation. To mon itor changes,
the images created reveal the tumour 's characteristics,
including position, form, area, and density. Information on
various tumour characteristics, such as shape, area, density,
and position, enables the monitoring of tu mour changes. The
automation of performance assessment can also possibly
enable deep learning.
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The images created must endure an image
segmentation for medical imag ing to be successful, which
defines the contours among types of tissue. The
segmentation of med ical imaging involves various
applications fro m quantitative research, computer
modelling, and inhabitants -based to evaluation and creation
of treatment. Manually segmenting a scan volume will take
hours, so optimization is a must. A properly qualified CNN
could provide rapid and precise segmentation instantly,
often with in seconds, and reduce medical imag ing costs.
Segmentation CNNs are possible to forecast the
segmentation map using 2D or 3D convolution kernels. To
create a full volu me, 2D CNNs map slices one-by-one,
whereas 3D CNNs use voxel data to predict segmentation
maps for volu metric patches. Although this involves higher
computing, efficiency can be enhanced by using the sense of
interslices.
Deep learn ing now has considerable interest fro m
each and every area, particularly in medical image analysis,
and by 2021, it is prepared to retain $300 million in the
med ical imaging sector. Thus, by 2021, more money will be
made in medical imag ing alone than that of in 2016, the
entire analytical industry invested. This is the most
impactful and supervised machine learning method. Deep
learning technology applied to medical imaging could
become the most excit ing new technology in radio logy since
the advent of digital imag ing. Deep learning-based
applications, according to the majority of researchers, will
take over individuals within the next 15 years and not only
will machine intelligence conduct most of the treatment. But
will also help predict illness, admin ister medications and
direct treat ment [1]; Biswas et al. [2018]; Ginneken et al.
[2016]; Suzuki [2017].
5. CONCLUSION
Deep learning is an enhancement of artificial
intelligence neural networks that has more layers which
allo w for h igher abstraction levels and better data
predictions. To present, it is evolving in the general fields of
imaging and co mputer vision as the main machine-learning
method. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have
proven to be effective tools for a wide range of co mputer
vision tasks. Deep learning has an impact on all aspects of
public and private life and is a platform for everyday use.
The strength of DL is that it attempts to mimic the actions of
neurons in the hu man brain's neocortex, which is where
thought occurs. It attempts to understand and identify
patterns, much like the b rain, but in the form o f d igital
images. We have also emphasized our effo rts on
demonstrating to the viewers the importance of deep
learning of med ical imag ing and have done our best to
provide a co mprehensive review of similarities and future
applications. The Future scope Deep learning is expected to
assist radiologists in making more exact diagnosis and
treatment by to provide a quantitative analysis of suspicious
lesions, and it may also allow for a shorter time in the
clin ical workflow. In this paper envisions a future in which
deep learning models can learn with little or no human
assistance, are adaptable to changes in their surroundings,
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and can solve a wide range of reflexive and cognitive connected crf for accurate brain lesion segmentation. Medical Image
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learning in medical imaging J Digit Imaging, 31 (2018), pp. 283-289
[22] G. Litjens, T. Kooi, B.E. Bejnordi, A.A.A. Setio, F. Ciompi, M.
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